(*  Title:      Pure/thm.ML

     Author:     Lawrence C Paulson, Cambridge University Computer Laboratory

     Author:     Makarius

 The very core of Isabelle's Meta Logic: certified types and terms,

 derivations, theorems, framework rules (including lifting and

 resolution), oracles.

 *)

 signature BASIC_THM =

   sig

   (*certified types*)

   type ctyp

   val rep_ctyp: ctyp ->

    {thy_ref: theory_ref,

     T: typ,

     maxidx: int,

     sorts: sort Ord_List.T}

   val theory_of_ctyp: ctyp -> theory

   val typ_of: ctyp -> typ

   val ctyp_of: theory -> typ -> ctyp

   (*certified terms*)

   type cterm

   exception CTERM of string * cterm list

   val rep_cterm: cterm ->

    {thy_ref: theory_ref,

     t: term,

     T: typ,

     maxidx: int,

     sorts: sort Ord_List.T}

   val crep_cterm: cterm ->

     {thy_ref: theory_ref, t: term, T: ctyp, maxidx: int, sorts: sort Ord_List.T}

   val theory_of_cterm: cterm -> theory

   val term_of: cterm -> term

   val cterm_of: theory -> term -> cterm

   val ctyp_of_term: cterm -> ctyp

   (*theorems*)

   type thm

   type conv = cterm -> thm

   val rep_thm: thm ->

    {thy_ref: theory_ref,

     tags: Properties.T,

     maxidx: int,

     shyps: sort Ord_List.T,

     hyps: term Ord_List.T,

     tpairs: (term * term) list,

     prop: term}

   val crep_thm: thm ->

    {thy_ref: theory_ref,

     tags: Properties.T,

     maxidx: int,

     shyps: sort Ord_List.T,

     hyps: cterm Ord_List.T,

     tpairs: (cterm * cterm) list,

     prop: cterm}

   exception THM of string * int * thm list

   val theory_of_thm: thm -> theory

   val prop_of: thm -> term

   val concl_of: thm -> term

   val prems_of: thm -> term list

   val nprems_of: thm -> int

   val cprop_of: thm -> cterm

   val cprem_of: thm -> int -> cterm

 end;

 signature THM =

 sig

   include BASIC_THM

   val dest_ctyp: ctyp -> ctyp list

   val dest_comb: cterm -> cterm * cterm

   val dest_fun: cterm -> cterm

   val dest_arg: cterm -> cterm

   val dest_fun2: cterm -> cterm

   val dest_arg1: cterm -> cterm

   val dest_abs: string option -> cterm -> cterm * cterm

   val capply: cterm -> cterm -> cterm

   val cabs_name: string * cterm -> cterm -> cterm

   val cabs: cterm -> cterm -> cterm

   val adjust_maxidx_cterm: int -> cterm -> cterm

   val incr_indexes_cterm: int -> cterm -> cterm

   val match: cterm * cterm -> (ctyp * ctyp) list * (cterm * cterm) list

   val first_order_match: cterm * cterm -> (ctyp * ctyp) list * (cterm * cterm) list

   val fold_terms: (term -> 'a -> 'a) -> thm -> 'a -> 'a

   val terms_of_tpairs: (term * term) list -> term list

   val full_prop_of: thm -> term

   val maxidx_of: thm -> int

   val maxidx_thm: thm -> int -> int

   val hyps_of: thm -> term list

   val tpairs_of: thm -> (term * term) list

   val no_prems: thm -> bool

   val major_prem_of: thm -> term

   val transfer: theory -> thm -> thm

   val weaken: cterm -> thm -> thm

   val weaken_sorts: sort list -> cterm -> cterm

   val extra_shyps: thm -> sort list

   val join_proofs: thm list -> unit

   val proof_body_of: thm -> proof_body

   val proof_of: thm -> proof

   val status_of: thm -> {oracle: bool, unfinished: bool, failed: bool}

   val future: thm future -> cterm -> thm

   val derivation_name: thm -> string

   val name_derivation: string -> thm -> thm

   val axiom: theory -> string -> thm

   val axioms_of: theory -> (string * thm) list

   val get_tags: thm -> Properties.T

   val map_tags: (Properties.T -> Properties.T) -> thm -> thm

   val norm_proof: thm -> thm

   val adjust_maxidx_thm: int -> thm -> thm

   (*meta rules*)

   val assume: cterm -> thm

   val implies_intr: cterm -> thm -> thm

   val implies_elim: thm -> thm -> thm

   val forall_intr: cterm -> thm -> thm

   val forall_elim: cterm -> thm -> thm

   val reflexive: cterm -> thm

   val symmetric: thm -> thm

   val transitive: thm -> thm -> thm

   val beta_conversion: bool -> conv

   val eta_conversion: conv

   val eta_long_conversion: conv

   val abstract_rule: string -> cterm -> thm -> thm

   val combination: thm -> thm -> thm

   val equal_intr: thm -> thm -> thm

   val equal_elim: thm -> thm -> thm

   val flexflex_rule: thm -> thm Seq.seq

   val generalize: string list * string list -> int -> thm -> thm

   val instantiate: (ctyp * ctyp) list * (cterm * cterm) list -> thm -> thm

   val instantiate_cterm: (ctyp * ctyp) list * (cterm * cterm) list -> cterm -> cterm

   val trivial: cterm -> thm

   val of_class: ctyp * class -> thm

   val strip_shyps: thm -> thm

   val unconstrainT: thm -> thm

   val varifyT_global': (string * sort) list -> thm -> ((string * sort) * indexname) list * thm

   val varifyT_global: thm -> thm

   val legacy_freezeT: thm -> thm

   val dest_state: thm * int -> (term * term) list * term list * term * term

   val lift_rule: cterm -> thm -> thm

   val incr_indexes: int -> thm -> thm

   val assumption: int -> thm -> thm Seq.seq

   val eq_assumption: int -> thm -> thm

   val rotate_rule: int -> int -> thm -> thm

   val permute_prems: int -> int -> thm -> thm

   val rename_params_rule: string list * int -> thm -> thm

   val rename_boundvars: term -> term -> thm -> thm

   val compose_no_flatten: bool -> thm * int -> int -> thm -> thm Seq.seq

   val bicompose: bool -> bool * thm * int -> int -> thm -> thm Seq.seq

   val biresolution: bool -> (bool * thm) list -> int -> thm -> thm Seq.seq

   val extern_oracles: theory -> xstring list

   val add_oracle: binding * ('a -> cterm) -> theory -> (string * ('a -> thm)) * theory

 end;

 structure Thm: THM =

 struct

 (*** Certified terms and types ***)

 (** certified types **)

 abstype ctyp = Ctyp of

  {thy_ref: theory_ref,

   T: typ,

   maxidx: int,

   sorts: sort Ord_List.T}

 with

 fun rep_ctyp (Ctyp args) = args;

 fun theory_of_ctyp (Ctyp {thy_ref, ...}) = Theory.deref thy_ref;

 fun typ_of (Ctyp {T, ...}) = T;

 fun ctyp_of thy raw_T =

   let

     val T = Sign.certify_typ thy raw_T;

     val maxidx = Term.maxidx_of_typ T;

     val sorts = Sorts.insert_typ T [];

   in Ctyp {thy_ref = Theory.check_thy thy, T = T, maxidx = maxidx, sorts = sorts} end;

 fun dest_ctyp (Ctyp {thy_ref, T = Type (_, Ts), maxidx, sorts}) =

       map (fn T => Ctyp {thy_ref = thy_ref, T = T, maxidx = maxidx, sorts = sorts}) Ts

   | dest_ctyp cT = raise TYPE ("dest_ctyp", [typ_of cT], []);

 (** certified terms **)

 (*certified terms with checked typ, maxidx, and sorts*)

 abstype cterm = Cterm of

  {thy_ref: theory_ref,

   t: term,

   T: typ,

   maxidx: int,

   sorts: sort Ord_List.T}

 with

 exception CTERM of string * cterm list;

 fun rep_cterm (Cterm args) = args;

 fun crep_cterm (Cterm {thy_ref, t, T, maxidx, sorts}) =

   {thy_ref = thy_ref, t = t, maxidx = maxidx, sorts = sorts,

     T = Ctyp {thy_ref = thy_ref, T = T, maxidx = maxidx, sorts = sorts}};

 fun theory_of_cterm (Cterm {thy_ref, ...}) = Theory.deref thy_ref;

 fun term_of (Cterm {t, ...}) = t;

 fun ctyp_of_term (Cterm {thy_ref, T, maxidx, sorts, ...}) =

   Ctyp {thy_ref = thy_ref, T = T, maxidx = maxidx, sorts = sorts};

 fun cterm_of thy tm =

   let

     val (t, T, maxidx) = Sign.certify_term thy tm;

     val sorts = Sorts.insert_term t [];

   in Cterm {thy_ref = Theory.check_thy thy, t = t, T = T, maxidx = maxidx, sorts = sorts} end;

 fun merge_thys0 (Cterm {thy_ref = r1, ...}) (Cterm {thy_ref = r2, ...}) =

   Theory.merge_refs (r1, r2);

