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(* Author: Tobias Nipkow *)
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header "A Compiler for IMP"
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theory Compiler imports Big_Step
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begin
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subsection "List setup"
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text {*
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We are going to define a small machine language where programs are
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lists of instructions. For nicer algebraic properties in our lemmas
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later, we prefer @{typ int} to @{term nat} as program counter.
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Therefore, we define notation for size and indexing for lists
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on @{typ int}:
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*}
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abbreviation "isize xs == int (length xs)"
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primrec
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inth :: "'a list => int => 'a" (infixl "!!" 100) where
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inth_Cons: "(x # xs) !! n = (if n = 0 then x else xs !! (n - 1))"
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text {*
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The only additional lemma we need is indexing over append:
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*}
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lemma inth_append [simp]:
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"0 \<le> n \<Longrightarrow>
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(xs @ ys) !! n = (if n < isize xs then xs !! n else ys !! (n - isize xs))"
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by (induct xs arbitrary: n) (auto simp: algebra_simps)
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subsection "Instructions and Stack Machine"
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datatype instr =
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LOADI int |
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LOAD string |
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ADD |
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STORE string |
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JMP int |
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JMPFLESS int |
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JMPFGE int
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(* reads slightly nicer *)
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abbreviation
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"JMPB i == JMP (-i)"
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type_synonym stack = "val list"
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type_synonym config = "int\<times>state\<times>stack"
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abbreviation "hd2 xs == hd(tl xs)"
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abbreviation "tl2 xs == tl(tl xs)"
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inductive iexec1 :: "instr \<Rightarrow> config \<Rightarrow> config \<Rightarrow> bool"
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("(_/ \<turnstile>i (_ \<rightarrow>/ _))" [50,0,0] 50)
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where
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"LOADI n \<turnstile>i (i,s,stk) \<rightarrow> (i+1,s, n#stk)" |
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"LOAD x \<turnstile>i (i,s,stk) \<rightarrow> (i+1,s, s x # stk)" |
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"ADD \<turnstile>i (i,s,stk) \<rightarrow> (i+1,s, (hd2 stk + hd stk) # tl2 stk)" |
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"STORE n \<turnstile>i (i,s,stk) \<rightarrow> (i+1,s(n := hd stk),tl stk)" |
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"JMP n \<turnstile>i (i,s,stk) \<rightarrow> (i+1+n,s,stk)" |
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"JMPFLESS n \<turnstile>i (i,s,stk) \<rightarrow> (if hd2 stk < hd stk then i+1+n else i+1,s,tl2 stk)" |
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"JMPFGE n \<turnstile>i (i,s,stk) \<rightarrow> (if hd2 stk >= hd stk then i+1+n else i+1,s,tl2 stk)"
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code_pred iexec1 .
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declare iexec1.intros
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definition
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exec1 :: "instr list \<Rightarrow> config \<Rightarrow> config \<Rightarrow> bool" ("(_/ \<turnstile> (_ \<rightarrow>/ _))" [50,0,0] 50)
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where
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"P \<turnstile> c \<rightarrow> c' =
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(\<exists>i s stk. c = (i,s,stk) \<and> P!!i \<turnstile>i (i,s,stk) \<rightarrow> c' \<and> 0 \<le> i \<and> i < isize P)"
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declare exec1_def [simp]
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lemma exec1I [intro, code_pred_intro]:
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"\<lbrakk> P!!i \<turnstile>i (i,s,stk) \<rightarrow> c'; 0 \<le> i; i < isize P \<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> P \<turnstile> (i,s,stk) \<rightarrow> c'"
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by simp
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inductive exec :: "instr list \<Rightarrow> config \<Rightarrow> config \<Rightarrow> bool" ("_/ \<turnstile> (_ \<rightarrow>*/ _)" 50)
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where
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refl: "P \<turnstile> c \<rightarrow>* c" |
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step: "P \<turnstile> c \<rightarrow> c' \<Longrightarrow> P \<turnstile> c' \<rightarrow>* c'' \<Longrightarrow> P \<turnstile> c \<rightarrow>* c''"
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declare refl[intro] step[intro]
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lemmas exec_induct = exec.induct[split_format(complete)]
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code_pred exec by force
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values
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"{(i,map t [''x'',''y''],stk) | i t stk.
