(* $Id$ *)

theory Inner_Syntax

imports Main

begin

chapter {* Inner syntax --- the term language *}

section {* Printing logical entities *}

subsection {* Diagnostic commands *}

text {*

  \begin{matharray}{rcl}

    @{command_def "pr"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "any \<rightarrow>"} \\

    @{command_def "thm"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\

    @{command_def "term"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\

    @{command_def "prop"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\

    @{command_def "typ"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\

    @{command_def "prf"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\

    @{command_def "full_prf"}@{text "\<^sup>*"} & : & @{text "context \<rightarrow>"} \\

  \end{matharray}

  These diagnostic commands assist interactive development by printing

  internal logical entities in a human-readable fashion.

  \begin{rail}

    'pr' modes? nat? (',' nat)?

    ;

    'thm' modes? thmrefs

    ;

    'term' modes? term

    ;

    'prop' modes? prop

    ;

    'typ' modes? type

    ;

    'prf' modes? thmrefs?

    ;

    'full\_prf' modes? thmrefs?

    ;

    modes: '(' (name + ) ')'

    ;

  \end{rail}

  \begin{description}

  \item @{command "pr"}~@{text "goals, prems"} prints the current

  proof state (if present), including the proof context, current facts

  and goals.  The optional limit arguments affect the number of goals

  and premises to be displayed, which is initially 10 for both.

  Omitting limit values leaves the current setting unchanged.

  \item @{command "thm"}~@{text "a\<^sub>1 \<dots> a\<^sub>n"} retrieves

  theorems from the current theory or proof context.  Note that any

  attributes included in the theorem specifications are applied to a

  temporary context derived from the current theory or proof; the

  result is discarded, i.e.\ attributes involved in @{text "a\<^sub>1,

  \<dots>, a\<^sub>n"} do not have any permanent effect.

  \item @{command "term"}~@{text t} and @{command "prop"}~@{text \<phi>}

  read, type-check and print terms or propositions according to the

  current theory or proof context; the inferred type of @{text t} is

  output as well.  Note that these commands are also useful in

  inspecting the current environment of term abbreviations.

  \item @{command "typ"}~@{text \<tau>} reads and prints types of the

  meta-logic according to the current theory or proof context.

  \item @{command "prf"} displays the (compact) proof term of the

  current proof state (if present), or of the given theorems. Note

  that this requires proof terms to be switched on for the current

  object logic (see the ``Proof terms'' section of the Isabelle

  reference manual for information on how to do this).

  \item @{command "full_prf"} is like @{command "prf"}, but displays

  the full proof term, i.e.\ also displays information omitted in the

  compact proof term, which is denoted by ``@{text _}'' placeholders

  there.

  \end{description}

  All of the diagnostic commands above admit a list of @{text modes}

  to be specified, which is appended to the current print mode (see

  also \cite{isabelle-ref}).  Thus the output behavior may be modified

  according particular print mode features.  For example, @{command

  "pr"}~@{text "(latex xsymbols)"} would print the current proof state

  with mathematical symbols and special characters represented in

  {\LaTeX} source, according to the Isabelle style

  \cite{isabelle-sys}.

  Note that antiquotations (cf.\ \secref{sec:antiq}) provide a more

  systematic way to include formal items into the printed text

  document.

*}

subsection {* Printing limits *}

text {*

  \begin{mldecls}

    @{index_ML Pretty.setdepth: "int -> unit"} \\

    @{index_ML Pretty.setmargin: "int -> unit"} \\

    @{index_ML print_depth: "int -> unit"} \\

  \end{mldecls}

  These ML functions set limits for pretty printed text output.

  \begin{description}

  \item @{ML Pretty.setdepth}~@{text d} tells the pretty printer to

  limit the printing depth to @{text d}.  This affects the display of

  types, terms, theorems etc.  The default value is 0, which permits

  printing to an arbitrary depth.  Useful values for @{text d} are 10

  and 20.

  \item @{ML Pretty.setmargin}~@{text m} tells the pretty printer to

  assume a right margin (page width) of @{text m}.  The initial margin

  is 76.  User interfaces may adapt this default automatically, when

  resizing windows etc.

  \item @{ML print_depth}~@{text n} limits the printing depth of the

  ML toplevel pretty printer; the precise effect depends on the ML

  compiler and run-time system.  Typically @{text n} should be less

  than 10.  Bigger values such as 100--1000 are useful for debugging.

