(*  Title:      HOL/Tools/Sledgehammer/sledgehammer_mash.ML

     Author:     Jasmin Blanchette, TU Muenchen

     Author:     Cezary Kaliszyk, University of Innsbruck

 Sledgehammer's machine-learning-based relevance filter (MaSh).

 *)

 signature SLEDGEHAMMER_MASH =

 sig

   type stature = ATP_Problem_Generate.stature

   type raw_fact = Sledgehammer_Fact.raw_fact

   type fact = Sledgehammer_Fact.fact

   type fact_override = Sledgehammer_Fact.fact_override

   type params = Sledgehammer_Prover.params

   type prover_result = Sledgehammer_Prover.prover_result

   val trace : bool Config.T

   val duplicates : bool Config.T

   val MePoN : string

   val MaShN : string

   val MeShN : string

   val mepoN : string

   val mashN : string

   val meshN : string

   val unlearnN : string

   val learn_isarN : string

   val learn_proverN : string

   val relearn_isarN : string

   val relearn_proverN : string

   val fact_filters : string list

   val encode_str : string -> string

   val encode_strs : string list -> string

   val decode_str : string -> string

   val decode_strs : string -> string list

   val encode_features : (string * real) list -> string

   val extract_suggestions : string -> string * (string * real) list

   datatype mash_engine =

     MaSh_Py

   | MaSh_SML_kNN

   | MaSh_SML_kNN_Ext

   | MaSh_SML_NB

   | MaSh_SML_NB_Ext

   val is_mash_enabled : unit -> bool

   val the_mash_engine : unit -> mash_engine

   val mash_unlearn : Proof.context -> params -> unit

   val nickname_of_thm : thm -> string

   val find_suggested_facts : Proof.context -> ('b * thm) list -> string list -> ('b * thm) list

   val mesh_facts : ('a * 'a -> bool) -> int -> (real * (('a * real) list * 'a list)) list -> 'a list

   val crude_thm_ord : thm * thm -> order

   val thm_less : thm * thm -> bool

   val goal_of_thm : theory -> thm -> thm

   val run_prover_for_mash : Proof.context -> params -> string -> string -> fact list -> thm ->

     prover_result

   val features_of : Proof.context -> theory -> int -> int Symtab.table -> stature -> term list ->

     (string * real) list

   val trim_dependencies : string list -> string list option

   val isar_dependencies_of : string Symtab.table * string Symtab.table -> thm -> string list option

   val prover_dependencies_of : Proof.context -> params -> string -> int -> raw_fact list ->

     string Symtab.table * string Symtab.table -> thm -> bool * string list

   val attach_parents_to_facts : ('a * thm) list -> ('a * thm) list ->

     (string list * ('a * thm)) list

   val num_extra_feature_facts : int

   val extra_feature_factor : real

   val weight_facts_smoothly : 'a list -> ('a * real) list

   val weight_facts_steeply : 'a list -> ('a * real) list

   val find_mash_suggestions : Proof.context -> int -> string list -> ('b * thm) list ->

     ('b * thm) list -> ('b * thm) list -> ('b * thm) list * ('b * thm) list

   val add_const_counts : term -> int Symtab.table -> int Symtab.table

   val mash_suggested_facts : Proof.context -> params -> int -> term list -> term -> raw_fact list ->

     fact list * fact list

   val mash_learn_proof : Proof.context -> params -> term -> ('a * thm) list -> thm list -> unit

   val mash_learn_facts : Proof.context -> params -> string -> bool -> int -> bool -> Time.time ->

     raw_fact list -> string

   val mash_learn : Proof.context -> params -> fact_override -> thm list -> bool -> unit

   val mash_can_suggest_facts : Proof.context -> bool -> bool

   val generous_max_suggestions : int -> int

   val mepo_weight : real

   val mash_weight : real

   val relevant_facts : Proof.context -> params -> string -> int -> fact_override -> term list ->

