Isabelle NEWS -- history of user-visible changes

================================================

New in this Isabelle version

----------------------------

*** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES (see below for more details) ***

* HOL/inductive requires Inductive.thy as an ancestor;

*** Proof tools ***

* Simplifier: Asm_full_simp_tac is now more aggressive.

  1. It will sometimes reorient premises if that increases their power to

     simplify.

  2. It does no longer proceed strictly from left to right but may also

     rotate premises to achieve further simplification.

  For compatibility reasons there is now Asm_lr_simp_tac which is like the

  old Asm_full_simp_tac in that it does not rotate premises.

* Classical reasoner: wrapper mechanism for the classical reasoner now

allows for selected deletion of wrappers, by introduction of names for

wrapper functionals.  This implies that addbefore, addSbefore,

addaltern, and addSaltern now take a pair (name, tactic) as argument,

and that adding two tactics with the same name overwrites the first

one (emitting a warning).

  type wrapper = (int -> tactic) -> (int -> tactic)

  setWrapper, setSWrapper, compWrapper and compSWrapper are replaced by

  addWrapper, addSWrapper: claset * (string * wrapper) -> claset

  delWrapper, delSWrapper: claset *  string            -> claset

  getWrapper is renamed to appWrappers, getSWrapper to appSWrappers;

* HOL/split_all_tac is now much faster and fails if there is nothing

to split.  Existing (fragile) proofs may require adaption because the

order and the names of the automatically generated variables have

changed.  split_all_tac has moved within claset() from unsafe wrappers

to safe wrappers, which means that !!-bound variables are split much

more aggressively, and safe_tac and clarify_tac now split such

variables.  If this splitting is not appropriate, use delSWrapper

"split_all_tac".

* HOL/Simplifier:

 - Rewrite rules for case distinctions can now be added permanently to

   the default simpset using Addsplits just like Addsimps. They can be

   removed via Delsplits just like Delsimps. Lower-case versions are

   also available.

 - The rule split_if is now part of the default simpset. This means

   that the simplifier will eliminate all occurrences of if-then-else

   in the conclusion of a goal. To prevent this, you can either remove

   split_if completely from the default simpset by `Delsplits

   [split_if]' or remove it in a specific call of the simplifier using

   `... delsplits [split_if]'.  You can also add/delete other case

   splitting rules to/from the default simpset: every datatype

   generates suitable rules `split_t_case' and `split_t_case_asm'

   (where t is the name of the datatype).

* Classical reasoner - Simplifier combination: new force_tac (and

derivatives Force_tac, force) combines rewriting and classical

reasoning (and whatever other tools) similarly to auto_tac, but is

aimed to solve the given subgoal completely;

*** General ***

* new toplevel commands `Goal' and `Goalw' that improve upon `goal'

and `goalw': the theory is no longer needed as an explicit argument -

the current theory context is used; assumptions are no longer returned

at the ML-level unless one of them starts with ==> or !!; it is

recommended to convert to these new commands using isatool fixgoal (as

usual, backup your sources first!);

* new toplevel commands 'thm' and 'thms' for retrieving theorems from

the current theory context;

* new theory section 'nonterminals' for purely syntactic types;

* new theory section 'setup' for generic ML setup functions

(e.g. package initialization);

*** HOL ***

* reorganized the main HOL image: HOL/Integ and String loaded by

default; theory Main includes everything;

* added option_map_eq_Some to the default simpset claset;

* added disj_not1 = "(~P | Q) = (P --> Q)" to the default simpset;

* many new identities for unions, intersections, set difference, etc.;

* expand_if, expand_split, expand_sum_case and expand_nat_case are now

called split_if, split_split, split_sum_case and split_nat_case (to go

with add/delsplits);

* HOL/Prod introduces simplification procedure unit_eq_proc rewriting

(?x::unit) = (); this is made part of the default simpset, which COULD

MAKE EXISTING PROOFS FAIL under rare circumstances (consider

'Delsimprocs [unit_eq_proc];' as last resort);

