(*  Title:      HOL/Archimedean_Field.thy

    Author:     Brian Huffman

*)

header {* Archimedean Fields, Floor and Ceiling Functions *}

theory Archimedean_Field

imports Main

begin

subsection {* Class of Archimedean fields *}

text {* Archimedean fields have no infinite elements. *}

class archimedean_field = linordered_field + number_ring +

  assumes ex_le_of_int: "\<exists>z. x \<le> of_int z"

lemma ex_less_of_int:

  fixes x :: "'a::archimedean_field" shows "\<exists>z. x < of_int z"

proof -

  from ex_le_of_int obtain z where "x \<le> of_int z" ..

  then have "x < of_int (z + 1)" by simp

  then show ?thesis ..

qed

lemma ex_of_int_less:

  fixes x :: "'a::archimedean_field" shows "\<exists>z. of_int z < x"

proof -

  from ex_less_of_int obtain z where "- x < of_int z" ..

  then have "of_int (- z) < x" by simp

  then show ?thesis ..

qed

lemma ex_less_of_nat:

  fixes x :: "'a::archimedean_field" shows "\<exists>n. x < of_nat n"

proof -

  obtain z where "x < of_int z" using ex_less_of_int ..

  also have "\<dots> \<le> of_int (int (nat z))" by simp

  also have "\<dots> = of_nat (nat z)" by (simp only: of_int_of_nat_eq)

  finally show ?thesis ..

qed

lemma ex_le_of_nat:

  fixes x :: "'a::archimedean_field" shows "\<exists>n. x \<le> of_nat n"

proof -

  obtain n where "x < of_nat n" using ex_less_of_nat ..

  then have "x \<le> of_nat n" by simp

  then show ?thesis ..

qed

text {* Archimedean fields have no infinitesimal elements. *}

lemma ex_inverse_of_nat_Suc_less:

  fixes x :: "'a::archimedean_field"

  assumes "0 < x" shows "\<exists>n. inverse (of_nat (Suc n)) < x"

proof -

  from `0 < x` have "0 < inverse x"

    by (rule positive_imp_inverse_positive)

  obtain n where "inverse x < of_nat n"

    using ex_less_of_nat ..

  then obtain m where "inverse x < of_nat (Suc m)"

    using `0 < inverse x` by (cases n) (simp_all del: of_nat_Suc)

  then have "inverse (of_nat (Suc m)) < inverse (inverse x)"

    using `0 < inverse x` by (rule less_imp_inverse_less)

  then have "inverse (of_nat (Suc m)) < x"

    using `0 < x` by (simp add: nonzero_inverse_inverse_eq)

  then show ?thesis ..

qed

lemma ex_inverse_of_nat_less:

  fixes x :: "'a::archimedean_field"

  assumes "0 < x" shows "\<exists>n>0. inverse (of_nat n) < x"

  using ex_inverse_of_nat_Suc_less [OF `0 < x`] by auto

lemma ex_less_of_nat_mult:

  fixes x :: "'a::archimedean_field"

  assumes "0 < x" shows "\<exists>n. y < of_nat n * x"

proof -

  obtain n where "y / x < of_nat n" using ex_less_of_nat ..

  with `0 < x` have "y < of_nat n * x" by (simp add: pos_divide_less_eq)

  then show ?thesis ..

qed

subsection {* Existence and uniqueness of floor function *}

lemma exists_least_lemma:

  assumes "\<not> P 0" and "\<exists>n. P n"

  shows "\<exists>n. \<not> P n \<and> P (Suc n)"

proof -

  from `\<exists>n. P n` have "P (Least P)" by (rule LeastI_ex)

  with `\<not> P 0` obtain n where "Least P = Suc n"

    by (cases "Least P") auto

  then have "n < Least P" by simp

  then have "\<not> P n" by (rule not_less_Least)

  then have "\<not> P n \<and> P (Suc n)"

    using `P (Least P)` `Least P = Suc n` by simp

  then show ?thesis ..

qed

lemma floor_exists:

  fixes x :: "'a::archimedean_field"

  shows "\<exists>z. of_int z \<le> x \<and> x < of_int (z + 1)"

proof (cases)

  assume "0 \<le> x"

  then have "\<not> x < of_nat 0" by simp

  then have "\<exists>n. \<not> x < of_nat n \<and> x < of_nat (Suc n)"

    using ex_less_of_nat by (rule exists_least_lemma)

  then obtain n where "\<not> x < of_nat n \<and> x < of_nat (Suc n)" ..