     term -> raw_fact list -> (string * fact list) list

   val kill_learners : Proof.context -> params -> unit

   val running_learners : unit -> unit

 end;

 structure Sledgehammer_MaSh : SLEDGEHAMMER_MASH =

 struct

 open ATP_Util

 open ATP_Problem_Generate

 open Sledgehammer_Util

 open Sledgehammer_Fact

 open Sledgehammer_Prover

 open Sledgehammer_Prover_Minimize

 open Sledgehammer_MePo

 val trace = Attrib.setup_config_bool @{binding sledgehammer_mash_trace} (K false)

 val duplicates = Attrib.setup_config_bool @{binding sledgehammer_fact_duplicates} (K false)

 fun trace_msg ctxt msg = if Config.get ctxt trace then tracing (msg ()) else ()

 fun gen_eq_thm ctxt = if Config.get ctxt duplicates then Thm.eq_thm_strict else Thm.eq_thm_prop

 val MePoN = "MePo"

 val MaShN = "MaSh"

 val MeShN = "MeSh"

 val mepoN = "mepo"

 val mashN = "mash"

 val meshN = "mesh"

 val fact_filters = [meshN, mepoN, mashN]

 val unlearnN = "unlearn"

 val learn_isarN = "learn_isar"

 val learn_proverN = "learn_prover"

 val relearn_isarN = "relearn_isar"

 val relearn_proverN = "relearn_prover"

 fun map_array_at ary f i = Array.update (ary, i, f (Array.sub (ary, i)))

 type xtab = int * int Symtab.table

 val empty_xtab = (0, Symtab.empty)

 fun add_to_xtab key (next, tab) = (next + 1, Symtab.update_new (key, next) tab)

 fun maybe_add_to_xtab key = perhaps (try (add_to_xtab key))

 fun mash_state_dir () =

   Path.expand (Path.explode "$ISABELLE_HOME_USER/mash" |> tap Isabelle_System.mkdir)

 fun mash_state_file () = Path.append (mash_state_dir ()) (Path.explode "state")

 fun wipe_out_mash_state_dir () =

   let val path = mash_state_dir () in

     try (File.fold_dir (fn file => fn _ => try File.rm (Path.append path (Path.basic file))) path)

       NONE;

     ()

   end

 datatype mash_engine =

   MaSh_Py

 | MaSh_SML_kNN

 | MaSh_SML_kNN_Ext

 | MaSh_SML_NB

 | MaSh_SML_NB_Ext

 fun mash_engine () =

   let val flag1 = Options.default_string @{system_option MaSh} in

     (case if flag1 <> "none" (* default *) then flag1 else getenv "MASH" of

       "yes" => SOME MaSh_SML_NB

     | "py" => SOME MaSh_Py

     | "sml" => SOME MaSh_SML_NB

     | "sml_knn" => SOME MaSh_SML_kNN

     | "sml_knn_ext" => SOME MaSh_SML_kNN_Ext

     | "sml_nb" => SOME MaSh_SML_NB

     | "sml_nb_ext" => SOME MaSh_SML_NB_Ext

     | _ => NONE)

   end

 val is_mash_enabled = is_some o mash_engine

 val the_mash_engine = the_default MaSh_SML_NB o mash_engine

 (*** Low-level communication with the Python version of MaSh ***)

 val save_models_arg = "--saveModels"

 val shutdown_server_arg = "--shutdownServer"

 fun wipe_out_file file = ignore (try (File.rm o Path.explode) file)

 fun write_file banner (xs, f) path =

   (case banner of SOME s => File.write path s | NONE => ();

    xs |> chunk_list 500 |> List.app (File.append path o implode o map f))

   handle IO.Io _ => ()

 fun run_mash_tool ctxt overlord extra_args background write_cmds read_suggs =

   let

     val (temp_dir, serial) =

       if overlord then (getenv "ISABELLE_HOME_USER", "")