* HOL/record package: now includes concrete syntax for record terms

(still lacks important theorems, like surjective pairing and split);

* HOL/inductive package reorganized and improved: now supports mutual

definitions such as

  inductive EVEN ODD

    intrs

      null " 0 : EVEN"

      oddI "n : EVEN ==> Suc n : ODD"

      evenI "n : ODD ==> Suc n : EVEN"

new component "elims" of the structure created by the package contains

an elimination rule for each of the recursive sets; requires

Inductive.thy as an ancestor; component "mutual_induct" no longer

exists - the induction rule is always contained in "induct"; inductive

definitions now handle disjunctive premises correctly (also ZF);

* HOL/recdef can now declare non-recursive functions, with {} supplied as

the well-founded relation;

* HOL/Update: new theory of function updates:

    f(a:=b) == %x. if x=a then b else f x

may also be iterated as in f(a:=b,c:=d,...);

* HOL/Vimage: new theory for inverse image of a function, syntax f-``B;

* HOL/List: new function list_update written xs[i:=v] that updates the i-th

  list position. May also be iterated as in xs[i:=a,j:=b,...].

* HOL/Arith:

  - removed 'pred' (predecessor) function;

  - generalized some theorems about n-1;

  - many new laws about "div" and "mod";

  - new laws about greatest common divisors (see theory ex/Primes);

* HOL/Relation: renamed the relational operator r^-1 "converse"

instead of "inverse";

* directory HOL/Real: a construction of the reals using Dedekind cuts

(not included by default);

* directory HOL/UNITY: Chandy and Misra's UNITY formalism;

*** ZF ***

* in  let x=t in u(x), neither t nor u(x) has to be an FOL term.

*** Internal programming interfaces ***

* improved the theory data mechanism to support encapsulation (data

kind name replaced by private Object.kind, acting as authorization

key); new type-safe user interface via functor TheoryDataFun;

* module Pure/Syntax now offers quote / antiquote translation

functions (useful for Hoare logic etc. with implicit dependencies);

* Simplifier now offers conversions (asm_)(full_)rewrite: simpset ->

cterm -> thm;

New in Isabelle98 (January 1998)

--------------------------------

*** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES (see below for more details) ***

* changed lexical syntax of terms / types: dots made part of long

identifiers, e.g. "%x.x" no longer possible, should be "%x. x";

* simpset (and claset) reference variable replaced by functions

simpset / simpset_ref;

* no longer supports theory aliases (via merge) and non-trivial

implicit merge of thms' signatures;

* most internal names of constants changed due to qualified names;

* changed Pure/Sequence interface (see Pure/seq.ML);

*** General Changes ***

* hierachically structured name spaces (for consts, types, axms, thms

etc.); new lexical class 'longid' (e.g. Foo.bar.x) may render much of

old input syntactically incorrect (e.g. "%x.x"); COMPATIBILITY:

isatool fixdots ensures space after dots (e.g. "%x. x"); set

long_names for fully qualified output names; NOTE: ML programs

(special tactics, packages etc.) referring to internal names may have

to be adapted to cope with fully qualified names; in case of severe

backward campatibility problems try setting 'global_names' at compile

time to have enrything declared within a flat name space; one may also

fine tune name declarations in theories via the 'global' and 'local'

section;

* reimplemented the implicit simpset and claset using the new anytype

data filed in signatures; references simpset:simpset ref etc. are

replaced by functions simpset:unit->simpset and

simpset_ref:unit->simpset ref; COMPATIBILITY: use isatool fixclasimp

to patch your ML files accordingly;

* HTML output now includes theory graph data for display with Java

applet or isatool browser; data generated automatically via isatool

usedir (see -i option, ISABELLE_USEDIR_OPTIONS);

* defs may now be conditional; improved rewrite_goals_tac to handle

conditional equations;