 (* destructors *)

 fun dest_comb (Cterm {t = c $ a, T, thy_ref, maxidx, sorts}) =

       let val A = Term.argument_type_of c 0 in

         (Cterm {t = c, T = A --> T, thy_ref = thy_ref, maxidx = maxidx, sorts = sorts},

          Cterm {t = a, T = A, thy_ref = thy_ref, maxidx = maxidx, sorts = sorts})

       end

   | dest_comb ct = raise CTERM ("dest_comb", [ct]);

 fun dest_fun (Cterm {t = c $ _, T, thy_ref, maxidx, sorts}) =

       let val A = Term.argument_type_of c 0

       in Cterm {t = c, T = A --> T, thy_ref = thy_ref, maxidx = maxidx, sorts = sorts} end

   | dest_fun ct = raise CTERM ("dest_fun", [ct]);

 fun dest_arg (Cterm {t = c $ a, T = _, thy_ref, maxidx, sorts}) =

       let val A = Term.argument_type_of c 0

       in Cterm {t = a, T = A, thy_ref = thy_ref, maxidx = maxidx, sorts = sorts} end

   | dest_arg ct = raise CTERM ("dest_arg", [ct]);

 fun dest_fun2 (Cterm {t = c $ _ $ _, T, thy_ref, maxidx, sorts}) =

       let

         val A = Term.argument_type_of c 0;

         val B = Term.argument_type_of c 1;

       in Cterm {t = c, T = A --> B --> T, thy_ref = thy_ref, maxidx = maxidx, sorts = sorts} end

   | dest_fun2 ct = raise CTERM ("dest_fun2", [ct]);

 fun dest_arg1 (Cterm {t = c $ a $ _, T = _, thy_ref, maxidx, sorts}) =

       let val A = Term.argument_type_of c 0

       in Cterm {t = a, T = A, thy_ref = thy_ref, maxidx = maxidx, sorts = sorts} end

   | dest_arg1 ct = raise CTERM ("dest_arg1", [ct]);

 fun dest_abs a (Cterm {t = Abs (x, T, t), T = Type ("fun", [_, U]), thy_ref, maxidx, sorts}) =

       let val (y', t') = Term.dest_abs (the_default x a, T, t) in

         (Cterm {t = Free (y', T), T = T, thy_ref = thy_ref, maxidx = maxidx, sorts = sorts},

           Cterm {t = t', T = U, thy_ref = thy_ref, maxidx = maxidx, sorts = sorts})

       end

   | dest_abs _ ct = raise CTERM ("dest_abs", [ct]);

 (* constructors *)

 fun capply

   (cf as Cterm {t = f, T = Type ("fun", [dty, rty]), maxidx = maxidx1, sorts = sorts1, ...})

   (cx as Cterm {t = x, T, maxidx = maxidx2, sorts = sorts2, ...}) =

     if T = dty then

       Cterm {thy_ref = merge_thys0 cf cx,

         t = f $ x,

         T = rty,

         maxidx = Int.max (maxidx1, maxidx2),

         sorts = Sorts.union sorts1 sorts2}

       else raise CTERM ("capply: types don't agree", [cf, cx])

   | capply cf cx = raise CTERM ("capply: first arg is not a function", [cf, cx]);

 fun cabs_name

   (x, ct1 as Cterm {t = t1, T = T1, maxidx = maxidx1, sorts = sorts1, ...})

   (ct2 as Cterm {t = t2, T = T2, maxidx = maxidx2, sorts = sorts2, ...}) =

     let val t = Term.lambda_name (x, t1) t2 in

       Cterm {thy_ref = merge_thys0 ct1 ct2,

         t = t, T = T1 --> T2,

         maxidx = Int.max (maxidx1, maxidx2),

         sorts = Sorts.union sorts1 sorts2}

     end;

 fun cabs t u = cabs_name ("", t) u;

 (* indexes *)

 fun adjust_maxidx_cterm i (ct as Cterm {thy_ref, t, T, maxidx, sorts}) =

   if maxidx = i then ct

   else if maxidx < i then

     Cterm {maxidx = i, thy_ref = thy_ref, t = t, T = T, sorts = sorts}

   else

     Cterm {maxidx = Int.max (maxidx_of_term t, i), thy_ref = thy_ref, t = t, T = T, sorts = sorts};

 fun incr_indexes_cterm i (ct as Cterm {thy_ref, t, T, maxidx, sorts}) =

   if i < 0 then raise CTERM ("negative increment", [ct])

   else if i = 0 then ct

   else Cterm {thy_ref = thy_ref, t = Logic.incr_indexes ([], i) t,

     T = Logic.incr_tvar i T, maxidx = maxidx + i, sorts = sorts};

 (* matching *)

 local

 fun gen_match match

     (ct1 as Cterm {t = t1, sorts = sorts1, ...},

      ct2 as Cterm {t = t2, sorts = sorts2, maxidx = maxidx2, ...}) =

   let

     val thy = Theory.deref (merge_thys0 ct1 ct2);

     val (Tinsts, tinsts) = match thy (t1, t2) (Vartab.empty, Vartab.empty);

     val sorts = Sorts.union sorts1 sorts2;

     fun mk_cTinst ((a, i), (S, T)) =

       (Ctyp {T = TVar ((a, i), S), thy_ref = Theory.check_thy thy, maxidx = i, sorts = sorts},

        Ctyp {T = T, thy_ref = Theory.check_thy thy, maxidx = maxidx2, sorts = sorts});

     fun mk_ctinst ((x, i), (T, t)) =

       let val T = Envir.subst_type Tinsts T in

         (Cterm {t = Var ((x, i), T), T = T, thy_ref = Theory.check_thy thy,

           maxidx = i, sorts = sorts},

          Cterm {t = t, T = T, thy_ref = Theory.check_thy thy, maxidx = maxidx2, sorts = sorts})

       end;

   in (Vartab.fold (cons o mk_cTinst) Tinsts [], Vartab.fold (cons o mk_ctinst) tinsts []) end;

 in

 val match = gen_match Pattern.match;

 val first_order_match = gen_match Pattern.first_order_match;

 end;

 (*** Derivations and Theorems ***)

 abstype thm = Thm of

  deriv *                        (*derivation*)

  {thy_ref: theory_ref,          (*dynamic reference to theory*)

   tags: Properties.T,           (*additional annotations/comments*)

   maxidx: int,                  (*maximum index of any Var or TVar*)

   shyps: sort Ord_List.T,       (*sort hypotheses*)

   hyps: term Ord_List.T,        (*hypotheses*)

   tpairs: (term * term) list,   (*flex-flex pairs*)

   prop: term}                   (*conclusion*)

 and deriv = Deriv of

  {promises: (serial * thm future) Ord_List.T,

   body: Proofterm.proof_body}

 with

 type conv = cterm -> thm;

 (*errors involving theorems*)

 exception THM of string * int * thm list;

 fun rep_thm (Thm (_, args)) = args;

 fun crep_thm (Thm (_, {thy_ref, tags, maxidx, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop})) =

   let fun cterm max t = Cterm {thy_ref = thy_ref, t = t, T = propT, maxidx = max, sorts = shyps} in

    {thy_ref = thy_ref, tags = tags, maxidx = maxidx, shyps = shyps,

     hyps = map (cterm ~1) hyps,

     tpairs = map (pairself (cterm maxidx)) tpairs,

     prop = cterm maxidx prop}

   end;

 fun fold_terms f (Thm (_, {tpairs, prop, hyps, ...})) =

   fold (fn (t, u) => f t #> f u) tpairs #> f prop #> fold f hyps;

 fun terms_of_tpairs tpairs = fold_rev (fn (t, u) => cons t o cons u) tpairs [];

 fun eq_tpairs ((t, u), (t', u')) = t aconv t' andalso u aconv u';

 fun union_tpairs ts us = Library.merge eq_tpairs (ts, us);

 val maxidx_tpairs = fold (fn (t, u) => Term.maxidx_term t #> Term.maxidx_term u);

 fun attach_tpairs tpairs prop =

   Logic.list_implies (map Logic.mk_equals tpairs, prop);

 fun full_prop_of (Thm (_, {tpairs, prop, ...})) = attach_tpairs tpairs prop;

 val union_hyps = Ord_List.union Term_Ord.fast_term_ord;

 val insert_hyps = Ord_List.insert Term_Ord.fast_term_ord;

 val remove_hyps = Ord_List.remove Term_Ord.fast_term_ord;

 (* merge theories of cterms/thms -- trivial absorption only *)

 fun merge_thys1 (Cterm {thy_ref = r1, ...}) (Thm (_, {thy_ref = r2, ...})) =

   Theory.merge_refs (r1, r2);

 fun merge_thys2 (Thm (_, {thy_ref = r1, ...})) (Thm (_, {thy_ref = r2, ...})) =

   Theory.merge_refs (r1, r2);

 (* basic components *)

 val theory_of_thm = Theory.deref o #thy_ref o rep_thm;

 val maxidx_of = #maxidx o rep_thm;

 fun maxidx_thm th i = Int.max (maxidx_of th, i);

 val hyps_of = #hyps o rep_thm;

 val prop_of = #prop o rep_thm;

 val tpairs_of = #tpairs o rep_thm;

 val concl_of = Logic.strip_imp_concl o prop_of;

 val prems_of = Logic.strip_imp_prems o prop_of;

 val nprems_of = Logic.count_prems o prop_of;

 fun no_prems th = nprems_of th = 0;

 fun major_prem_of th =

   (case prems_of th of

     prem :: _ => Logic.strip_assums_concl prem

   | [] => raise THM ("major_prem_of: rule with no premises", 0, [th]));