       else (getenv "ISABELLE_TMP", serial_string ())

     val log_file = temp_dir ^ "/mash_log" ^ serial

     val err_file = temp_dir ^ "/mash_err" ^ serial

     val sugg_file = temp_dir ^ "/mash_suggs" ^ serial

     val sugg_path = Path.explode sugg_file

     val cmd_file = temp_dir ^ "/mash_commands" ^ serial

     val cmd_path = Path.explode cmd_file

     val model_dir = File.shell_path (mash_state_dir ())

     val command =

       "cd \"$ISABELLE_SLEDGEHAMMER_MASH\"/src; \

       \PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE=y ./mash.py\

       \ --quiet\

       \ --port=$MASH_PORT\

       \ --outputDir " ^ model_dir ^

       " --modelFile=" ^ model_dir ^ "/model.pickle\

       \ --dictsFile=" ^ model_dir ^ "/dict.pickle\

       \ --log " ^ log_file ^

       " --inputFile " ^ cmd_file ^

       " --predictions " ^ sugg_file ^

       (if extra_args = [] then "" else " " ^ space_implode " " extra_args) ^ " >& " ^ err_file ^

       (if background then " &" else "")

     fun run_on () =

       (Isabelle_System.bash command

        |> tap (fn _ =>

          (case try File.read (Path.explode err_file) |> the_default "" of

            "" => trace_msg ctxt (K "Done")

          | s => warning ("MaSh error: " ^ elide_string 1000 s)));

        read_suggs (fn () => try File.read_lines sugg_path |> these))

     fun clean_up () =

       if overlord then () else List.app wipe_out_file [err_file, sugg_file, cmd_file]

   in

     write_file (SOME "") ([], K "") sugg_path;

     write_file (SOME "") write_cmds cmd_path;

     trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "Running " ^ command);

     with_cleanup clean_up run_on ()

   end

 fun meta_char c =

   if Char.isAlphaNum c orelse c = #"_" orelse c = #"." orelse c = #"(" orelse c = #")" orelse

      c = #"," then

     String.str c

   else

     (* fixed width, in case more digits follow *)

     "%" ^ stringN_of_int 3 (Char.ord c)

 fun unmeta_chars accum [] = String.implode (rev accum)

   | unmeta_chars accum (#"%" :: d1 :: d2 :: d3 :: cs) =

     (case Int.fromString (String.implode [d1, d2, d3]) of

       SOME n => unmeta_chars (Char.chr n :: accum) cs

     | NONE => "" (* error *))

   | unmeta_chars _ (#"%" :: _) = "" (* error *)

   | unmeta_chars accum (c :: cs) = unmeta_chars (c :: accum) cs

 val encode_str = String.translate meta_char

 val decode_str = String.explode #> unmeta_chars []

 val encode_strs = map encode_str #> space_implode " "

 val decode_strs = space_explode " " #> filter_out (curry (op =) "") #> map decode_str

 (* Avoid scientific notation *)

 fun safe_str_of_real r =

   if r < 0.00001 then "0.00001"

   else if r >= 1000000.0 then "1000000"

   else Markup.print_real r

 fun encode_feature (names, weight) =

   encode_str names ^ (if Real.== (weight, 1.0) then "" else "=" ^ safe_str_of_real weight)

 val encode_features = map encode_feature #> space_implode " "

 fun str_of_learn (name, parents, feats, deps) =

   "! " ^ encode_str name ^ ": " ^ encode_strs parents ^ "; " ^ encode_strs feats ^ "; " ^

   encode_strs deps ^ "\n"

 fun str_of_relearn (name, deps) = "p " ^ encode_str name ^ ": " ^ encode_strs deps ^ "\n"

 fun str_of_query max_suggs (learns, parents, feats) =

   implode (map str_of_learn learns) ^

   "? " ^ string_of_int max_suggs ^ " # " ^ encode_strs parents ^ "; " ^ encode_features feats ^ "\n"