* defs now admits additional type arguments, using TYPE('a) syntax;

* theory aliases via merge (e.g. M=A+B+C) no longer supported, always

creates a new theory node; implicit merge of thms' signatures is

restricted to 'trivial' ones; COMPATIBILITY: one may have to use

transfer:theory->thm->thm in (rare) cases;

* improved handling of draft signatures / theories; draft thms (and

ctyps, cterms) are automatically promoted to real ones;

* slightly changed interfaces for oracles: admit many per theory, named

(e.g. oracle foo = mlfun), additional name argument for invoke_oracle;

* print_goals: optional output of const types (set show_consts and

show_types);

* improved output of warnings (###) and errors (***);

* subgoal_tac displays a warning if the new subgoal has type variables;

* removed old README and Makefiles;

* replaced print_goals_ref hook by print_current_goals_fn and result_error_fn;

* removed obsolete init_pps and init_database;

* deleted the obsolete tactical STATE, which was declared by

    fun STATE tacfun st = tacfun st st;

* cd and use now support path variables, e.g. $ISABELLE_HOME, or ~

(which abbreviates $HOME);

* changed Pure/Sequence interface (see Pure/seq.ML); COMPATIBILITY:

use isatool fixseq to adapt your ML programs (this works for fully

qualified references to the Sequence structure only!);

* use_thy no longer requires writable current directory; it always

reloads .ML *and* .thy file, if either one is out of date;

*** Classical Reasoner ***

* Clarify_tac, clarify_tac, clarify_step_tac, Clarify_step_tac: new

tactics that use classical reasoning to simplify a subgoal without

splitting it into several subgoals;

* Safe_tac: like safe_tac but uses the default claset;

*** Simplifier ***

* added simplification meta rules:

    (asm_)(full_)simplify: simpset -> thm -> thm;

* simplifier.ML no longer part of Pure -- has to be loaded by object

logics (again);

* added prems argument to simplification procedures;

* HOL, FOL, ZF: added infix function `addsplits':

  instead of `<simpset> setloop (split_tac <thms>)'

  you can simply write `<simpset> addsplits <thms>'

*** Syntax ***

* TYPE('a) syntax for type reflection terms;

* no longer handles consts with name "" -- declare as 'syntax' instead;

* pretty printer: changed order of mixfix annotation preference (again!);

* Pure: fixed idt/idts vs. pttrn/pttrns syntactic categories;

*** HOL ***

* HOL: there is a new splitter `split_asm_tac' that can be used e.g. 

  with `addloop' of the simplifier to faciliate case splitting in premises.

* HOL/TLA: Stephan Merz's formalization of Lamport's Temporal Logic of Actions;

* HOL/Auth: new protocol proofs including some for the Internet

  protocol TLS;

* HOL/Map: new theory of `maps' a la VDM;

* HOL/simplifier: simplification procedures nat_cancel_sums for

cancelling out common nat summands from =, <, <= (in)equalities, or

differences; simplification procedures nat_cancel_factor for

cancelling common factor from =, <, <= (in)equalities over natural

sums; nat_cancel contains both kinds of procedures, it is installed by

default in Arith.thy -- this COULD MAKE EXISTING PROOFS FAIL;

* HOL/simplifier: terms of the form

  `? x. P1(x) & ... & Pn(x) & x=t & Q1(x) & ... Qn(x)'  (or t=x)

  are rewritten to

  `P1(t) & ... & Pn(t) & Q1(t) & ... Qn(t)',

  and those of the form

  `! x. P1(x) & ... & Pn(x) & x=t & Q1(x) & ... Qn(x) --> R(x)'  (or t=x)

  are rewritten to

  `P1(t) & ... & Pn(t) & Q1(t) & ... Qn(t) --> R(t)',

* HOL/datatype

  Each datatype `t' now comes with a theorem `split_t_case' of the form

  P(t_case f1 ... fn x) =

     ( (!y1 ... ym1. x = C1 y1 ... ym1 --> P(f1 y1 ... ym1)) &

        ...