  then have "of_int (int n) \<le> x \<and> x < of_int (int n + 1)" by simp

  then show ?thesis ..

next

  assume "\<not> 0 \<le> x"

  then have "\<not> - x \<le> of_nat 0" by simp

  then have "\<exists>n. \<not> - x \<le> of_nat n \<and> - x \<le> of_nat (Suc n)"

    using ex_le_of_nat by (rule exists_least_lemma)

  then obtain n where "\<not> - x \<le> of_nat n \<and> - x \<le> of_nat (Suc n)" ..

  then have "of_int (- int n - 1) \<le> x \<and> x < of_int (- int n - 1 + 1)" by simp

  then show ?thesis ..

qed

lemma floor_exists1:

  fixes x :: "'a::archimedean_field"

  shows "\<exists>!z. of_int z \<le> x \<and> x < of_int (z + 1)"

proof (rule ex_ex1I)

  show "\<exists>z. of_int z \<le> x \<and> x < of_int (z + 1)"

    by (rule floor_exists)

next

  fix y z assume

    "of_int y \<le> x \<and> x < of_int (y + 1)"

    "of_int z \<le> x \<and> x < of_int (z + 1)"

  then have

    "of_int y \<le> x" "x < of_int (y + 1)"

    "of_int z \<le> x" "x < of_int (z + 1)"

    by simp_all

  from le_less_trans [OF `of_int y \<le> x` `x < of_int (z + 1)`]

       le_less_trans [OF `of_int z \<le> x` `x < of_int (y + 1)`]

  show "y = z" by (simp del: of_int_add)

qed

subsection {* Floor function *}

definition

  floor :: "'a::archimedean_field \<Rightarrow> int" where

  [code del]: "floor x = (THE z. of_int z \<le> x \<and> x < of_int (z + 1))"

notation (xsymbols)

  floor  ("\<lfloor>_\<rfloor>")

notation (HTML output)

  floor  ("\<lfloor>_\<rfloor>")

lemma floor_correct: "of_int (floor x) \<le> x \<and> x < of_int (floor x + 1)"

  unfolding floor_def using floor_exists1 by (rule theI')

lemma floor_unique: "\<lbrakk>of_int z \<le> x; x < of_int z + 1\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> floor x = z"

  using floor_correct [of x] floor_exists1 [of x] by auto

lemma of_int_floor_le: "of_int (floor x) \<le> x"

  using floor_correct ..

lemma le_floor_iff: "z \<le> floor x \<longleftrightarrow> of_int z \<le> x"

proof

  assume "z \<le> floor x"

  then have "(of_int z :: 'a) \<le> of_int (floor x)" by simp

  also have "of_int (floor x) \<le> x" by (rule of_int_floor_le)

  finally show "of_int z \<le> x" .

next

  assume "of_int z \<le> x"

  also have "x < of_int (floor x + 1)" using floor_correct ..

  finally show "z \<le> floor x" by (simp del: of_int_add)

qed

lemma floor_less_iff: "floor x < z \<longleftrightarrow> x < of_int z"

  by (simp add: not_le [symmetric] le_floor_iff)

lemma less_floor_iff: "z < floor x \<longleftrightarrow> of_int z + 1 \<le> x"

  using le_floor_iff [of "z + 1" x] by auto

lemma floor_le_iff: "floor x \<le> z \<longleftrightarrow> x < of_int z + 1"

  by (simp add: not_less [symmetric] less_floor_iff)

lemma floor_mono: assumes "x \<le> y" shows "floor x \<le> floor y"

proof -

  have "of_int (floor x) \<le> x" by (rule of_int_floor_le)

  also note `x \<le> y`

  finally show ?thesis by (simp add: le_floor_iff)

qed

lemma floor_less_cancel: "floor x < floor y \<Longrightarrow> x < y"

  by (auto simp add: not_le [symmetric] floor_mono)

lemma floor_of_int [simp]: "floor (of_int z) = z"

  by (rule floor_unique) simp_all

lemma floor_of_nat [simp]: "floor (of_nat n) = int n"

  using floor_of_int [of "of_nat n"] by simp

text {* Floor with numerals *}

lemma floor_zero [simp]: "floor 0 = 0"

  using floor_of_int [of 0] by simp

lemma floor_one [simp]: "floor 1 = 1"

  using floor_of_int [of 1] by simp

lemma floor_number_of [simp]: "floor (number_of v) = number_of v"