 (* The suggested weights do not make much sense. *)

 fun extract_suggestion sugg =

   (case space_explode "=" sugg of

     [name, weight] => SOME (decode_str name, Real.fromString weight |> the_default 1.0)

   | [name] => SOME (decode_str name, 1.0)

   | _ => NONE)

 fun extract_suggestions line =

   (case space_explode ":" line of

     [goal, suggs] => (decode_str goal, map_filter extract_suggestion (space_explode " " suggs))

   | _ => ("", []))

 structure MaSh_Py =

 struct

 fun shutdown ctxt overlord =

   (trace_msg ctxt (K "MaSh_Py shutdown");

    run_mash_tool ctxt overlord [shutdown_server_arg] false ([], K "") (K ()))

 fun save ctxt overlord =

   (trace_msg ctxt (K "MaSh_Py save");

    run_mash_tool ctxt overlord [save_models_arg] true ([], K "") (K ()))

 fun unlearn ctxt overlord =

   (trace_msg ctxt (K "MaSh_Py unlearn");

    shutdown ctxt overlord;

    wipe_out_mash_state_dir ())

 fun learn _ _ _ [] = ()

   | learn ctxt overlord save learns =

     (trace_msg ctxt (fn () =>

        "MaSh_Py learn {" ^ elide_string 1000 (space_implode " " (map #1 learns)) ^ "}");

      run_mash_tool ctxt overlord ([] |> save ? cons save_models_arg) false (learns, str_of_learn)

        (K ()))

 fun relearn _ _ _ [] = ()

   | relearn ctxt overlord save relearns =

     (trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "MaSh_Py relearn " ^

        elide_string 1000 (space_implode " " (map #1 relearns)));

      run_mash_tool ctxt overlord ([] |> save ? cons save_models_arg) false

        (relearns, str_of_relearn) (K ()))

 fun query ctxt overlord max_suggs (query as (_, _, feats)) =

   (trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "MaSh_Py query " ^ encode_features feats);

    run_mash_tool ctxt overlord [] false ([query], str_of_query max_suggs) (fn suggs =>

      (case suggs () of [] => [] | suggs => snd (extract_suggestions (List.last suggs))))

    handle List.Empty => [])

 end;

 (*** Standard ML version of MaSh ***)

 structure MaSh_SML =

 struct

 exception BOTTOM of int

 fun heap cmp bnd al a =

   let

     fun maxson l i =

       let val i31 = i + i + i + 1 in

         if i31 + 2 < l then

           let val x = Unsynchronized.ref i31 in

             if cmp (Array.sub (a, i31), Array.sub (a, i31 + 1)) = LESS then x := i31 + 1 else ();

             if cmp (Array.sub (a, !x), Array.sub (a, i31 + 2)) = LESS then x := i31 + 2 else ();

             !x

           end

         else

           if i31 + 1 < l andalso cmp (Array.sub (a, i31), Array.sub (a, i31 + 1)) = LESS

           then i31 + 1 else if i31 < l then i31 else raise BOTTOM i

       end

     fun trickledown l i e =

       let val j = maxson l i in

         if cmp (Array.sub (a, j), e) = GREATER then

           (Array.update (a, i, Array.sub (a, j)); trickledown l j e)

         else

           Array.update (a, i, e)

       end

     fun trickle l i e = trickledown l i e handle BOTTOM i => Array.update (a, i, e)

     fun bubbledown l i =

       let val j = maxson l i in

         Array.update (a, i, Array.sub (a, j));

         bubbledown l j

       end

     fun bubble l i = bubbledown l i handle BOTTOM i => i

     fun trickleup i e =

       let val father = (i - 1) div 3 in

         if cmp (Array.sub (a, father), e) = LESS then

           (Array.update (a, i, Array.sub (a, father));

            if father > 0 then trickleup father e else Array.update (a, 0, e))