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[LOAD ''y'', STORE ''x''] \<turnstile>
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(0, [''x'' \<rightarrow> 3, ''y'' \<rightarrow> 4], []) \<rightarrow>* (i,t,stk)}"
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subsection{* Verification infrastructure *}
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lemma exec_trans: "P \<turnstile> c \<rightarrow>* c' \<Longrightarrow> P \<turnstile> c' \<rightarrow>* c'' \<Longrightarrow> P \<turnstile> c \<rightarrow>* c''"
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by (induct rule: exec.induct) fastsimp+
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inductive_cases iexec1_cases [elim!]:
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"LOADI n \<turnstile>i c \<rightarrow> c'"
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"LOAD x \<turnstile>i c \<rightarrow> c'"
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"ADD \<turnstile>i c \<rightarrow> c'"
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"STORE n \<turnstile>i c \<rightarrow> c'"
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"JMP n \<turnstile>i c \<rightarrow> c'"
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"JMPFLESS n \<turnstile>i c \<rightarrow> c'"
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"JMPFGE n \<turnstile>i c \<rightarrow> c'"
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text {* Simplification rules for @{const iexec1}. *}
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lemma iexec1_simps [simp]:
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"LOADI n \<turnstile>i c \<rightarrow> c' = (\<exists>i s stk. c = (i, s, stk) \<and> c' = (i + 1, s, n # stk))"
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"LOAD x \<turnstile>i c \<rightarrow> c' = (\<exists>i s stk. c = (i, s, stk) \<and> c' = (i + 1, s, s x # stk))"
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"ADD \<turnstile>i c \<rightarrow> c' =
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(\<exists>i s stk. c = (i, s, stk) \<and> c' = (i + 1, s, (hd2 stk + hd stk) # tl2 stk))"
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"STORE x \<turnstile>i c \<rightarrow> c' =
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(\<exists>i s stk. c = (i, s, stk) \<and> c' = (i + 1, s(x \<rightarrow> hd stk), tl stk))"
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"JMP n \<turnstile>i c \<rightarrow> c' = (\<exists>i s stk. c = (i, s, stk) \<and> c' = (i + 1 + n, s, stk))"
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"JMPFLESS n \<turnstile>i c \<rightarrow> c' =
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(\<exists>i s stk. c = (i, s, stk) \<and>
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c' = (if hd2 stk < hd stk then i + 1 + n else i + 1, s, tl2 stk))"
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"JMPFGE n \<turnstile>i c \<rightarrow> c' =
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(\<exists>i s stk. c = (i, s, stk) \<and>
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c' = (if hd stk \<le> hd2 stk then i + 1 + n else i + 1, s, tl2 stk))"
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by (auto split del: split_if intro!: iexec1.intros)
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text{* Below we need to argue about the execution of code that is embedded in
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larger programs. For this purpose we show that execution is preserved by
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appending code to the left or right of a program. *}
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lemma exec1_appendR: "P \<turnstile> c \<rightarrow> c' \<Longrightarrow> P@P' \<turnstile> c \<rightarrow> c'"
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by auto
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lemma exec_appendR: "P \<turnstile> c \<rightarrow>* c' \<Longrightarrow> P@P' \<turnstile> c \<rightarrow>* c'"
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by (induct rule: exec.induct) (fastsimp intro: exec1_appendR)+
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lemma iexec1_shiftI:
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assumes "X \<turnstile>i (i,s,stk) \<rightarrow> (i',s',stk')"
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shows "X \<turnstile>i (n+i,s,stk) \<rightarrow> (n+i',s',stk')"
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using assms by cases auto
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lemma iexec1_shiftD:
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assumes "X \<turnstile>i (n+i,s,stk) \<rightarrow> (n+i',s',stk')"
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shows "X \<turnstile>i (i,s,stk) \<rightarrow> (i',s',stk')"
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using assms by cases auto
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lemma iexec_shift [simp]:
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"(X \<turnstile>i (n+i,s,stk) \<rightarrow> (n+i',s',stk')) = (X \<turnstile>i (i,s,stk) \<rightarrow> (i',s',stk'))"
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by (blast intro: iexec1_shiftI dest: iexec1_shiftD)
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lemma exec1_appendL:
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"P \<turnstile> (i,s,stk) \<rightarrow> (i',s',stk') \<Longrightarrow>
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P' @ P \<turnstile> (isize(P')+i,s,stk) \<rightarrow> (isize(P')+i',s',stk')"
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by simp
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lemma exec_appendL:
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"P \<turnstile> (i,s,stk) \<rightarrow>* (i',s',stk') \<Longrightarrow>
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P' @ P \<turnstile> (isize(P')+i,s,stk) \<rightarrow>* (isize(P')+i',s',stk')"
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by (induct rule: exec_induct) (blast intro!: exec1_appendL)+
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text{* Now we specialise the above lemmas to enable automatic proofs of
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@{prop "P \<turnstile> c \<rightarrow>* c'"} where @{text P} is a mixture of concrete instructions and
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pieces of code that we already know how they execute (by induction), combined
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by @{text "@"} and @{text "#"}. Backward jumps are not supported.
