(*  Title:      Pure/Concurrent/future.ML

     Author:     Makarius

 Future values, see also

 http://www4.in.tum.de/~wenzelm/papers/parallel-isabelle.pdf

 Notes:

   * Futures are similar to delayed evaluation, i.e. delay/force is

     generalized to fork/join (and variants).  The idea is to model

     parallel value-oriented computations, but *not* communicating

     processes.

   * Futures are grouped; failure of one group member causes the whole

     group to be interrupted eventually.  Groups are block-structured.

   * Forked futures are evaluated spontaneously by a farm of worker

     threads in the background; join resynchronizes the computation and

     delivers results (values or exceptions).

   * The pool of worker threads is limited, usually in correlation with

     the number of physical cores on the machine.  Note that allocation

     of runtime resources is distorted either if workers yield CPU time

     (e.g. via system sleep or wait operations), or if non-worker

     threads contend for significant runtime resources independently.

 *)

 signature FUTURE =

 sig

   val enabled: unit -> bool

   type task = Task_Queue.task

   type group = Task_Queue.group

   val is_worker: unit -> bool

   val worker_group: unit -> Task_Queue.group option

   type 'a future

   val task_of: 'a future -> task

   val group_of: 'a future -> group

   val peek: 'a future -> 'a Exn.result option

   val is_finished: 'a future -> bool

   val value: 'a -> 'a future

   val fork: (unit -> 'a) -> 'a future

   val fork_group: group -> (unit -> 'a) -> 'a future

   val fork_deps: 'b future list -> (unit -> 'a) -> 'a future

   val fork_pri: int -> (unit -> 'a) -> 'a future

   val join_results: 'a future list -> 'a Exn.result list

   val join_result: 'a future -> 'a Exn.result

   val join: 'a future -> 'a

   val map: ('a -> 'b) -> 'a future -> 'b future

   val interruptible_task: ('a -> 'b) -> 'a -> 'b

   val cancel_group: group -> unit

   val cancel: 'a future -> unit

   val shutdown: unit -> unit

 end;

 structure Future: FUTURE =

 struct

 (** future values **)

 fun enabled () =

   Multithreading.enabled () andalso

     not (Multithreading.self_critical ());

 (* identifiers *)

 type task = Task_Queue.task;

 type group = Task_Queue.group;

 local

   val tag = Universal.tag () : (string * task * group) option Universal.tag;

 in

   fun thread_data () = the_default NONE (Thread.getLocal tag);

   fun setmp_thread_data data f x =

     Library.setmp_thread_data tag (thread_data ()) (SOME data) f x;

 end;

 val is_worker = is_some o thread_data;

 val worker_group = Option.map #3 o thread_data;

 (* datatype future *)

 datatype 'a future = Future of

  {task: task,

   group: group,

   result: 'a Exn.result option Synchronized.var};

 fun task_of (Future {task, ...}) = task;

 fun group_of (Future {group, ...}) = group;

 fun result_of (Future {result, ...}) = result;

 fun peek x = Synchronized.peek (result_of x);

 fun is_finished x = is_some (peek x);

 fun value x = Future

  {task = Task_Queue.new_task 0,

   group = Task_Queue.new_group NONE,

   result = Synchronized.var "future" (SOME (Exn.Result x))};

 (** scheduling **)

 (* global state *)

 val queue = ref Task_Queue.empty;

 val next = ref 0;

 val workers = ref ([]: (Thread.thread * bool) list);

 val scheduler = ref (NONE: Thread.thread option);

 val excessive = ref 0;

 val canceled = ref ([]: Task_Queue.group list);

 val do_shutdown = ref false;

 (* synchronization *)

 val scheduler_event = ConditionVar.conditionVar ();

 val work_available = ConditionVar.conditionVar ();

 val work_finished = ConditionVar.conditionVar ();

 local

   val lock = Mutex.mutex ();

 in

 fun SYNCHRONIZED name = SimpleThread.synchronized name lock;

 fun wait cond = (*requires SYNCHRONIZED*)

   ConditionVar.wait (cond, lock) handle Exn.Interrupt => ();

 fun wait_interruptible cond timeout = (*requires SYNCHRONIZED*)

   interruptible (fn () =>

     ignore (ConditionVar.waitUntil (cond, lock, Time.+ (Time.now (), timeout)))) ();

 fun signal cond = (*requires SYNCHRONIZED*)

   ConditionVar.signal cond;

 fun broadcast cond = (*requires SYNCHRONIZED*)

   ConditionVar.broadcast cond;

 fun broadcast_work () = (*requires SYNCHRONIZED*)

  (ConditionVar.broadcast work_available;

   ConditionVar.broadcast work_finished);

 end;