       (!y1 ... ymn. x = Cn y1 ... ymn --> P(f1 y1 ... ymn))

     )

  and a theorem `split_t_case_asm' of the form

  P(t_case f1 ... fn x) =

    ~( (? y1 ... ym1. x = C1 y1 ... ym1 & ~P(f1 y1 ... ym1)) |

        ...

       (? y1 ... ymn. x = Cn y1 ... ymn & ~P(f1 y1 ... ymn))

     )

  which can be added to a simpset via `addsplits'. The existing theorems

  expand_list_case and expand_option_case have been renamed to

  split_list_case and split_option_case.

* HOL/Arithmetic:

  - `pred n' is automatically converted to `n-1'.

    Users are strongly encouraged not to use `pred' any longer,

    because it will disappear altogether at some point.

  - Users are strongly encouraged to write "0 < n" rather than

    "n ~= 0". Theorems and proof tools have been modified towards this

    `standard'.

* HOL/Lists:

  the function "set_of_list" has been renamed "set" (and its theorems too);

  the function "nth" now takes its arguments in the reverse order and

  has acquired the infix notation "!" as in "xs!n".

* HOL/Set: UNIV is now a constant and is no longer translated to Compl{};

* HOL/Set: The operator (UN x.B x) now abbreviates (UN x:UNIV. B x) and its

  specialist theorems (like UN1_I) are gone.  Similarly for (INT x.B x);

* HOL/record: extensible records with schematic structural subtyping

(single inheritance); EXPERIMENTAL version demonstrating the encoding,

still lacks various theorems and concrete record syntax;

*** HOLCF ***

* removed "axioms" and "generated by" sections;

* replaced "ops" section by extended "consts" section, which is capable of

  handling the continuous function space "->" directly;

* domain package:

  . proves theorems immediately and stores them in the theory,

  . creates hierachical name space,

  . now uses normal mixfix annotations (instead of cinfix...),

  . minor changes to some names and values (for consistency),

  . e.g. cases -> casedist, dists_eq -> dist_eqs, [take_lemma] -> take_lemmas,

  . separator between mutual domain defs: changed "," to "and",

  . improved handling of sort constraints;  now they have to

    appear on the left-hand side of the equations only;

* fixed LAM <x,y,zs>.b syntax;

* added extended adm_tac to simplifier in HOLCF -- can now discharge

adm (%x. P (t x)), where P is chainfinite and t continuous;

*** FOL and ZF ***

* FOL: there is a new splitter `split_asm_tac' that can be used e.g. 

  with `addloop' of the simplifier to faciliate case splitting in premises.

* qed_spec_mp, qed_goal_spec_mp, qed_goalw_spec_mp are available, as

in HOL, they strip ALL and --> from proved theorems;

New in Isabelle94-8 (May 1997)

------------------------------

*** General Changes ***

* new utilities to build / run / maintain Isabelle etc. (in parts

still somewhat experimental); old Makefiles etc. still functional;

* new 'Isabelle System Manual';

* INSTALL text, together with ./configure and ./build scripts;

* reimplemented type inference for greater efficiency, better error

messages and clean internal interface;

* prlim command for dealing with lots of subgoals (an easier way of

setting goals_limit);

*** Syntax ***

* supports alternative (named) syntax tables (parser and pretty

printer); internal interface is provided by add_modesyntax(_i);

* Pure, FOL, ZF, HOL, HOLCF now support symbolic input and output; to

be used in conjunction with the Isabelle symbol font; uses the

"symbols" syntax table;

* added token_translation interface (may translate name tokens in

arbitrary ways, dependent on their type (free, bound, tfree, ...) and

the current print_mode); IMPORTANT: user print translation functions

are responsible for marking newly introduced bounds

(Syntax.mark_boundT);

* token translations for modes "xterm" and "xterm_color" that display

names in bold, underline etc. or colors (which requires a color

version of xterm);

* infixes may now be declared with names independent of their syntax;

* added typed_print_translation (like print_translation, but may

access type of constant);

*** Classical Reasoner ***

Blast_tac: a new tactic!  It is often more powerful than fast_tac, but has

some limitations.  Blast_tac...