  using floor_of_int [of "number_of v"] by simp

lemma zero_le_floor [simp]: "0 \<le> floor x \<longleftrightarrow> 0 \<le> x"

  by (simp add: le_floor_iff)

lemma one_le_floor [simp]: "1 \<le> floor x \<longleftrightarrow> 1 \<le> x"

  by (simp add: le_floor_iff)

lemma number_of_le_floor [simp]: "number_of v \<le> floor x \<longleftrightarrow> number_of v \<le> x"

  by (simp add: le_floor_iff)

lemma zero_less_floor [simp]: "0 < floor x \<longleftrightarrow> 1 \<le> x"

  by (simp add: less_floor_iff)

lemma one_less_floor [simp]: "1 < floor x \<longleftrightarrow> 2 \<le> x"

  by (simp add: less_floor_iff)

lemma number_of_less_floor [simp]:

  "number_of v < floor x \<longleftrightarrow> number_of v + 1 \<le> x"

  by (simp add: less_floor_iff)

lemma floor_le_zero [simp]: "floor x \<le> 0 \<longleftrightarrow> x < 1"

  by (simp add: floor_le_iff)

lemma floor_le_one [simp]: "floor x \<le> 1 \<longleftrightarrow> x < 2"

  by (simp add: floor_le_iff)

lemma floor_le_number_of [simp]:

  "floor x \<le> number_of v \<longleftrightarrow> x < number_of v + 1"

  by (simp add: floor_le_iff)

lemma floor_less_zero [simp]: "floor x < 0 \<longleftrightarrow> x < 0"

  by (simp add: floor_less_iff)

lemma floor_less_one [simp]: "floor x < 1 \<longleftrightarrow> x < 1"

  by (simp add: floor_less_iff)

lemma floor_less_number_of [simp]:

  "floor x < number_of v \<longleftrightarrow> x < number_of v"

  by (simp add: floor_less_iff)

text {* Addition and subtraction of integers *}

lemma floor_add_of_int [simp]: "floor (x + of_int z) = floor x + z"

  using floor_correct [of x] by (simp add: floor_unique)

lemma floor_add_number_of [simp]:

    "floor (x + number_of v) = floor x + number_of v"

  using floor_add_of_int [of x "number_of v"] by simp

lemma floor_add_one [simp]: "floor (x + 1) = floor x + 1"

  using floor_add_of_int [of x 1] by simp

lemma floor_diff_of_int [simp]: "floor (x - of_int z) = floor x - z"

  using floor_add_of_int [of x "- z"] by (simp add: algebra_simps)

lemma floor_diff_number_of [simp]:

  "floor (x - number_of v) = floor x - number_of v"

  using floor_diff_of_int [of x "number_of v"] by simp

lemma floor_diff_one [simp]: "floor (x - 1) = floor x - 1"

  using floor_diff_of_int [of x 1] by simp

subsection {* Ceiling function *}

definition

  ceiling :: "'a::archimedean_field \<Rightarrow> int" where

  [code del]: "ceiling x = - floor (- x)"

notation (xsymbols)

  ceiling  ("\<lceil>_\<rceil>")

notation (HTML output)

  ceiling  ("\<lceil>_\<rceil>")

lemma ceiling_correct: "of_int (ceiling x) - 1 < x \<and> x \<le> of_int (ceiling x)"

  unfolding ceiling_def using floor_correct [of "- x"] by simp

lemma ceiling_unique: "\<lbrakk>of_int z - 1 < x; x \<le> of_int z\<rbrakk> \<Longrightarrow> ceiling x = z"

  unfolding ceiling_def using floor_unique [of "- z" "- x"] by simp

lemma le_of_int_ceiling: "x \<le> of_int (ceiling x)"

  using ceiling_correct ..

lemma ceiling_le_iff: "ceiling x \<le> z \<longleftrightarrow> x \<le> of_int z"

  unfolding ceiling_def using le_floor_iff [of "- z" "- x"] by auto

lemma less_ceiling_iff: "z < ceiling x \<longleftrightarrow> of_int z < x"

  by (simp add: not_le [symmetric] ceiling_le_iff)

lemma ceiling_less_iff: "ceiling x < z \<longleftrightarrow> x \<le> of_int z - 1"

  using ceiling_le_iff [of x "z - 1"] by simp

lemma le_ceiling_iff: "z \<le> ceiling x \<longleftrightarrow> of_int z - 1 < x"