  \end{description}

*}

subsection {* Details of printed content *}

text {*

  \begin{mldecls} 

    @{index_ML show_types: "bool ref"} & default @{ML false} \\

    @{index_ML show_sorts: "bool ref"} & default @{ML false} \\

    @{index_ML show_consts: "bool ref"} & default @{ML false} \\

    @{index_ML long_names: "bool ref"} & default @{ML false} \\

    @{index_ML short_names: "bool ref"} & default @{ML false} \\

    @{index_ML unique_names: "bool ref"} & default @{ML true} \\

    @{index_ML show_brackets: "bool ref"} & default @{ML false} \\

    @{index_ML eta_contract: "bool ref"} \\

    @{index_ML goals_limit: "int ref"} & default @{ML 10} \\

    @{index_ML Proof.show_main_goal: "bool ref"} & default @{ML false} \\

    @{index_ML show_hyps: "bool ref"} & default @{ML false} \\

    @{index_ML show_tags: "bool ref"} & default @{ML false} \\

  \end{mldecls}

  These global ML variables control the detail of information that is

  displayed for types, terms, theorems, goals etc.

  \begin{description}

  \item @{ML show_types} and @{ML show_sorts} control printing of type

  constraints for term variables, and sort constraints for type

  variables.  By default, neither of these are shown in output.  If

  @{ML show_sorts} is set to @{ML true}, types are always shown as

  well.

  Note that displaying types and sorts may explain why a polymorphic

  inference rule fails to resolve with some goal, or why a rewrite

  rule does not apply as expected.

  \item @{ML show_consts} controls printing of types of constants when

  printing proof states.  Note that the output can be enormous as

  polymorphic constants often occur at several different type

  instances.

  \item @{ML long_names}, @{ML short_names}, and @{ML unique_names}

  modify the way of printing qualified names in external form.  See

  also the description of document antiquotation options in

  \secref{sec:antiq}.

  \item @{ML show_brackets} controls insertion of bracketing in pretty

  printed output.  If set to @{ML true}, all sub-expressions of the

  pretty printing tree will be parenthesized, even if this produces

  malformed term syntax!  This crude way of showing the full structure

  of pretty printed entities might help to diagnose problems with

  operator priorities, for example.

  \item @{ML eta_contract} controls @{text "\<eta>"}-contracted printing of

  terms.

  The @{text \<eta>}-contraction law asserts @{prop "(\<lambda>x. f x) \<equiv> f"},

  provided @{text x} is not free in @{text f}.  It asserts

  \emph{extensionality} of functions: @{prop "f \<equiv> g"} if @{prop "f x \<equiv>

  g x"} for all @{text x}.  Higher-order unification frequently puts

  terms into a fully @{text \<eta>}-expanded form.  For example, if @{text

  F} has type @{text "(\<tau> \<Rightarrow> \<tau>) \<Rightarrow> \<tau>"} then its expanded form is @{term

  "\<lambda>h. F (\<lambda>x. h x)"}.

  Setting @{ML eta_contract} makes Isabelle perform @{text

  \<eta>}-contractions before printing, so that @{term "\<lambda>h. F (\<lambda>x. h x)"}

  appears simply as @{text F}.

  Note that the distinction between a term and its @{text \<eta>}-expanded

  form occasionally matters.

  \item @{ML goals_limit} controls the maximum number of subgoals to

  be shown in proof state output.

  \item @{ML Proof.show_main_goal} controls whether the main result to

  be proven should be displayed.  This information might be relevant

  for schematic goals, to see the current claim being synthesized.

  \item @{ML show_hyps} controls printing of implicit hypotheses of

  local facts.  Normally, only those hypotheses are displayed that are

  \emph{not} covered by the assumptions of the current context: this

  situation indicates a fault in some tool being used.

  By setting @{ML show_hyps} to @{ML true}, output of all hypotheses

  can be enforced.  Which is occasionally usefule for diagnostic

  purposes.

  \item @{ML show_tags} controls printing of extra annotations within

  theorems, such as the case names being attached by the attribute

  @{attribute case_names}.

  \end{description}

*}

section {* Mixfix annotations *}

text {* Mixfix annotations specify concrete \emph{inner syntax} of

  Isabelle types and terms.  Some commands such as @{command "types"}

  (see \secref{sec:types-pure}) admit infixes only, while @{command

  "consts"} (see \secref{sec:consts}) and @{command "syntax"} (see

  \secref{sec:syn-trans}) support the full range of general mixfixes

  and binders.