 (*the statement of any thm is a cterm*)

 fun cprop_of (Thm (_, {thy_ref, maxidx, shyps, prop, ...})) =

   Cterm {thy_ref = thy_ref, maxidx = maxidx, T = propT, t = prop, sorts = shyps};

 fun cprem_of (th as Thm (_, {thy_ref, maxidx, shyps, prop, ...})) i =

   Cterm {thy_ref = thy_ref, maxidx = maxidx, T = propT, sorts = shyps,

     t = Logic.nth_prem (i, prop) handle TERM _ => raise THM ("cprem_of", i, [th])};

 (*explicit transfer to a super theory*)

 fun transfer thy' thm =

   let

     val Thm (der, {thy_ref, tags, maxidx, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop}) = thm;

     val thy = Theory.deref thy_ref;

     val _ = Theory.subthy (thy, thy') orelse raise THM ("transfer: not a super theory", 0, [thm]);

     val is_eq = Theory.eq_thy (thy, thy');

     val _ = Theory.check_thy thy;

   in

     if is_eq then thm

     else

       Thm (der,

        {thy_ref = Theory.check_thy thy',

         tags = tags,

         maxidx = maxidx,

         shyps = shyps,

         hyps = hyps,

         tpairs = tpairs,

         prop = prop})

   end;

 (*explicit weakening: maps |- B to A |- B*)

 fun weaken raw_ct th =

   let

     val ct as Cterm {t = A, T, sorts, maxidx = maxidxA, ...} = adjust_maxidx_cterm ~1 raw_ct;

     val Thm (der, {tags, maxidx, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop, ...}) = th;

   in

     if T <> propT then

       raise THM ("weaken: assumptions must have type prop", 0, [])

     else if maxidxA <> ~1 then

       raise THM ("weaken: assumptions may not contain schematic variables", maxidxA, [])

     else

       Thm (der,

        {thy_ref = merge_thys1 ct th,

         tags = tags,

         maxidx = maxidx,

         shyps = Sorts.union sorts shyps,

         hyps = insert_hyps A hyps,

         tpairs = tpairs,

         prop = prop})

   end;

 fun weaken_sorts raw_sorts ct =

   let

     val Cterm {thy_ref, t, T, maxidx, sorts} = ct;

     val thy = Theory.deref thy_ref;

     val more_sorts = Sorts.make (map (Sign.certify_sort thy) raw_sorts);

     val sorts' = Sorts.union sorts more_sorts;

   in Cterm {thy_ref = Theory.check_thy thy, t = t, T = T, maxidx = maxidx, sorts = sorts'} end;

 (*dangling sort constraints of a thm*)

 fun extra_shyps (th as Thm (_, {shyps, ...})) =

   Sorts.subtract (fold_terms Sorts.insert_term th []) shyps;

 (** derivations and promised proofs **)

 fun make_deriv promises oracles thms proof =

   Deriv {promises = promises, body = PBody {oracles = oracles, thms = thms, proof = proof}};

 val empty_deriv = make_deriv [] [] [] Proofterm.MinProof;

 (* inference rules *)

 fun promise_ord ((i, _), (j, _)) = int_ord (j, i);

 fun deriv_rule2 f

     (Deriv {promises = ps1, body = PBody {oracles = oras1, thms = thms1, proof = prf1}})

     (Deriv {promises = ps2, body = PBody {oracles = oras2, thms = thms2, proof = prf2}}) =

   let

     val ps = Ord_List.union promise_ord ps1 ps2;

     val oras = Proofterm.merge_oracles oras1 oras2;

     val thms = Proofterm.merge_thms thms1 thms2;

     val prf =

       (case ! Proofterm.proofs of

         2 => f prf1 prf2

       | 1 => MinProof

       | 0 => MinProof

       | i => error ("Illegal level of detail for proof objects: " ^ string_of_int i));

   in make_deriv ps oras thms prf end;

 fun deriv_rule1 f = deriv_rule2 (K f) empty_deriv;

 fun deriv_rule0 prf = deriv_rule1 I (make_deriv [] [] [] prf);

 fun deriv_rule_unconditional f (Deriv {promises, body = PBody {oracles, thms, proof}}) =

   make_deriv promises oracles thms (f proof);

 (* fulfilled proofs *)

 fun raw_body (Thm (Deriv {body, ...}, _)) = body;

 fun fulfill_body (Thm (Deriv {promises, body}, {thy_ref, ...})) =

   Proofterm.fulfill_norm_proof (Theory.deref thy_ref)

     (map #1 promises ~~ fulfill_bodies (map #2 promises)) body

 and fulfill_bodies futures = map fulfill_body (Exn.release_all (Future.join_results futures));

 val join_proofs = Proofterm.join_bodies o map fulfill_body;

 fun proof_body_of thm = (Proofterm.join_bodies [raw_body thm]; fulfill_body thm);

 val proof_of = Proofterm.proof_of o proof_body_of;

 (* derivation status *)

 fun status_of (Thm (Deriv {promises, body}, _)) =

   let

     val ps = map (Future.peek o snd) promises;

     val bodies = body ::

       map_filter (fn SOME (Exn.Result th) => SOME (raw_body th) | _ => NONE) ps;

     val {oracle, unfinished, failed} = Proofterm.status_of bodies;

   in

    {oracle = oracle,

     unfinished = unfinished orelse exists is_none ps,

     failed = failed orelse exists (fn SOME (Exn.Exn _) => true | _ => false) ps}

   end;

 (* future rule *)

 fun future_result i orig_thy orig_shyps orig_prop thm =

   let

     fun err msg = raise THM ("future_result: " ^ msg, 0, [thm]);

     val Thm (Deriv {promises, ...}, {thy_ref, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop, ...}) = thm;

     val _ = Theory.eq_thy (Theory.deref thy_ref, orig_thy) orelse err "bad theory";

     val _ = Theory.check_thy orig_thy;

     val _ = prop aconv orig_prop orelse err "bad prop";

     val _ = null tpairs orelse err "bad tpairs";

     val _ = null hyps orelse err "bad hyps";

     val _ = Sorts.subset (shyps, orig_shyps) orelse err "bad shyps";

     val _ = forall (fn (j, _) => i <> j) promises orelse err "bad dependencies";

     val _ = fulfill_bodies (map #2 promises);

   in thm end;

 fun future future_thm ct =

   let

     val Cterm {thy_ref = thy_ref, t = prop, T, maxidx, sorts} = ct;

     val thy = Context.reject_draft (Theory.deref thy_ref);

     val _ = T <> propT andalso raise CTERM ("future: prop expected", [ct]);

     val i = serial ();

     val future = future_thm |> Future.map (future_result i thy sorts prop);

   in

     Thm (make_deriv [(i, future)] [] [] (Proofterm.promise_proof thy i prop),

      {thy_ref = thy_ref,

       tags = [],

       maxidx = maxidx,

       shyps = sorts,

       hyps = [],

       tpairs = [],

       prop = prop})

   end;

 (* closed derivations with official name *)

 (*non-deterministic, depends on unknown promises*)

 fun derivation_name (Thm (Deriv {body, ...}, {shyps, hyps, prop, ...})) =

   Proofterm.get_name shyps hyps prop (Proofterm.proof_of body);

 fun name_derivation name (thm as Thm (der, args)) =

   let

     val Deriv {promises, body} = der;

     val {thy_ref, shyps, hyps, prop, tpairs, ...} = args;

     val _ = null tpairs orelse raise THM ("put_name: unsolved flex-flex constraints", 0, [thm]);

     val ps = map (apsnd (Future.map fulfill_body)) promises;

     val thy = Theory.deref thy_ref;

     val (pthm, proof) = Proofterm.thm_proof thy name shyps hyps prop ps body;

     val der' = make_deriv [] [] [pthm] proof;

     val _ = Theory.check_thy thy;

   in Thm (der', args) end;

 (** Axioms **)

 fun axiom theory name =

   let

     fun get_ax thy =

       Symtab.lookup (Theory.axiom_table thy) name

       |> Option.map (fn prop =>

            let

              val der = deriv_rule0 (Proofterm.axm_proof name prop);

              val maxidx = maxidx_of_term prop;

              val shyps = Sorts.insert_term prop [];

            in

              Thm (der, {thy_ref = Theory.check_thy thy, tags = [],

                maxidx = maxidx, shyps = shyps, hyps = [], tpairs = [], prop = prop})

            end);

   in

     (case get_first get_ax (theory :: Theory.ancestors_of theory) of

       SOME thm => thm

     | NONE => raise THEORY ("No axiom " ^ quote name, [theory]))

   end;

 (*return additional axioms of this theory node*)

 fun axioms_of thy =

   map (fn s => (s, axiom thy s)) (Symtab.keys (Theory.axiom_table thy));

 (* tags *)

 val get_tags = #tags o rep_thm;

 fun map_tags f (Thm (der, {thy_ref, tags, maxidx, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop})) =