 (* execute future jobs *)

 fun future_job group (e: unit -> 'a) =

   let

     val result = Synchronized.var "future" (NONE: 'a Exn.result option);

     fun job ok =

       let

         val res =

           if ok then

             Exn.capture (fn () =>

              (Thread.testInterrupt ();

               Multithreading.with_attributes Multithreading.restricted_interrupts

                 (fn _ => fn () => e ())) ()) ()

           else Exn.Exn Exn.Interrupt;

         val _ = Synchronized.change result (K (SOME res));

       in

         (case res of

           Exn.Exn exn => (Task_Queue.cancel_group group exn; false)

         | Exn.Result _ => true)

       end;

   in (result, job) end;

 fun do_cancel group = (*requires SYNCHRONIZED*)

  (change canceled (insert Task_Queue.eq_group group); broadcast scheduler_event);

 fun execute name (task, group, jobs) =

   let

     val valid = not (Task_Queue.is_canceled group);

     val ok = setmp_thread_data (name, task, group) (fn () =>

       fold (fn job => fn ok => job valid andalso ok) jobs true) ();

     val _ = SYNCHRONIZED "finish" (fn () =>

       let

         val maximal = change_result queue (Task_Queue.finish task);

         val _ =

           if ok then ()

           else if Task_Queue.cancel (! queue) group then ()

           else do_cancel group;

         val _ = broadcast work_finished;

         val _ = if maximal then () else broadcast work_available;

       in () end);

   in () end;

 (* worker activity *)

 fun count_active () = (*requires SYNCHRONIZED*)

   fold (fn (_, active) => fn i => if active then i + 1 else i) (! workers) 0;

 fun change_active active = (*requires SYNCHRONIZED*)

   change workers (AList.update Thread.equal (Thread.self (), active));

 (* worker threads *)

 fun worker_wait cond = (*requires SYNCHRONIZED*)

  (change_active false; wait cond; change_active true);

 fun worker_next () = (*requires SYNCHRONIZED*)

   if ! excessive > 0 then

     (dec excessive;

      change workers (filter_out (fn (thread, _) => Thread.equal (thread, Thread.self ())));

      broadcast scheduler_event;

      NONE)

   else if count_active () > Multithreading.max_threads_value () then

     (worker_wait scheduler_event; worker_next ())

   else

     (case change_result queue (Task_Queue.dequeue (Thread.self ())) of

       NONE => (worker_wait work_available; worker_next ())

     | some => some);

 fun worker_loop name =

   (case SYNCHRONIZED name (fn () => worker_next ()) of

     NONE => ()

   | SOME work => (execute name work; worker_loop name));

 fun worker_start name = (*requires SYNCHRONIZED*)

   change workers (cons (SimpleThread.fork false (fn () =>

      (broadcast scheduler_event; worker_loop name)), true));

 (* scheduler *)

 val last_status = ref Time.zeroTime;

 val next_status = Time.fromMilliseconds 500;

 val next_round = Time.fromMilliseconds 50;

 fun scheduler_next () = (*requires SYNCHRONIZED*)

   let

     (*queue and worker status*)

     val _ =

       let val now = Time.now () in

         if Time.> (Time.+ (! last_status, next_status), now) then ()

         else

          (last_status := now; Multithreading.tracing 1 (fn () =>

             let

               val {ready, pending, running} = Task_Queue.status (! queue);

               val total = length (! workers);

               val active = count_active ();

             in

               "SCHEDULE: " ^

                 string_of_int ready ^ " ready, " ^

                 string_of_int pending ^ " pending, " ^

                 string_of_int running ^ " running; " ^

                 string_of_int total ^ " workers, " ^

                 string_of_int active ^ " active"

             end))

       end;

     (*worker threads*)

     val _ =

       if forall (Thread.isActive o #1) (! workers) then ()

       else

         (case List.partition (Thread.isActive o #1) (! workers) of

           (_, []) => ()

         | (alive, dead) =>

             (workers := alive; Multithreading.tracing 0 (fn () =>

               "SCHEDULE: disposed " ^ string_of_int (length dead) ^ " dead worker threads")));

     val m = if ! do_shutdown then 0 else Multithreading.max_threads_value ();

     val mm = (m * 3) div 2;

     val l = length (! workers);

     val _ = excessive := l - mm;

     val _ =

       if mm > l then

         funpow (mm - l) (fn () => worker_start ("worker " ^ string_of_int (inc next))) ()

       else ();

     (*canceled groups*)

     val _ =

       if null (! canceled) then ()

       else (change canceled (filter_out (Task_Queue.cancel (! queue))); broadcast_work ());