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The details should be skipped on a first reading.
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If we have just executed the first instruction of the program, drop it: *}
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lemma exec_Cons_1 [intro]:
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"P \<turnstile> (0,s,stk) \<rightarrow>* (j,t,stk') \<Longrightarrow>
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instr#P \<turnstile> (1,s,stk) \<rightarrow>* (1+j,t,stk')"
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by (drule exec_appendL[where P'="[instr]"]) simp
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lemma exec_appendL_if[intro]:
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"isize P' <= i
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\<Longrightarrow> P \<turnstile> (i - isize P',s,stk) \<rightarrow>* (i',s',stk')
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\<Longrightarrow> P' @ P \<turnstile> (i,s,stk) \<rightarrow>* (isize P' + i',s',stk')"
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by (drule exec_appendL[where P'=P']) simp
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text{* Split the execution of a compound program up into the excution of its
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parts: *}
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lemma exec_append_trans[intro]:
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"P \<turnstile> (0,s,stk) \<rightarrow>* (i',s',stk') \<Longrightarrow>
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isize P \<le> i' \<Longrightarrow>
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P' \<turnstile> (i' - isize P,s',stk') \<rightarrow>* (i'',s'',stk'') \<Longrightarrow>
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j'' = isize P + i''
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\<Longrightarrow>
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P @ P' \<turnstile> (0,s,stk) \<rightarrow>* (j'',s'',stk'')"
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by(metis exec_trans[OF exec_appendR exec_appendL_if])
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declare Let_def[simp]
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subsection "Compilation"
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fun acomp :: "aexp \<Rightarrow> instr list" where
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"acomp (N n) = [LOADI n]" |
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"acomp (V x) = [LOAD x]" |
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"acomp (Plus a1 a2) = acomp a1 @ acomp a2 @ [ADD]"
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lemma acomp_correct[intro]:
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"acomp a \<turnstile> (0,s,stk) \<rightarrow>* (isize(acomp a),s,aval a s#stk)"
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by (induct a arbitrary: stk) fastsimp+
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fun bcomp :: "bexp \<Rightarrow> bool \<Rightarrow> int \<Rightarrow> instr list" where
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"bcomp (B bv) c n = (if bv=c then [JMP n] else [])" |
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"bcomp (Not b) c n = bcomp b (\<not>c) n" |
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"bcomp (And b1 b2) c n =
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(let cb2 = bcomp b2 c n;
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m = (if c then isize cb2 else isize cb2+n);
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cb1 = bcomp b1 False m
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in cb1 @ cb2)" |
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"bcomp (Less a1 a2) c n =
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acomp a1 @ acomp a2 @ (if c then [JMPFLESS n] else [JMPFGE n])"
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value
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"bcomp (And (Less (V ''x'') (V ''y'')) (Not(Less (V ''u'') (V ''v''))))
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False 3"
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lemma bcomp_correct[intro]:
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"0 \<le> n \<Longrightarrow>
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bcomp b c n \<turnstile>
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(0,s,stk) \<rightarrow>* (isize(bcomp b c n) + (if c = bval b s then n else 0),s,stk)"