   Thm (der, {thy_ref = thy_ref, tags = f tags, maxidx = maxidx,

     shyps = shyps, hyps = hyps, tpairs = tpairs, prop = prop});

 fun norm_proof (Thm (der, args as {thy_ref, ...})) =

   let

     val thy = Theory.deref thy_ref;

     val der' = deriv_rule1 (Proofterm.rew_proof thy) der;

     val _ = Theory.check_thy thy;

   in Thm (der', args) end;

 fun adjust_maxidx_thm i (th as Thm (der, {thy_ref, tags, maxidx, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop})) =

   if maxidx = i then th

   else if maxidx < i then

     Thm (der, {maxidx = i, thy_ref = thy_ref, tags = tags, shyps = shyps,

       hyps = hyps, tpairs = tpairs, prop = prop})

   else

     Thm (der, {maxidx = Int.max (maxidx_tpairs tpairs (maxidx_of_term prop), i), thy_ref = thy_ref,

       tags = tags, shyps = shyps, hyps = hyps, tpairs = tpairs, prop = prop});

 (*** Meta rules ***)

 (** primitive rules **)

 (*The assumption rule A |- A*)

 fun assume raw_ct =

   let val Cterm {thy_ref, t = prop, T, maxidx, sorts} = adjust_maxidx_cterm ~1 raw_ct in

     if T <> propT then

       raise THM ("assume: prop", 0, [])

     else if maxidx <> ~1 then

       raise THM ("assume: variables", maxidx, [])

     else Thm (deriv_rule0 (Proofterm.Hyp prop),

      {thy_ref = thy_ref,

       tags = [],

       maxidx = ~1,

       shyps = sorts,

       hyps = [prop],

       tpairs = [],

       prop = prop})

   end;

 (*Implication introduction

     [A]

      :

      B

   -------

   A ==> B

 *)

 fun implies_intr

     (ct as Cterm {t = A, T, maxidx = maxidxA, sorts, ...})

     (th as Thm (der, {maxidx, hyps, shyps, tpairs, prop, ...})) =

   if T <> propT then

     raise THM ("implies_intr: assumptions must have type prop", 0, [th])

   else

     Thm (deriv_rule1 (Proofterm.implies_intr_proof A) der,

      {thy_ref = merge_thys1 ct th,

       tags = [],

       maxidx = Int.max (maxidxA, maxidx),

       shyps = Sorts.union sorts shyps,

       hyps = remove_hyps A hyps,

       tpairs = tpairs,

       prop = Logic.mk_implies (A, prop)});

 (*Implication elimination

   A ==> B    A

   ------------

         B

 *)

 fun implies_elim thAB thA =

   let

     val Thm (derA, {maxidx = maxA, hyps = hypsA, shyps = shypsA, tpairs = tpairsA,

       prop = propA, ...}) = thA

     and Thm (der, {maxidx, hyps, shyps, tpairs, prop, ...}) = thAB;

     fun err () = raise THM ("implies_elim: major premise", 0, [thAB, thA]);

   in

     case prop of

       Const ("==>", _) $ A $ B =>

         if A aconv propA then

           Thm (deriv_rule2 (curry Proofterm.%%) der derA,

            {thy_ref = merge_thys2 thAB thA,

             tags = [],

             maxidx = Int.max (maxA, maxidx),

             shyps = Sorts.union shypsA shyps,

             hyps = union_hyps hypsA hyps,

             tpairs = union_tpairs tpairsA tpairs,

             prop = B})

         else err ()

     | _ => err ()

   end;

 (*Forall introduction.  The Free or Var x must not be free in the hypotheses.

     [x]

      :

      A

   ------

   !!x. A

 *)

 fun forall_intr

     (ct as Cterm {t = x, T, sorts, ...})

     (th as Thm (der, {maxidx, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop, ...})) =

   let

     fun result a =

       Thm (deriv_rule1 (Proofterm.forall_intr_proof x a) der,

        {thy_ref = merge_thys1 ct th,

         tags = [],

         maxidx = maxidx,

         shyps = Sorts.union sorts shyps,

         hyps = hyps,

         tpairs = tpairs,

         prop = Term.all T $ Abs (a, T, abstract_over (x, prop))});

     fun check_occs a x ts =

       if exists (fn t => Logic.occs (x, t)) ts then

         raise THM ("forall_intr: variable " ^ quote a ^ " free in assumptions", 0, [th])

       else ();

   in

     case x of

       Free (a, _) => (check_occs a x hyps; check_occs a x (terms_of_tpairs tpairs); result a)

     | Var ((a, _), _) => (check_occs a x (terms_of_tpairs tpairs); result a)

     | _ => raise THM ("forall_intr: not a variable", 0, [th])

   end;

 (*Forall elimination

   !!x. A

   ------

   A[t/x]

 *)

 fun forall_elim

     (ct as Cterm {t, T, maxidx = maxt, sorts, ...})

     (th as Thm (der, {maxidx, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop, ...})) =

   (case prop of

     Const ("all", Type ("fun", [Type ("fun", [qary, _]), _])) $ A =>

       if T <> qary then

         raise THM ("forall_elim: type mismatch", 0, [th])

       else

         Thm (deriv_rule1 (Proofterm.% o rpair (SOME t)) der,

          {thy_ref = merge_thys1 ct th,

           tags = [],

           maxidx = Int.max (maxidx, maxt),

           shyps = Sorts.union sorts shyps,

           hyps = hyps,

           tpairs = tpairs,

           prop = Term.betapply (A, t)})

   | _ => raise THM ("forall_elim: not quantified", 0, [th]));

 (* Equality *)

 (*Reflexivity

   t == t

 *)

 fun reflexive (Cterm {thy_ref, t, T = _, maxidx, sorts}) =

   Thm (deriv_rule0 Proofterm.reflexive,

    {thy_ref = thy_ref,

     tags = [],

     maxidx = maxidx,

     shyps = sorts,

     hyps = [],

     tpairs = [],

     prop = Logic.mk_equals (t, t)});

 (*Symmetry

   t == u

   ------

   u == t

 *)

 fun symmetric (th as Thm (der, {thy_ref, maxidx, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop, ...})) =

   (case prop of

     (eq as Const ("==", _)) $ t $ u =>

       Thm (deriv_rule1 Proofterm.symmetric der,

        {thy_ref = thy_ref,

         tags = [],

         maxidx = maxidx,

         shyps = shyps,

         hyps = hyps,

         tpairs = tpairs,

         prop = eq $ u $ t})

     | _ => raise THM ("symmetric", 0, [th]));

 (*Transitivity

   t1 == u    u == t2

   ------------------

        t1 == t2

 *)

 fun transitive th1 th2 =

   let

     val Thm (der1, {maxidx = max1, hyps = hyps1, shyps = shyps1, tpairs = tpairs1,

       prop = prop1, ...}) = th1

     and Thm (der2, {maxidx = max2, hyps = hyps2, shyps = shyps2, tpairs = tpairs2,

       prop = prop2, ...}) = th2;

     fun err msg = raise THM ("transitive: " ^ msg, 0, [th1, th2]);

   in

     case (prop1, prop2) of

       ((eq as Const ("==", Type (_, [T, _]))) $ t1 $ u, Const ("==", _) $ u' $ t2) =>

         if not (u aconv u') then err "middle term"

         else

           Thm (deriv_rule2 (Proofterm.transitive u T) der1 der2,

            {thy_ref = merge_thys2 th1 th2,

             tags = [],

             maxidx = Int.max (max1, max2),

             shyps = Sorts.union shyps1 shyps2,

             hyps = union_hyps hyps1 hyps2,

             tpairs = union_tpairs tpairs1 tpairs2,

             prop = eq $ t1 $ t2})

      | _ =>  err "premises"

   end;

 (*Beta-conversion

   (%x. t)(u) == t[u/x]

   fully beta-reduces the term if full = true

 *)

 fun beta_conversion full (Cterm {thy_ref, t, T = _, maxidx, sorts}) =

   let val t' =

     if full then Envir.beta_norm t

     else

       (case t of Abs (_, _, bodt) $ u => subst_bound (u, bodt)

       | _ => raise THM ("beta_conversion: not a redex", 0, []));

   in

     Thm (deriv_rule0 Proofterm.reflexive,

      {thy_ref = thy_ref,

       tags = [],

       maxidx = maxidx,

       shyps = sorts,

       hyps = [],

       tpairs = [],

       prop = Logic.mk_equals (t, t')})

   end;

 fun eta_conversion (Cterm {thy_ref, t, T = _, maxidx, sorts}) =

   Thm (deriv_rule0 Proofterm.reflexive,

    {thy_ref = thy_ref,

     tags = [],

     maxidx = maxidx,

     shyps = sorts,

     hyps = [],

     tpairs = [],

     prop = Logic.mk_equals (t, Envir.eta_contract t)});

 fun eta_long_conversion (Cterm {thy_ref, t, T = _, maxidx, sorts}) =

   Thm (deriv_rule0 Proofterm.reflexive,

    {thy_ref = thy_ref,

     tags = [],

     maxidx = maxidx,

     shyps = sorts,

     hyps = [],

     tpairs = [],

     prop = Logic.mk_equals (t, Pattern.eta_long [] t)});

 (*The abstraction rule.  The Free or Var x must not be free in the hypotheses.