  \indexouternonterm{infix}\indexouternonterm{mixfix}\indexouternonterm{structmixfix}

  \begin{rail}

    infix: '(' ('infix' | 'infixl' | 'infixr') string nat ')'

    ;

    mixfix: infix | '(' string prios? nat? ')' | '(' 'binder' string prios? nat ')'

    ;

    structmixfix: mixfix | '(' 'structure' ')'

    ;

    prios: '[' (nat + ',') ']'

    ;

  \end{rail}

  Here the \railtok{string} specifications refer to the actual mixfix

  template, which may include literal text, spacing, blocks, and

  arguments (denoted by ``@{text _}''); the special symbol

  ``@{verbatim "\<index>"}'' (printed as ``@{text "\<index>"}'') represents an index

  argument that specifies an implicit structure reference (see also

  \secref{sec:locale}).  Infix and binder declarations provide common

  abbreviations for particular mixfix declarations.  So in practice,

  mixfix templates mostly degenerate to literal text for concrete

  syntax, such as ``@{verbatim "++"}'' for an infix symbol.

  \medskip In full generality, mixfix declarations work as follows.

  Suppose a constant @{text "c :: \<tau>\<^sub>1 \<Rightarrow> \<dots> \<tau>\<^sub>n \<Rightarrow> \<tau>"} is

  annotated by @{text "(mixfix [p\<^sub>1, \<dots>, p\<^sub>n] p)"}, where @{text

  "mixfix"} is a string @{text "d\<^sub>0 _ d\<^sub>1 _ \<dots> _ d\<^sub>n"} consisting of

  delimiters that surround argument positions as indicated by

  underscores.

  Altogether this determines a production for a context-free priority

  grammar, where for each argument @{text "i"} the syntactic category

  is determined by @{text "\<tau>\<^sub>i"} (with priority @{text "p\<^sub>i"}), and

  the result category is determined from @{text "\<tau>"} (with

  priority @{text "p"}).  Priority specifications are optional, with

  default 0 for arguments and 1000 for the result.

  Since @{text "\<tau>"} may be again a function type, the constant

  type scheme may have more argument positions than the mixfix

  pattern.  Printing a nested application @{text "c t\<^sub>1 \<dots> t\<^sub>m"} for

  @{text "m > n"} works by attaching concrete notation only to the

  innermost part, essentially by printing @{text "(c t\<^sub>1 \<dots> t\<^sub>n) \<dots> t\<^sub>m"}

  instead.  If a term has fewer arguments than specified in the mixfix

  template, the concrete syntax is ignored.

  \medskip A mixfix template may also contain additional directives

  for pretty printing, notably spaces, blocks, and breaks.  The

  general template format is a sequence over any of the following

  entities.

  \begin{itemize}

  \item @{text "\<^bold>d"} is a delimiter, namely a non-empty

  sequence of characters other than the special characters @{text "'"}

  (single quote), @{text "_"} (underscore), @{text "\<index>"} (index

  symbol), @{text "/"} (slash), @{text "("} and @{text ")"}

  (parentheses).

  A single quote escapes the special meaning of these meta-characters,

  producing a literal version of the following character, unless that

  is a blank.  A single quote followed by a blank separates

  delimiters, without affecting printing, but input tokens may have

  additional white space here.

  \item @{text "_"} is an argument position, which stands for a

  certain syntactic category in the underlying grammar.

  \item @{text "\<index>"} is an indexed argument position; this is

  the place where implicit structure arguments can be attached.

  \item @{text "\<^bold>s"} is a non-empty sequence of spaces for

  printing.  This and the following specifications do not affect

  parsing at all.

  \item @{text "(\<^bold>n"} opens a pretty printing block.  The

  optional number specifies how much indentation to add when a line

  break occurs within the block.  If the parenthesis is not followed

  by digits, the indentation defaults to 0.  A block specified via

  @{text "(00"} is unbreakable.

  \item @{text ")"} closes a pretty printing block.

  \item @{text "//"} forces a line break.

  \item @{text "/\<^bold>s"} allows a line break.  Here @{text

  "\<^bold>s"} stands for the string of spaces (zero or more) right

  after the slash.  These spaces are printed if the break is

  \emph{not} taken.

  \end{itemize}

  For example, the template @{text "(_ +/ _)"} specifies an infix

  operator.  There are two argument positions; the delimiter @{text

  "+"} is preceded by a space and followed by a space or line break;

  the entire phrase is a pretty printing block.

  The general idea of pretty printing with blocks and breaks is also

  described in \cite{paulson-ml2}.

*}

section {* Additional term notation *}

text {*

  \begin{matharray}{rcll}

    @{command_def "notation"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\

    @{command_def "no_notation"} & : & @{text "local_theory \<rightarrow> local_theory"} \\

  \end{matharray}

  \begin{rail}

    ('notation' | 'no\_notation') target? mode? (nameref structmixfix + 'and')

    ;

  \end{rail}

  \begin{description}

  \item @{command "notation"}~@{text "c (mx)"} associates mixfix

  syntax with an existing constant or fixed variable.  This is a

  robust interface to the underlying @{command "syntax"} primitive

  (\secref{sec:syn-trans}).  Type declaration and internal syntactic

  representation of the given entity is retrieved from the context.