  by (simp add: not_less [symmetric] ceiling_less_iff)

lemma ceiling_mono: "x \<ge> y \<Longrightarrow> ceiling x \<ge> ceiling y"

  unfolding ceiling_def by (simp add: floor_mono)

lemma ceiling_less_cancel: "ceiling x < ceiling y \<Longrightarrow> x < y"

  by (auto simp add: not_le [symmetric] ceiling_mono)

lemma ceiling_of_int [simp]: "ceiling (of_int z) = z"

  by (rule ceiling_unique) simp_all

lemma ceiling_of_nat [simp]: "ceiling (of_nat n) = int n"

  using ceiling_of_int [of "of_nat n"] by simp

text {* Ceiling with numerals *}

lemma ceiling_zero [simp]: "ceiling 0 = 0"

  using ceiling_of_int [of 0] by simp

lemma ceiling_one [simp]: "ceiling 1 = 1"

  using ceiling_of_int [of 1] by simp

lemma ceiling_number_of [simp]: "ceiling (number_of v) = number_of v"

  using ceiling_of_int [of "number_of v"] by simp

lemma ceiling_le_zero [simp]: "ceiling x \<le> 0 \<longleftrightarrow> x \<le> 0"

  by (simp add: ceiling_le_iff)

lemma ceiling_le_one [simp]: "ceiling x \<le> 1 \<longleftrightarrow> x \<le> 1"

  by (simp add: ceiling_le_iff)

lemma ceiling_le_number_of [simp]:

  "ceiling x \<le> number_of v \<longleftrightarrow> x \<le> number_of v"

  by (simp add: ceiling_le_iff)

lemma ceiling_less_zero [simp]: "ceiling x < 0 \<longleftrightarrow> x \<le> -1"

  by (simp add: ceiling_less_iff)

lemma ceiling_less_one [simp]: "ceiling x < 1 \<longleftrightarrow> x \<le> 0"

  by (simp add: ceiling_less_iff)

lemma ceiling_less_number_of [simp]:

  "ceiling x < number_of v \<longleftrightarrow> x \<le> number_of v - 1"

  by (simp add: ceiling_less_iff)

lemma zero_le_ceiling [simp]: "0 \<le> ceiling x \<longleftrightarrow> -1 < x"

  by (simp add: le_ceiling_iff)

lemma one_le_ceiling [simp]: "1 \<le> ceiling x \<longleftrightarrow> 0 < x"

  by (simp add: le_ceiling_iff)

lemma number_of_le_ceiling [simp]:

  "number_of v \<le> ceiling x\<longleftrightarrow> number_of v - 1 < x"

  by (simp add: le_ceiling_iff)

lemma zero_less_ceiling [simp]: "0 < ceiling x \<longleftrightarrow> 0 < x"

  by (simp add: less_ceiling_iff)

lemma one_less_ceiling [simp]: "1 < ceiling x \<longleftrightarrow> 1 < x"

  by (simp add: less_ceiling_iff)

lemma number_of_less_ceiling [simp]:

  "number_of v < ceiling x \<longleftrightarrow> number_of v < x"

  by (simp add: less_ceiling_iff)

text {* Addition and subtraction of integers *}

lemma ceiling_add_of_int [simp]: "ceiling (x + of_int z) = ceiling x + z"

  using ceiling_correct [of x] by (simp add: ceiling_unique)

lemma ceiling_add_number_of [simp]:

    "ceiling (x + number_of v) = ceiling x + number_of v"

  using ceiling_add_of_int [of x "number_of v"] by simp

lemma ceiling_add_one [simp]: "ceiling (x + 1) = ceiling x + 1"

  using ceiling_add_of_int [of x 1] by simp

lemma ceiling_diff_of_int [simp]: "ceiling (x - of_int z) = ceiling x - z"

  using ceiling_add_of_int [of x "- z"] by (simp add: algebra_simps)

lemma ceiling_diff_number_of [simp]:

  "ceiling (x - number_of v) = ceiling x - number_of v"

  using ceiling_diff_of_int [of x "number_of v"] by simp

lemma ceiling_diff_one [simp]: "ceiling (x - 1) = ceiling x - 1"

  using ceiling_diff_of_int [of x 1] by simp

subsection {* Negation *}

lemma floor_minus: "floor (- x) = - ceiling x"

  unfolding ceiling_def by simp

lemma ceiling_minus: "ceiling (- x) = - floor x"

  unfolding ceiling_def by simp

end