   The bound variable will be named "a" (since x will be something like x320)

       t == u

   --------------

   %x. t == %x. u

 *)

 fun abstract_rule a

     (Cterm {t = x, T, sorts, ...})

     (th as Thm (der, {thy_ref, maxidx, hyps, shyps, tpairs, prop, ...})) =

   let

     val (t, u) = Logic.dest_equals prop

       handle TERM _ => raise THM ("abstract_rule: premise not an equality", 0, [th]);

     val result =

       Thm (deriv_rule1 (Proofterm.abstract_rule x a) der,

        {thy_ref = thy_ref,

         tags = [],

         maxidx = maxidx,

         shyps = Sorts.union sorts shyps,

         hyps = hyps,

         tpairs = tpairs,

         prop = Logic.mk_equals

           (Abs (a, T, abstract_over (x, t)), Abs (a, T, abstract_over (x, u)))});

     fun check_occs a x ts =

       if exists (fn t => Logic.occs (x, t)) ts then

         raise THM ("abstract_rule: variable " ^ quote a ^ " free in assumptions", 0, [th])

       else ();

   in

     case x of

       Free (a, _) => (check_occs a x hyps; check_occs a x (terms_of_tpairs tpairs); result)

     | Var ((a, _), _) => (check_occs a x (terms_of_tpairs tpairs); result)

     | _ => raise THM ("abstract_rule: not a variable", 0, [th])

   end;

 (*The combination rule

   f == g  t == u

   --------------

     f t == g u

 *)

 fun combination th1 th2 =

   let

     val Thm (der1, {maxidx = max1, shyps = shyps1, hyps = hyps1, tpairs = tpairs1,

       prop = prop1, ...}) = th1

     and Thm (der2, {maxidx = max2, shyps = shyps2, hyps = hyps2, tpairs = tpairs2,

       prop = prop2, ...}) = th2;

     fun chktypes fT tT =

       (case fT of

         Type ("fun", [T1, _]) =>

           if T1 <> tT then

             raise THM ("combination: types", 0, [th1, th2])

           else ()

       | _ => raise THM ("combination: not function type", 0, [th1, th2]));

   in

     case (prop1, prop2) of

       (Const ("==", Type ("fun", [fT, _])) $ f $ g,

        Const ("==", Type ("fun", [tT, _])) $ t $ u) =>

         (chktypes fT tT;

           Thm (deriv_rule2 (Proofterm.combination f g t u fT) der1 der2,

            {thy_ref = merge_thys2 th1 th2,

             tags = [],

             maxidx = Int.max (max1, max2),

             shyps = Sorts.union shyps1 shyps2,

             hyps = union_hyps hyps1 hyps2,

             tpairs = union_tpairs tpairs1 tpairs2,

             prop = Logic.mk_equals (f $ t, g $ u)}))

      | _ => raise THM ("combination: premises", 0, [th1, th2])

   end;

 (*Equality introduction

   A ==> B  B ==> A

   ----------------

        A == B

 *)

 fun equal_intr th1 th2 =

   let

     val Thm (der1, {maxidx = max1, shyps = shyps1, hyps = hyps1, tpairs = tpairs1,

       prop = prop1, ...}) = th1

     and Thm (der2, {maxidx = max2, shyps = shyps2, hyps = hyps2, tpairs = tpairs2,

       prop = prop2, ...}) = th2;

     fun err msg = raise THM ("equal_intr: " ^ msg, 0, [th1, th2]);

   in

     case (prop1, prop2) of

       (Const("==>", _) $ A $ B, Const("==>", _) $ B' $ A') =>

         if A aconv A' andalso B aconv B' then

           Thm (deriv_rule2 (Proofterm.equal_intr A B) der1 der2,

            {thy_ref = merge_thys2 th1 th2,

             tags = [],

             maxidx = Int.max (max1, max2),

             shyps = Sorts.union shyps1 shyps2,

             hyps = union_hyps hyps1 hyps2,

             tpairs = union_tpairs tpairs1 tpairs2,

             prop = Logic.mk_equals (A, B)})

         else err "not equal"

     | _ =>  err "premises"

   end;

 (*The equal propositions rule

   A == B  A

   ---------

       B

 *)

 fun equal_elim th1 th2 =

   let

     val Thm (der1, {maxidx = max1, shyps = shyps1, hyps = hyps1,

       tpairs = tpairs1, prop = prop1, ...}) = th1

     and Thm (der2, {maxidx = max2, shyps = shyps2, hyps = hyps2,

       tpairs = tpairs2, prop = prop2, ...}) = th2;

     fun err msg = raise THM ("equal_elim: " ^ msg, 0, [th1, th2]);

   in

     case prop1 of

       Const ("==", _) $ A $ B =>

         if prop2 aconv A then

           Thm (deriv_rule2 (Proofterm.equal_elim A B) der1 der2,

            {thy_ref = merge_thys2 th1 th2,

             tags = [],

             maxidx = Int.max (max1, max2),

             shyps = Sorts.union shyps1 shyps2,

             hyps = union_hyps hyps1 hyps2,

             tpairs = union_tpairs tpairs1 tpairs2,

             prop = B})

         else err "not equal"

      | _ =>  err"major premise"

   end;

 (**** Derived rules ****)

 (*Smash unifies the list of term pairs leaving no flex-flex pairs.

   Instantiates the theorem and deletes trivial tpairs.  Resulting

   sequence may contain multiple elements if the tpairs are not all

   flex-flex.*)

 fun flexflex_rule (th as Thm (der, {thy_ref, maxidx, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop, ...})) =

   let val thy = Theory.deref thy_ref in

     Unify.smash_unifiers thy tpairs (Envir.empty maxidx)

     |> Seq.map (fn env =>

         if Envir.is_empty env then th

         else

           let

             val tpairs' = tpairs |> map (pairself (Envir.norm_term env))

               (*remove trivial tpairs, of the form t==t*)

               |> filter_out (op aconv);

             val der' = deriv_rule1 (Proofterm.norm_proof' env) der;

             val prop' = Envir.norm_term env prop;

             val maxidx = maxidx_tpairs tpairs' (maxidx_of_term prop');

             val shyps = Envir.insert_sorts env shyps;

           in

             Thm (der', {thy_ref = Theory.check_thy thy, tags = [], maxidx = maxidx,

               shyps = shyps, hyps = hyps, tpairs = tpairs', prop = prop'})

           end)

   end;

 (*Generalization of fixed variables

            A

   --------------------

   A[?'a/'a, ?x/x, ...]

 *)

 fun generalize ([], []) _ th = th

   | generalize (tfrees, frees) idx th =

       let

         val Thm (der, {thy_ref, maxidx, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop, ...}) = th;

         val _ = idx <= maxidx andalso raise THM ("generalize: bad index", idx, [th]);

         val bad_type =

           if null tfrees then K false

           else Term.exists_subtype (fn TFree (a, _) => member (op =) tfrees a | _ => false);

         fun bad_term (Free (x, T)) = bad_type T orelse member (op =) frees x

           | bad_term (Var (_, T)) = bad_type T

           | bad_term (Const (_, T)) = bad_type T

           | bad_term (Abs (_, T, t)) = bad_type T orelse bad_term t

           | bad_term (t $ u) = bad_term t orelse bad_term u

           | bad_term (Bound _) = false;

         val _ = exists bad_term hyps andalso

           raise THM ("generalize: variable free in assumptions", 0, [th]);

         val gen = Term_Subst.generalize (tfrees, frees) idx;

         val prop' = gen prop;

         val tpairs' = map (pairself gen) tpairs;

         val maxidx' = maxidx_tpairs tpairs' (maxidx_of_term prop');

       in

         Thm (deriv_rule1 (Proofterm.generalize (tfrees, frees) idx) der,

          {thy_ref = thy_ref,

           tags = [],

           maxidx = maxidx',

           shyps = shyps,

           hyps = hyps,

           tpairs = tpairs',

           prop = prop'})

       end;

 (*Instantiation of schematic variables

            A

   --------------------

   A[t1/v1, ..., tn/vn]

 *)

 local

 fun pretty_typing thy t T = Pretty.block

   [Syntax.pretty_term_global thy t, Pretty.str " ::", Pretty.brk 1, Syntax.pretty_typ_global thy T];

 fun add_inst (ct, cu) (thy_ref, sorts) =

   let

     val Cterm {t = t, T = T, ...} = ct;

     val Cterm {t = u, T = U, sorts = sorts_u, maxidx = maxidx_u, ...} = cu;

     val thy_ref' = Theory.merge_refs (thy_ref, merge_thys0 ct cu);

     val sorts' = Sorts.union sorts_u sorts;

   in

     (case t of Var v =>

       if T = U then ((v, (u, maxidx_u)), (thy_ref', sorts'))

       else raise TYPE (Pretty.string_of (Pretty.block

        [Pretty.str "instantiate: type conflict",

         Pretty.fbrk, pretty_typing (Theory.deref thy_ref') t T,

         Pretty.fbrk, pretty_typing (Theory.deref thy_ref') u U]), [T, U], [t, u])

     | _ => raise TYPE (Pretty.string_of (Pretty.block

        [Pretty.str "instantiate: not a variable",

         Pretty.fbrk, Syntax.pretty_term_global (Theory.deref thy_ref') t]), [], [t]))

   end;

 fun add_instT (cT, cU) (thy_ref, sorts) =

   let

     val Ctyp {T, thy_ref = thy_ref1, ...} = cT

     and Ctyp {T = U, thy_ref = thy_ref2, sorts = sorts_U, maxidx = maxidx_U, ...} = cU;

     val thy' = Theory.deref (Theory.merge_refs (thy_ref, Theory.merge_refs (thy_ref1, thy_ref2)));

     val sorts' = Sorts.union sorts_U sorts;

   in

     (case T of TVar (v as (_, S)) =>

       if Sign.of_sort thy' (U, S) then ((v, (U, maxidx_U)), (Theory.check_thy thy', sorts'))

       else raise TYPE ("Type not of sort " ^ Syntax.string_of_sort_global thy' S, [U], [])

     | _ => raise TYPE (Pretty.string_of (Pretty.block

         [Pretty.str "instantiate: not a type variable",

          Pretty.fbrk, Syntax.pretty_typ_global thy' T]), [T], []))

   end;

 in

 (*Left-to-right replacements: ctpairs = [..., (vi, ti), ...].