  + ignores addss, addbefore, addafter; this restriction is intrinsic

  + ignores elimination rules that don't have the correct format

	(the conclusion MUST be a formula variable)

  + ignores types, which can make HOL proofs fail

  + rules must not require higher-order unification, e.g. apply_type in ZF

    [message "Function Var's argument not a bound variable" relates to this]

  + its proof strategy is more general but can actually be slower

* substitution with equality assumptions no longer permutes other

assumptions;

* minor changes in semantics of addafter (now called addaltern); renamed

setwrapper to setWrapper and compwrapper to compWrapper; added safe wrapper

(and access functions for it);

* improved combination of classical reasoner and simplifier: 

  + functions for handling clasimpsets

  + improvement of addss: now the simplifier is called _after_ the

    safe steps.

  + safe variant of addss called addSss: uses safe simplifications

    _during_ the safe steps. It is more complete as it allows multiple 

    instantiations of unknowns (e.g. with slow_tac).

*** Simplifier ***

* added interface for simplification procedures (functions that

produce *proven* rewrite rules on the fly, depending on current

redex);

* ordering on terms as parameter (used for ordered rewriting);

* new functions delcongs, deleqcongs, and Delcongs. richer rep_ss;

* the solver is now split into a safe and an unsafe part.

This should be invisible for the normal user, except that the

functions setsolver and addsolver have been renamed to setSolver and

addSolver; added safe_asm_full_simp_tac;

*** HOL ***

* a generic induction tactic `induct_tac' which works for all datatypes and

also for type `nat';

* a generic case distinction tactic `exhaust_tac' which works for all

datatypes and also for type `nat';

* each datatype comes with a function `size';

* patterns in case expressions allow tuple patterns as arguments to

constructors, for example `case x of [] => ... | (x,y,z)#ps => ...';

* primrec now also works with type nat;

* recdef: a new declaration form, allows general recursive functions to be

defined in theory files.  See HOL/ex/Fib, HOL/ex/Primes, HOL/Subst/Unify.

* the constant for negation has been renamed from "not" to "Not" to

harmonize with FOL, ZF, LK, etc.;

* HOL/ex/LFilter theory of a corecursive "filter" functional for

infinite lists;

* HOL/Modelcheck demonstrates invocation of model checker oracle;

* HOL/ex/Ring.thy declares cring_simp, which solves equational

problems in commutative rings, using axiomatic type classes for + and *;

* more examples in HOL/MiniML and HOL/Auth;

* more default rewrite rules for quantifiers, union/intersection;

* a new constant `arbitrary == @x.False';

* HOLCF/IOA replaces old HOL/IOA;

* HOLCF changes: derived all rules and arities 

  + axiomatic type classes instead of classes 

  + typedef instead of faking type definitions

  + eliminated the internal constants less_fun, less_cfun, UU_fun, UU_cfun etc.

  + new axclasses cpo, chfin, flat with flat < chfin < pcpo < cpo < po

  + eliminated the types void, one, tr

  + use unit lift and bool lift (with translations) instead of one and tr

  + eliminated blift from Lift3.thy (use Def instead of blift)

  all eliminated rules are derived as theorems --> no visible changes ;

*** ZF ***

* ZF now has Fast_tac, Simp_tac and Auto_tac.  Union_iff is a now a default

rewrite rule; this may affect some proofs.  eq_cs is gone but can be put back

as ZF_cs addSIs [equalityI];

New in Isabelle94-7 (November 96)

---------------------------------

* allowing negative levels (as offsets) in prlev and choplev;