     (*delay loop*)

     val _ = wait_interruptible scheduler_event next_round

       handle Exn.Interrupt =>

         (Multithreading.tracing 1 (fn () => "Interrupt");

           List.app do_cancel (Task_Queue.cancel_all (! queue)));

     (*shutdown*)

     val _ = if Task_Queue.is_empty (! queue) then do_shutdown := true else ();

     val continue = not (! do_shutdown andalso null (! workers));

     val _ = if continue then () else scheduler := NONE;

     val _ = broadcast scheduler_event;

   in continue end;

 fun scheduler_loop () =

   while SYNCHRONIZED "scheduler" (fn () => scheduler_next ()) do ();

 fun scheduler_active () = (*requires SYNCHRONIZED*)

   (case ! scheduler of NONE => false | SOME thread => Thread.isActive thread);

 fun scheduler_check () = (*requires SYNCHRONIZED*)

  (do_shutdown := false;

   if scheduler_active () then ()

   else scheduler := SOME (SimpleThread.fork false scheduler_loop));

 (** futures **)

 (* fork *)

 fun fork_future opt_group deps pri e =

   let

     val group =

       (case opt_group of

         SOME group => group

       | NONE => Task_Queue.new_group (worker_group ()));

     val (result, job) = future_job group e;

     val task = SYNCHRONIZED "enqueue" (fn () =>

       let

         val (task, minimal) = change_result queue (Task_Queue.enqueue group deps pri job);

         val _ = if minimal then signal work_available else ();

         val _ = scheduler_check ();

       in task end);

   in Future {task = task, group = group, result = result} end;

 fun fork e = fork_future NONE [] 0 e;

 fun fork_group group e = fork_future (SOME group) [] 0 e;

 fun fork_deps deps e = fork_future NONE (map task_of deps) 0 e;

 fun fork_pri pri e = fork_future NONE [] pri e;

 (* join *)

 local

 fun get_result x =

   (case peek x of

     NONE => Exn.Exn (SYS_ERROR "unfinished future")

   | SOME (Exn.Exn Exn.Interrupt) =>

       Exn.Exn (Exn.EXCEPTIONS (Exn.flatten_list (Task_Queue.group_status (group_of x))))

   | SOME res => res);

 fun join_wait x =

   Synchronized.guarded_access (result_of x) (fn NONE => NONE | some => SOME ((), some));

 fun join_next deps = (*requires SYNCHRONIZED*)

   if null deps then NONE

   else

     (case change_result queue (Task_Queue.dequeue_towards (Thread.self ()) deps) of

       (NONE, []) => NONE

     | (NONE, deps') => (worker_wait work_finished; join_next deps')

     | (SOME work, deps') => SOME (work, deps'));

 fun join_work deps =

   (case SYNCHRONIZED "join" (fn () => join_next deps) of

     NONE => ()

   | SOME (work, deps') => (execute "join" work; join_work deps'));

 in

 fun join_results xs =

   if forall is_finished xs then map get_result xs

   else if Multithreading.self_critical () then

     error "Cannot join future values within critical section"

   else uninterruptible (fn _ => fn () =>

      (if is_worker ()

       then join_work (map task_of xs)

       else List.app join_wait xs;

       map get_result xs)) ();

 end;

 fun join_result x = singleton join_results x;

 fun join x = Exn.release (join_result x);

 (* map *)

 fun map_future f x =

   let

     val task = task_of x;

     val group = Task_Queue.new_group (SOME (group_of x));

     val (result, job) = future_job group (fn () => f (join x));

     val extended = SYNCHRONIZED "extend" (fn () =>

       (case Task_Queue.extend task job (! queue) of

         SOME queue' => (queue := queue'; true)

       | NONE => false));

   in

     if extended then Future {task = task, group = group, result = result}

     else fork_future (SOME group) [task] (Task_Queue.pri_of_task task) (fn () => f (join x))

   end;

 (* cancellation *)

 fun interruptible_task f x =

   if Multithreading.available then

    (Thread.testInterrupt ();

     Multithreading.with_attributes

       (if is_worker ()

        then Multithreading.restricted_interrupts

        else Multithreading.regular_interrupts)

       (fn _ => fn x => f x) x)

   else interruptible f x;

 (*cancel: present and future group members will be interrupted eventually*)

 fun cancel_group group = SYNCHRONIZED "cancel" (fn () => do_cancel group);

 fun cancel x = cancel_group (group_of x);

 (* shutdown *)

 fun shutdown () =

   if Multithreading.available then

     SYNCHRONIZED "shutdown" (fn () =>

      while scheduler_active () do

       (wait scheduler_event; broadcast_work ()))

   else ();

 (*final declarations of this structure!*)

 val map = map_future;

 end;

 type 'a future = 'a Future.future;