   Instantiates distinct Vars by terms of same type.

   Does NOT normalize the resulting theorem!*)

 fun instantiate ([], []) th = th

   | instantiate (instT, inst) th =

       let

         val Thm (der, {thy_ref, hyps, shyps, tpairs, prop, ...}) = th;

         val (inst', (instT', (thy_ref', shyps'))) =

           (thy_ref, shyps) |> fold_map add_inst inst ||> fold_map add_instT instT;

         val subst = Term_Subst.instantiate_maxidx (instT', inst');

         val (prop', maxidx1) = subst prop ~1;

         val (tpairs', maxidx') =

           fold_map (fn (t, u) => fn i => subst t i ||>> subst u) tpairs maxidx1;

       in

         Thm (deriv_rule1

           (fn d => Proofterm.instantiate (map (apsnd #1) instT', map (apsnd #1) inst') d) der,

          {thy_ref = thy_ref',

           tags = [],

           maxidx = maxidx',

           shyps = shyps',

           hyps = hyps,

           tpairs = tpairs',

           prop = prop'})

       end

       handle TYPE (msg, _, _) => raise THM (msg, 0, [th]);

 fun instantiate_cterm ([], []) ct = ct

   | instantiate_cterm (instT, inst) ct =

       let

         val Cterm {thy_ref, t, T, sorts, ...} = ct;

         val (inst', (instT', (thy_ref', sorts'))) =

           (thy_ref, sorts) |> fold_map add_inst inst ||> fold_map add_instT instT;

         val subst = Term_Subst.instantiate_maxidx (instT', inst');

         val substT = Term_Subst.instantiateT_maxidx instT';

         val (t', maxidx1) = subst t ~1;

         val (T', maxidx') = substT T maxidx1;

       in Cterm {thy_ref = thy_ref', t = t', T = T', sorts = sorts', maxidx = maxidx'} end

       handle TYPE (msg, _, _) => raise CTERM (msg, [ct]);

 end;

 (*The trivial implication A ==> A, justified by assume and forall rules.

   A can contain Vars, not so for assume!*)

 fun trivial (Cterm {thy_ref, t =A, T, maxidx, sorts}) =

   if T <> propT then

     raise THM ("trivial: the term must have type prop", 0, [])

   else

     Thm (deriv_rule0 (Proofterm.AbsP ("H", NONE, Proofterm.PBound 0)),

      {thy_ref = thy_ref,

       tags = [],

       maxidx = maxidx,

       shyps = sorts,

       hyps = [],

       tpairs = [],

       prop = Logic.mk_implies (A, A)});

 (*Axiom-scheme reflecting signature contents

         T :: c

   -------------------

   OFCLASS(T, c_class)

 *)

 fun of_class (cT, raw_c) =

   let

     val Ctyp {thy_ref, T, ...} = cT;

     val thy = Theory.deref thy_ref;

     val c = Sign.certify_class thy raw_c;

     val Cterm {t = prop, maxidx, sorts, ...} = cterm_of thy (Logic.mk_of_class (T, c));

   in

     if Sign.of_sort thy (T, [c]) then

       Thm (deriv_rule0 (Proofterm.OfClass (T, c)),

        {thy_ref = Theory.check_thy thy,

         tags = [],

         maxidx = maxidx,

         shyps = sorts,

         hyps = [],

         tpairs = [],

         prop = prop})

     else raise THM ("of_class: type not of class " ^ Syntax.string_of_sort_global thy [c], 0, [])

   end;

 (*Remove extra sorts that are witnessed by type signature information*)

 fun strip_shyps (thm as Thm (_, {shyps = [], ...})) = thm

   | strip_shyps (thm as Thm (der, {thy_ref, tags, maxidx, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop})) =

       let

         val thy = Theory.deref thy_ref;

         val algebra = Sign.classes_of thy;

         val present = (fold_terms o fold_types o fold_atyps_sorts) (insert (eq_fst op =)) thm [];

         val extra = fold (Sorts.remove_sort o #2) present shyps;

         val witnessed = Sign.witness_sorts thy present extra;

         val extra' = fold (Sorts.remove_sort o #2) witnessed extra

           |> Sorts.minimal_sorts algebra;

         val shyps' = fold (Sorts.insert_sort o #2) present extra';

       in

         Thm (deriv_rule_unconditional

           (Proofterm.strip_shyps_proof algebra present witnessed extra') der,

          {thy_ref = Theory.check_thy thy, tags = tags, maxidx = maxidx,

           shyps = shyps', hyps = hyps, tpairs = tpairs, prop = prop})

       end;

 (*Internalize sort constraints of type variables*)

 fun unconstrainT (thm as Thm (der, args)) =

   let

     val Deriv {promises, body} = der;

     val {thy_ref, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop, ...} = args;

     fun err msg = raise THM ("unconstrainT: " ^ msg, 0, [thm]);

     val _ = null hyps orelse err "illegal hyps";

     val _ = null tpairs orelse err "unsolved flex-flex constraints";

     val tfrees = rev (Term.add_tfree_names prop []);

     val _ = null tfrees orelse err ("illegal free type variables " ^ commas_quote tfrees);

     val ps = map (apsnd (Future.map fulfill_body)) promises;

     val thy = Theory.deref thy_ref;

     val (pthm as (_, (_, prop', _)), proof) =

       Proofterm.unconstrain_thm_proof thy shyps prop ps body;

     val der' = make_deriv [] [] [pthm] proof;

     val _ = Theory.check_thy thy;

   in

     Thm (der',

      {thy_ref = thy_ref,

       tags = [],

       maxidx = maxidx_of_term prop',

       shyps = [[]],  (*potentially redundant*)

       hyps = [],

       tpairs = [],

       prop = prop'})

   end;

 (* Replace all TFrees not fixed or in the hyps by new TVars *)

 fun varifyT_global' fixed (Thm (der, {thy_ref, maxidx, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop, ...})) =

   let

     val tfrees = fold Term.add_tfrees hyps fixed;

     val prop1 = attach_tpairs tpairs prop;

     val (al, prop2) = Type.varify_global tfrees prop1;

     val (ts, prop3) = Logic.strip_prems (length tpairs, [], prop2);

   in

     (al, Thm (deriv_rule1 (Proofterm.varify_proof prop tfrees) der,

      {thy_ref = thy_ref,

       tags = [],

       maxidx = Int.max (0, maxidx),

       shyps = shyps,

       hyps = hyps,

       tpairs = rev (map Logic.dest_equals ts),

       prop = prop3}))

   end;

 val varifyT_global = #2 o varifyT_global' [];

 (* Replace all TVars by TFrees that are often new *)

 fun legacy_freezeT (Thm (der, {thy_ref, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop, ...})) =

   let

     val prop1 = attach_tpairs tpairs prop;

     val prop2 = Type.legacy_freeze prop1;

     val (ts, prop3) = Logic.strip_prems (length tpairs, [], prop2);

   in

     Thm (deriv_rule1 (Proofterm.legacy_freezeT prop1) der,

      {thy_ref = thy_ref,

       tags = [],

       maxidx = maxidx_of_term prop2,

       shyps = shyps,

       hyps = hyps,

       tpairs = rev (map Logic.dest_equals ts),

       prop = prop3})

   end;

 (*** Inference rules for tactics ***)

 (*Destruct proof state into constraints, other goals, goal(i), rest *)

 fun dest_state (state as Thm (_, {prop,tpairs,...}), i) =

   (case  Logic.strip_prems(i, [], prop) of

       (B::rBs, C) => (tpairs, rev rBs, B, C)

     | _ => raise THM("dest_state", i, [state]))

   handle TERM _ => raise THM("dest_state", i, [state]);

 (*Increment variables and parameters of orule as required for

   resolution with a goal.*)

 fun lift_rule goal orule =

   let

     val Cterm {t = gprop, T, maxidx = gmax, sorts, ...} = goal;

     val inc = gmax + 1;

     val lift_abs = Logic.lift_abs inc gprop;

     val lift_all = Logic.lift_all inc gprop;

     val Thm (der, {maxidx, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop, ...}) = orule;

     val (As, B) = Logic.strip_horn prop;

   in

     if T <> propT then raise THM ("lift_rule: the term must have type prop", 0, [])

     else

       Thm (deriv_rule1 (Proofterm.lift_proof gprop inc prop) der,

        {thy_ref = merge_thys1 goal orule,

         tags = [],

         maxidx = maxidx + inc,

         shyps = Sorts.union shyps sorts,  (*sic!*)

         hyps = hyps,

         tpairs = map (pairself lift_abs) tpairs,

         prop = Logic.list_implies (map lift_all As, lift_all B)})

   end;

 fun incr_indexes i (thm as Thm (der, {thy_ref, maxidx, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop, ...})) =

   if i < 0 then raise THM ("negative increment", 0, [thm])

   else if i = 0 then thm

   else

     Thm (deriv_rule1 (Proofterm.incr_indexes i) der,

      {thy_ref = thy_ref,

       tags = [],

       maxidx = maxidx + i,

       shyps = shyps,

       hyps = hyps,

       tpairs = map (pairself (Logic.incr_indexes ([], i))) tpairs,

       prop = Logic.incr_indexes ([], i) prop});