* super-linear speedup for large simplifications;

* FOL, ZF and HOL now use miniscoping: rewriting pushes

quantifications in as far as possible (COULD MAKE EXISTING PROOFS

FAIL); can suppress it using the command Delsimps (ex_simps @

all_simps); De Morgan laws are also now included, by default;

* improved printing of ==>  :  ~:

* new object-logic "Sequents" adds linear logic, while replacing LK

and Modal (thanks to Sara Kalvala);

* HOL/Auth: correctness proofs for authentication protocols;

* HOL: new auto_tac combines rewriting and classical reasoning (many

examples on HOL/Auth);

* HOL: new command AddIffs for declaring theorems of the form P=Q to

the rewriter and classical reasoner simultaneously;

* function uresult no longer returns theorems in "standard" format;

regain previous version by: val uresult = standard o uresult;

New in Isabelle94-6

-------------------

* oracles -- these establish an interface between Isabelle and trusted

external reasoners, which may deliver results as theorems;

* proof objects (in particular record all uses of oracles);

* Simp_tac, Fast_tac, etc. that refer to implicit simpset / claset;

* "constdefs" section in theory files;

* "primrec" section (HOL) no longer requires names;

* internal type "tactic" now simply "thm -> thm Sequence.seq";

New in Isabelle94-5

-------------------

* reduced space requirements;

* automatic HTML generation from theories;

* theory files no longer require "..." (quotes) around most types;

* new examples, including two proofs of the Church-Rosser theorem;

* non-curried (1994) version of HOL is no longer distributed;

New in Isabelle94-4

-------------------

* greatly reduced space requirements;

* theory files (.thy) no longer require \...\ escapes at line breaks;

* searchable theorem database (see the section "Retrieving theorems" on 

page 8 of the Reference Manual);

* new examples, including Grabczewski's monumental case study of the

Axiom of Choice;

* The previous version of HOL renamed to Old_HOL;

* The new version of HOL (previously called CHOL) uses a curried syntax 

for functions.  Application looks like f a b instead of f(a,b);

* Mutually recursive inductive definitions finally work in HOL;

* In ZF, pattern-matching on tuples is now available in all abstractions and

translates to the operator "split";

New in Isabelle94-3

-------------------

* new infix operator, addss, allowing the classical reasoner to 

perform simplification at each step of its search.  Example:

	fast_tac (cs addss ss)

* a new logic, CHOL, the same as HOL, but with a curried syntax 

for functions.  Application looks like f a b instead of f(a,b).  Also pairs 

look like (a,b) instead of <a,b>;

* PLEASE NOTE: CHOL will eventually replace HOL!

* In CHOL, pattern-matching on tuples is now available in all abstractions.

It translates to the operator "split".  A new theory of integers is available;

* In ZF, integer numerals now denote two's-complement binary integers.

Arithmetic operations can be performed by rewriting.  See ZF/ex/Bin.ML;

* Many new examples: I/O automata, Church-Rosser theorem, equivalents 

of the Axiom of Choice;

New in Isabelle94-2

-------------------

* Significantly faster resolution;  

* the different sections in a .thy file can now be mixed and repeated

freely;

* Database of theorems for FOL, HOL and ZF.  New

commands including qed, qed_goal and bind_thm store theorems in the database.

* Simple database queries: return a named theorem (get_thm) or all theorems of

a given theory (thms_of), or find out what theory a theorem was proved in

(theory_of_thm);

* Bugs fixed in the inductive definition and datatype packages;

* The classical reasoner provides deepen_tac and depth_tac, making FOL_dup_cs

and HOL_dup_cs obsolete;

* Syntactic ambiguities caused by the new treatment of syntax in Isabelle94-1

have been removed;

* Simpler definition of function space in ZF;

* new results about cardinal and ordinal arithmetic in ZF;

* 'subtype' facility in HOL for introducing new types as subsets of existing

types;

$Id$