  \item @{command "no_notation"} is similar to @{command "notation"},

  but removes the specified syntax annotation from the present

  context.

  \end{description}

*}

section {* Syntax and translations \label{sec:syn-trans} *}

text {*

  \begin{matharray}{rcl}

    @{command_def "nonterminals"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\

    @{command_def "syntax"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\

    @{command_def "no_syntax"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\

    @{command_def "translations"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\

    @{command_def "no_translations"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\

  \end{matharray}

  \begin{rail}

    'nonterminals' (name +)

    ;

    ('syntax' | 'no\_syntax') mode? (constdecl +)

    ;

    ('translations' | 'no\_translations') (transpat ('==' | '=>' | '<=' | rightleftharpoons | rightharpoonup | leftharpoondown) transpat +)

    ;

    mode: ('(' ( name | 'output' | name 'output' ) ')')

    ;

    transpat: ('(' nameref ')')? string

    ;

  \end{rail}

  \begin{description}

  \item @{command "nonterminals"}~@{text c} declares a type

  constructor @{text c} (without arguments) to act as purely syntactic

  type: a nonterminal symbol of the inner syntax.

  \item @{command "syntax"}~@{text "(mode) decls"} is similar to

  @{command "consts"}~@{text decls}, except that the actual logical

  signature extension is omitted.  Thus the context free grammar of

  Isabelle's inner syntax may be augmented in arbitrary ways,

  independently of the logic.  The @{text mode} argument refers to the

  print mode that the grammar rules belong; unless the @{keyword_ref

  "output"} indicator is given, all productions are added both to the

  input and output grammar.

  \item @{command "no_syntax"}~@{text "(mode) decls"} removes grammar

  declarations (and translations) resulting from @{text decls}, which

  are interpreted in the same manner as for @{command "syntax"} above.

  \item @{command "translations"}~@{text rules} specifies syntactic

  translation rules (i.e.\ macros): parse~/ print rules (@{text "\<rightleftharpoons>"}),

  parse rules (@{text "\<rightharpoonup>"}), or print rules (@{text "\<leftharpoondown>"}).

  Translation patterns may be prefixed by the syntactic category to be

  used for parsing; the default is @{text logic}.

  \item @{command "no_translations"}~@{text rules} removes syntactic

  translation rules, which are interpreted in the same manner as for

  @{command "translations"} above.

  \end{description}

*}

section {* Syntax translation functions *}

text {*

  \begin{matharray}{rcl}

    @{command_def "parse_ast_translation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\

    @{command_def "parse_translation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\

    @{command_def "print_translation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\

    @{command_def "typed_print_translation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\

    @{command_def "print_ast_translation"} & : & @{text "theory \<rightarrow> theory"} \\

  \end{matharray}

  \begin{rail}

  ( 'parse\_ast\_translation' | 'parse\_translation' | 'print\_translation' |

    'typed\_print\_translation' | 'print\_ast\_translation' ) ('(advanced)')? text

  ;

  \end{rail}

  Syntax translation functions written in ML admit almost arbitrary

  manipulations of Isabelle's inner syntax.  Any of the above commands

  have a single \railqtok{text} argument that refers to an ML

  expression of appropriate type, which are as follows by default:

%FIXME proper antiquotations

\begin{ttbox}

val parse_ast_translation   : (string * (ast list -> ast)) list

val parse_translation       : (string * (term list -> term)) list

val print_translation       : (string * (term list -> term)) list

val typed_print_translation :

  (string * (bool -> typ -> term list -> term)) list

val print_ast_translation   : (string * (ast list -> ast)) list

\end{ttbox}

  If the @{text "(advanced)"} option is given, the corresponding

  translation functions may depend on the current theory or proof

  context.  This allows to implement advanced syntax mechanisms, as

  translations functions may refer to specific theory declarations or

  auxiliary proof data.

  See also \cite[\S8]{isabelle-ref} for more information on the

  general concept of syntax transformations in Isabelle.

%FIXME proper antiquotations

\begin{ttbox}

val parse_ast_translation:

  (string * (Proof.context -> ast list -> ast)) list

val parse_translation:

  (string * (Proof.context -> term list -> term)) list

val print_translation:

  (string * (Proof.context -> term list -> term)) list

val typed_print_translation:

  (string * (Proof.context -> bool -> typ -> term list -> term)) list

val print_ast_translation:

  (string * (Proof.context -> ast list -> ast)) list

\end{ttbox}

*}

end