 (*Solve subgoal Bi of proof state B1...Bn/C by assumption. *)

 fun assumption i state =

   let

     val Thm (der, {thy_ref, maxidx, shyps, hyps, ...}) = state;

     val thy = Theory.deref thy_ref;

     val (tpairs, Bs, Bi, C) = dest_state (state, i);

     fun newth n (env, tpairs) =

       Thm (deriv_rule1

           ((if Envir.is_empty env then I else (Proofterm.norm_proof' env)) o

             Proofterm.assumption_proof Bs Bi n) der,

        {tags = [],

         maxidx = Envir.maxidx_of env,

         shyps = Envir.insert_sorts env shyps,

         hyps = hyps,

         tpairs =

           if Envir.is_empty env then tpairs

           else map (pairself (Envir.norm_term env)) tpairs,

         prop =

           if Envir.is_empty env then (*avoid wasted normalizations*)

             Logic.list_implies (Bs, C)

           else (*normalize the new rule fully*)

             Envir.norm_term env (Logic.list_implies (Bs, C)),

         thy_ref = Theory.check_thy thy});

     val (close, asms, concl) = Logic.assum_problems (~1, Bi);

     val concl' = close concl;

     fun addprfs [] _ = Seq.empty

       | addprfs (asm :: rest) n = Seq.make (fn () => Seq.pull

           (Seq.mapp (newth n)

             (if Term.could_unify (asm, concl) then

               (Unify.unifiers (thy, Envir.empty maxidx, (close asm, concl') :: tpairs))

              else Seq.empty)

             (addprfs rest (n + 1))))

   in addprfs asms 1 end;

 (*Solve subgoal Bi of proof state B1...Bn/C by assumption.

   Checks if Bi's conclusion is alpha-convertible to one of its assumptions*)

 fun eq_assumption i state =

   let

     val Thm (der, {thy_ref, maxidx, shyps, hyps, ...}) = state;

     val (tpairs, Bs, Bi, C) = dest_state (state, i);

     val (_, asms, concl) = Logic.assum_problems (~1, Bi);

   in

     (case find_index (fn asm => Pattern.aeconv (asm, concl)) asms of

       ~1 => raise THM ("eq_assumption", 0, [state])

     | n =>

         Thm (deriv_rule1 (Proofterm.assumption_proof Bs Bi (n + 1)) der,

          {thy_ref = thy_ref,

           tags = [],

           maxidx = maxidx,

           shyps = shyps,

           hyps = hyps,

           tpairs = tpairs,

           prop = Logic.list_implies (Bs, C)}))

   end;

 (*For rotate_tac: fast rotation of assumptions of subgoal i*)

 fun rotate_rule k i state =

   let

     val Thm (der, {thy_ref, maxidx, shyps, hyps, ...}) = state;

     val (tpairs, Bs, Bi, C) = dest_state (state, i);

     val params = Term.strip_all_vars Bi

     and rest   = Term.strip_all_body Bi;

     val asms   = Logic.strip_imp_prems rest

     and concl  = Logic.strip_imp_concl rest;

     val n = length asms;

     val m = if k < 0 then n + k else k;

     val Bi' =

       if 0 = m orelse m = n then Bi

       else if 0 < m andalso m < n then

         let val (ps, qs) = chop m asms

         in list_all (params, Logic.list_implies (qs @ ps, concl)) end

       else raise THM ("rotate_rule", k, [state]);

   in

     Thm (deriv_rule1 (Proofterm.rotate_proof Bs Bi m) der,

      {thy_ref = thy_ref,

       tags = [],

       maxidx = maxidx,

       shyps = shyps,

       hyps = hyps,

       tpairs = tpairs,

       prop = Logic.list_implies (Bs @ [Bi'], C)})

   end;

 (*Rotates a rule's premises to the left by k, leaving the first j premises

   unchanged.  Does nothing if k=0 or if k equals n-j, where n is the

   number of premises.  Useful with etac and underlies defer_tac*)

 fun permute_prems j k rl =

   let

     val Thm (der, {thy_ref, maxidx, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop, ...}) = rl;

     val prems = Logic.strip_imp_prems prop

     and concl = Logic.strip_imp_concl prop;

     val moved_prems = List.drop (prems, j)

     and fixed_prems = List.take (prems, j)

       handle Subscript => raise THM ("permute_prems: j", j, [rl]);

     val n_j = length moved_prems;

     val m = if k < 0 then n_j + k else k;

     val prop' =

       if 0 = m orelse m = n_j then prop

       else if 0 < m andalso m < n_j then

         let val (ps, qs) = chop m moved_prems

         in Logic.list_implies (fixed_prems @ qs @ ps, concl) end

       else raise THM ("permute_prems: k", k, [rl]);

   in

     Thm (deriv_rule1 (Proofterm.permute_prems_proof prems j m) der,

      {thy_ref = thy_ref,

       tags = [],

       maxidx = maxidx,

       shyps = shyps,

       hyps = hyps,

       tpairs = tpairs,

       prop = prop'})

   end;

 (** User renaming of parameters in a subgoal **)

 (*Calls error rather than raising an exception because it is intended

   for top-level use -- exception handling would not make sense here.

   The names in cs, if distinct, are used for the innermost parameters;

   preceding parameters may be renamed to make all params distinct.*)

 fun rename_params_rule (cs, i) state =

   let

     val Thm (der, {thy_ref, tags, maxidx, shyps, hyps, ...}) = state;

     val (tpairs, Bs, Bi, C) = dest_state (state, i);

     val iparams = map #1 (Logic.strip_params Bi);

     val short = length iparams - length cs;

     val newnames =

       if short < 0 then error "More names than abstractions!"

       else Name.variant_list cs (take short iparams) @ cs;

     val freenames = Term.fold_aterms (fn Free (x, _) => insert (op =) x | _ => I) Bi [];

     val newBi = Logic.list_rename_params (newnames, Bi);

   in

     (case duplicates (op =) cs of

       a :: _ => (warning ("Can't rename.  Bound variables not distinct: " ^ a); state)

     | [] =>

       (case inter (op =) cs freenames of

         a :: _ => (warning ("Can't rename.  Bound/Free variable clash: " ^ a); state)

       | [] =>

         Thm (der,

          {thy_ref = thy_ref,

           tags = tags,

           maxidx = maxidx,

           shyps = shyps,

           hyps = hyps,

           tpairs = tpairs,

           prop = Logic.list_implies (Bs @ [newBi], C)})))

   end;

 (*** Preservation of bound variable names ***)

 fun rename_boundvars pat obj (thm as Thm (der, {thy_ref, tags, maxidx, shyps, hyps, tpairs, prop})) =

   (case Term.rename_abs pat obj prop of

     NONE => thm

   | SOME prop' => Thm (der,

       {thy_ref = thy_ref,

        tags = tags,

        maxidx = maxidx,

        hyps = hyps,

        shyps = shyps,

        tpairs = tpairs,

        prop = prop'}));

 (* strip_apply f (A, B) strips off all assumptions/parameters from A

    introduced by lifting over B, and applies f to remaining part of A*)

 fun strip_apply f =

   let fun strip(Const("==>",_)$ A1 $ B1,

                 Const("==>",_)$ _  $ B2) = Logic.mk_implies (A1, strip(B1,B2))

         | strip((c as Const("all",_)) $ Abs(a,T,t1),

                       Const("all",_)  $ Abs(_,_,t2)) = c$Abs(a,T,strip(t1,t2))

         | strip(A,_) = f A

   in strip end;

 (*Use the alist to rename all bound variables and some unknowns in a term

   dpairs = current disagreement pairs;  tpairs = permanent ones (flexflex);

   Preserves unknowns in tpairs and on lhs of dpairs. *)

 fun rename_bvs([],_,_,_) = I

   | rename_bvs(al,dpairs,tpairs,B) =

       let

         val add_var = fold_aterms (fn Var ((x, _), _) => insert (op =) x | _ => I);

         val vids = []

           |> fold (add_var o fst) dpairs

           |> fold (add_var o fst) tpairs

           |> fold (add_var o snd) tpairs;

         (*unknowns appearing elsewhere be preserved!*)

         fun rename(t as Var((x,i),T)) =

               (case AList.lookup (op =) al x of

                 SOME y =>

                   if member (op =) vids x orelse member (op =) vids y then t

                   else Var((y,i),T)

               | NONE=> t)

           | rename(Abs(x,T,t)) =

               Abs (the_default x (AList.lookup (op =) al x), T, rename t)

           | rename(f$t) = rename f $ rename t

           | rename(t) = t;

         fun strip_ren Ai = strip_apply rename (Ai,B)

       in strip_ren end;

 (*Function to rename bounds/unknowns in the argument, lifted over B*)

 fun rename_bvars(dpairs, tpairs, B) =

         rename_bvs(List.foldr Term.match_bvars [] dpairs, dpairs, tpairs, B);

 (*** RESOLUTION ***)

 (** Lifting optimizations **)

 (*strip off pairs of assumptions/parameters in parallel -- they are

   identical because of lifting*)

 fun strip_assums2 (Const("==>", _) $ _ $ B1,

                    Const("==>", _) $ _ $ B2) = strip_assums2 (B1,B2)

   | strip_assums2 (Const("all",_)$Abs(a,T,t1),

                    Const("all",_)$Abs(_,_,t2)) =

       let val (B1,B2) = strip_assums2 (t1,t2)

       in  (Abs(a,T,B1), Abs(a,T,B2))  end

   | strip_assums2 BB = BB;

 (*Faster normalization: skip assumptions that were lifted over*)

 fun norm_term_skip env 0 t = Envir.norm_term env t

   | norm_term_skip env n (Const ("all", _) $ Abs (a, T, t)) =

       let

         val T' = Envir.subst_type (Envir.type_env env) T

         (*Must instantiate types of parameters because they are flattened;

           this could be a NEW parameter*)

       in Term.all T' $ Abs (a, T', norm_term_skip env n t) end

   | norm_term_skip env n (Const ("==>", _) $ A $ B) =

       Logic.mk_implies (A, norm_term_skip env (n - 1) B)

   | norm_term_skip _ _ _ = error "norm_term_skip: too few assumptions??";

 (*Composition of object rule r=(A1...Am/B) with proof state s=(B1...Bn/C)

   Unifies B with Bi, replacing subgoal i    (1 <= i <= n)

   If match then forbid instantiations in proof state

   If lifted then shorten the dpair using strip_assums2.