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proof(induct b arbitrary: c n m)
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case Not
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from Not(1)[where c="~c"] Not(2) show ?case by fastsimp
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next
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case (And b1 b2)
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from And(1)[of "if c then isize (bcomp b2 c n) else isize (bcomp b2 c n) + n"
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"False"]
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And(2)[of n "c"] And(3)
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show ?case by fastsimp
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qed fastsimp+
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fun ccomp :: "com \<Rightarrow> instr list" where
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"ccomp SKIP = []" |
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"ccomp (x ::= a) = acomp a @ [STORE x]" |
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"ccomp (c\<^isub>1;c\<^isub>2) = ccomp c\<^isub>1 @ ccomp c\<^isub>2" |
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"ccomp (IF b THEN c\<^isub>1 ELSE c\<^isub>2) =
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kleing@44296
|
244 |
(let cc\<^isub>1 = ccomp c\<^isub>1; cc\<^isub>2 = ccomp c\<^isub>2; cb = bcomp b False (isize cc\<^isub>1 + 1)
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kleing@44296
|
245 |
in cb @ cc\<^isub>1 @ JMP (isize cc\<^isub>2) # cc\<^isub>2)" |
|
nipkow@43982
|
246 |
"ccomp (WHILE b DO c) =
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kleing@44296
|
247 |
(let cc = ccomp c; cb = bcomp b False (isize cc + 1)
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kleing@44296
|
248 |
in cb @ cc @ [JMPB (isize cb + isize cc + 1)])"
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nipkow@13095
|
249 |
|
nipkow@43982
|
250 |
value "ccomp
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nipkow@43982
|
251 |
(IF Less (V ''u'') (N 1) THEN ''u'' ::= Plus (V ''u'') (N 1)
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nipkow@43982
|
252 |
ELSE ''v'' ::= V ''u'')"
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nipkow@13095
|
253 |
|
nipkow@43982
|
254 |
value "ccomp (WHILE Less (V ''u'') (N 1) DO (''u'' ::= Plus (V ''u'') (N 1)))"
|
nipkow@13095
|
255 |
|
nipkow@13095
|
256 |
|
nipkow@43982
|
257 |
subsection "Preservation of sematics"
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nipkow@43982
|
258 |
|
kleing@44296
|
259 |
lemma ccomp_bigstep:
|
kleing@44296
|
260 |
"(c,s) \<Rightarrow> t \<Longrightarrow> ccomp c \<turnstile> (0,s,stk) \<rightarrow>* (isize(ccomp c),t,stk)"
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nipkow@43982
|
261 |
proof(induct arbitrary: stk rule: big_step_induct)
|
nipkow@43982
|
262 |
case (Assign x a s)
|
kleing@44296
|
263 |
show ?case by (fastsimp simp:fun_upd_def cong: if_cong)
|
nipkow@13095
|
264 |
next
|
nipkow@43982
|
265 |
case (Semi c1 s1 s2 c2 s3)
|
nipkow@43982
|
266 |
let ?cc1 = "ccomp c1" let ?cc2 = "ccomp c2"
|
kleing@44296
|
267 |
have "?cc1 @ ?cc2 \<turnstile> (0,s1,stk) \<rightarrow>* (isize ?cc1,s2,stk)"
|
kleing@44296
|
268 |
using Semi.hyps(2) by fastsimp
|
nipkow@43982
|
269 |
moreover
|
kleing@44296
|
270 |
have "?cc1 @ ?cc2 \<turnstile> (isize ?cc1,s2,stk) \<rightarrow>* (isize(?cc1 @ ?cc2),s3,stk)"
|
kleing@44296
|
271 |
using Semi.hyps(4) by fastsimp
|
nipkow@43982
|
272 |
ultimately show ?case by simp (blast intro: exec_trans)
|
nipkow@13095
|
273 |
next
|
nipkow@43982
|
274 |
case (WhileTrue b s1 c s2 s3)
|
nipkow@43982
|
275 |
let ?cc = "ccomp c"
|
kleing@44296
|
276 |
let ?cb = "bcomp b False (isize ?cc + 1)"
|
nipkow@43982
|
277 |
let ?cw = "ccomp(WHILE b DO c)"
|
kleing@44296
|
278 |
have "?cw \<turnstile> (0,s1,stk) \<rightarrow>* (isize ?cb + isize ?cc,s2,stk)"
|
nipkow@43982
|
279 |
using WhileTrue(1,3) by fastsimp
|
nipkow@43982
|
280 |
moreover
|
kleing@44296
|
281 |
have "?cw \<turnstile> (isize ?cb + isize ?cc,s2,stk) \<rightarrow>* (0,s2,stk)"
|
kleing@44296
|
282 |
by fastsimp
|
nipkow@43982
|
283 |
moreover
|
kleing@44296
|
284 |
have "?cw \<turnstile> (0,s2,stk) \<rightarrow>* (isize ?cw,s3,stk)" by(rule WhileTrue(5))
|
nipkow@43982
|
285 |
ultimately show ?case by(blast intro: exec_trans)
|
nipkow@43982
|
286 |
qed fastsimp+
|
nipkow@13095
|
287 |
|
webertj@20217
|
288 |
end
|