   If eres_flg then simultaneously proves A1 by assumption.

   nsubgoal is the number of new subgoals (written m above).

   Curried so that resolution calls dest_state only once.

 *)

 local exception COMPOSE

 in

 fun bicompose_aux flatten match (state, (stpairs, Bs, Bi, C), lifted)

                         (eres_flg, orule, nsubgoal) =

  let val Thm (sder, {maxidx=smax, shyps=sshyps, hyps=shyps, ...}) = state

      and Thm (rder, {maxidx=rmax, shyps=rshyps, hyps=rhyps,

              tpairs=rtpairs, prop=rprop,...}) = orule

          (*How many hyps to skip over during normalization*)

      and nlift = Logic.count_prems (strip_all_body Bi) + (if eres_flg then ~1 else 0)

      val thy = Theory.deref (merge_thys2 state orule);

      (** Add new theorem with prop = '[| Bs; As |] ==> C' to thq **)

      fun addth A (As, oldAs, rder', n) ((env, tpairs), thq) =

        let val normt = Envir.norm_term env;

            (*perform minimal copying here by examining env*)

            val (ntpairs, normp) =

              if Envir.is_empty env then (tpairs, (Bs @ As, C))

              else

              let val ntps = map (pairself normt) tpairs

              in if Envir.above env smax then

                   (*no assignments in state; normalize the rule only*)

                   if lifted

                   then (ntps, (Bs @ map (norm_term_skip env nlift) As, C))

                   else (ntps, (Bs @ map normt As, C))

                 else if match then raise COMPOSE

                 else (*normalize the new rule fully*)

                   (ntps, (map normt (Bs @ As), normt C))

              end

            val th =

              Thm (deriv_rule2

                    ((if Envir.is_empty env then I

                      else if Envir.above env smax then

                        (fn f => fn der => f (Proofterm.norm_proof' env der))

                      else

                        curry op oo (Proofterm.norm_proof' env))

                     (Proofterm.bicompose_proof flatten Bs oldAs As A n (nlift+1))) rder' sder,

                 {tags = [],

                  maxidx = Envir.maxidx_of env,

                  shyps = Envir.insert_sorts env (Sorts.union rshyps sshyps),

                  hyps = union_hyps rhyps shyps,

                  tpairs = ntpairs,

                  prop = Logic.list_implies normp,

                  thy_ref = Theory.check_thy thy})

         in  Seq.cons th thq  end  handle COMPOSE => thq;

      val (rAs,B) = Logic.strip_prems(nsubgoal, [], rprop)

        handle TERM _ => raise THM("bicompose: rule", 0, [orule,state]);

      (*Modify assumptions, deleting n-th if n>0 for e-resolution*)

      fun newAs(As0, n, dpairs, tpairs) =

        let val (As1, rder') =

          if not lifted then (As0, rder)

          else (map (rename_bvars(dpairs,tpairs,B)) As0,

            deriv_rule1 (Proofterm.map_proof_terms

              (rename_bvars (dpairs, tpairs, Bound 0)) I) rder);

        in (map (if flatten then (Logic.flatten_params n) else I) As1, As1, rder', n)

           handle TERM _ =>

           raise THM("bicompose: 1st premise", 0, [orule])

        end;

      val env = Envir.empty(Int.max(rmax,smax));

      val BBi = if lifted then strip_assums2(B,Bi) else (B,Bi);

      val dpairs = BBi :: (rtpairs@stpairs);

      (*elim-resolution: try each assumption in turn*)

      fun eres [] = raise THM ("bicompose: no premises", 0, [orule, state])

        | eres (A1 :: As) =

            let

              val A = SOME A1;

              val (close, asms, concl) = Logic.assum_problems (nlift + 1, A1);

              val concl' = close concl;

              fun tryasms [] _ = Seq.empty

                | tryasms (asm :: rest) n =

                    if Term.could_unify (asm, concl) then

                      let val asm' = close asm in

                        (case Seq.pull (Unify.unifiers (thy, env, (asm', concl') :: dpairs)) of

                          NONE => tryasms rest (n + 1)

                        | cell as SOME ((_, tpairs), _) =>

                            Seq.it_right (addth A (newAs (As, n, [BBi, (concl', asm')], tpairs)))

                              (Seq.make (fn () => cell),

                               Seq.make (fn () => Seq.pull (tryasms rest (n + 1)))))

                      end

                    else tryasms rest (n + 1);

            in tryasms asms 1 end;

      (*ordinary resolution*)

      fun res () =

        (case Seq.pull (Unify.unifiers (thy, env, dpairs)) of

          NONE => Seq.empty

        | cell as SOME ((_, tpairs), _) =>

            Seq.it_right (addth NONE (newAs (rev rAs, 0, [BBi], tpairs)))

              (Seq.make (fn () => cell), Seq.empty));

  in

    if eres_flg then eres (rev rAs) else res ()

  end;

 end;

 fun compose_no_flatten match (orule, nsubgoal) i state =

   bicompose_aux false match (state, dest_state (state, i), false) (false, orule, nsubgoal);

 fun bicompose match arg i state =

   bicompose_aux true match (state, dest_state (state,i), false) arg;

 (*Quick test whether rule is resolvable with the subgoal with hyps Hs

   and conclusion B.  If eres_flg then checks 1st premise of rule also*)

 fun could_bires (Hs, B, eres_flg, rule) =

     let fun could_reshyp (A1::_) = exists (fn H => Term.could_unify (A1, H)) Hs

           | could_reshyp [] = false;  (*no premise -- illegal*)

     in  Term.could_unify(concl_of rule, B) andalso

         (not eres_flg  orelse  could_reshyp (prems_of rule))

     end;

 (*Bi-resolution of a state with a list of (flag,rule) pairs.

   Puts the rule above:  rule/state.  Renames vars in the rules. *)

 fun biresolution match brules i state =

     let val (stpairs, Bs, Bi, C) = dest_state(state,i);

         val lift = lift_rule (cprem_of state i);

         val B = Logic.strip_assums_concl Bi;

         val Hs = Logic.strip_assums_hyp Bi;

         val compose = bicompose_aux true match (state, (stpairs, Bs, Bi, C), true);

         fun res [] = Seq.empty

           | res ((eres_flg, rule)::brules) =

               if !Pattern.trace_unify_fail orelse

                  could_bires (Hs, B, eres_flg, rule)

               then Seq.make (*delay processing remainder till needed*)

                   (fn()=> SOME(compose (eres_flg, lift rule, nprems_of rule),

                                res brules))

               else res brules

     in  Seq.flat (res brules)  end;

 (*** Oracles ***)

 (* oracle rule *)

 fun invoke_oracle thy_ref1 name oracle arg =

   let val Cterm {thy_ref = thy_ref2, t = prop, T, maxidx, sorts} = oracle arg in

     if T <> propT then

       raise THM ("Oracle's result must have type prop: " ^ name, 0, [])

     else

       let val (ora, prf) = Proofterm.oracle_proof name prop in

         Thm (make_deriv [] [ora] [] prf,

          {thy_ref = Theory.merge_refs (thy_ref1, thy_ref2),

           tags = [],

           maxidx = maxidx,

           shyps = sorts,

           hyps = [],

           tpairs = [],

           prop = prop})

       end

   end;

 end;

 end;

 end;

 (* authentic derivation names *)

 structure Oracles = Theory_Data

 (

   type T = unit Name_Space.table;

   val empty : T = Name_Space.empty_table "oracle";

   val extend = I;

   fun merge data : T = Name_Space.merge_tables data;

 );

 val extern_oracles = map #1 o Name_Space.extern_table o Oracles.get;

 fun add_oracle (b, oracle) thy =

   let

     val naming = Sign.naming_of thy;

     val (name, tab') = Name_Space.define true naming (b, ()) (Oracles.get thy);

     val thy' = Oracles.put tab' thy;

   in ((name, invoke_oracle (Theory.check_thy thy') name oracle), thy') end;

 end;

 structure Basic_Thm: BASIC_THM = Thm;

 open Basic_Thm;