         else

           Array.update (a, i, e)

       end

     fun for i = if i < 0 then () else (trickle al i (Array.sub (a, i)); for (i - 1))

     fun for2 i =

       if i < Integer.max 2 (al - bnd) then

         ()

       else

         let val e = Array.sub (a, i) in

           Array.update (a, i, Array.sub (a, 0));

           trickleup (bubble i 0) e;

           for2 (i - 1)

         end

   in

     for (((al + 1) div 3) - 1);

     for2 (al - 1);

     if al > 1 then

       let val e = Array.sub (a, 1) in

         Array.update (a, 1, Array.sub (a, 0));

         Array.update (a, 0, e)

       end

     else

       ()

   end

 val number_of_nearest_neighbors = 10 (* FUDGE *)

 fun select_visible_facts big_number recommends =

   List.app (fn at =>

     let val (j, ov) = Array.sub (recommends, at) in

       Array.update (recommends, at, (j, big_number + ov))

     end)

 exception EXIT of unit

 fun k_nearest_neighbors dffreq num_facts depss feat_facts max_suggs visible_facts goal_feats =

   let

     val ln_afreq = Math.ln (Real.fromInt num_facts)

     fun tfidf feat = ln_afreq - Math.ln (Real.fromInt (Vector.sub (dffreq, feat)))

     val overlaps_sqr = Array.tabulate (num_facts, rpair 0.0)

     fun inc_overlap v j =

       let val (_, ov) = Array.sub (overlaps_sqr, j) in

         Array.update (overlaps_sqr, j, (j, v + ov))

       end

     fun do_feat (s, sw0) =

       let

         val sw = sw0 * tfidf s

         val w2 = sw * sw

       in

         List.app (inc_overlap w2) (Array.sub (feat_facts, s))

       end

     val _ = List.app do_feat goal_feats

     val _ = heap (Real.compare o pairself snd) num_facts num_facts overlaps_sqr

     val no_recommends = Unsynchronized.ref 0

     val recommends = Array.tabulate (num_facts, rpair 0.0)

     val age = Unsynchronized.ref 500000000.0

     fun inc_recommend j v =

       let val ov = snd (Array.sub (recommends, j)) in

         if ov <= 0.0 then

           (no_recommends := !no_recommends + 1; Array.update (recommends, j, (j, !age + ov)))

         else if ov < !age + 1000.0 then

           Array.update (recommends, j, (j, v + ov))

         else

           ()

       end

     val k = Unsynchronized.ref 0

     fun do_k k =

       if k >= num_facts then

         raise EXIT ()

       else

         let

           val (j, o2) = Array.sub (overlaps_sqr, num_facts - k - 1)

           val o1 = Math.sqrt o2

           val _ = inc_recommend j o1

           val ds = Vector.sub (depss, j)

           val l = Real.fromInt (length ds)

         in

           List.app (fn d => inc_recommend d (o1 / l)) ds

         end

     fun while1 () =

       if !k = number_of_nearest_neighbors then () else (do_k (!k); k := !k + 1; while1 ())

       handle EXIT () => ()

     fun while2 () =

       if !no_recommends >= max_suggs then ()

       else (do_k (!k); k := !k + 1; age := !age - 10000.0; while2 ())

       handle EXIT () => ()

     fun ret acc at =

       if at = num_facts then acc else ret (Array.sub (recommends, at) :: acc) (at + 1)

   in

     while1 ();

     while2 ();

     select_visible_facts 1000000000.0 recommends visible_facts;

     heap (Real.compare o pairself snd) max_suggs num_facts recommends;

     ret [] (Integer.max 0 (num_facts - max_suggs))

   end

 fun wider_array_of_vector init vec =

   let val ary = Array.array init in

     Array.copyVec {src = vec, dst = ary, di = 0};

     ary

   end

 val nb_def_prior_weight = 21 (* FUDGE *)

 fun learn_facts (tfreq0, sfreq0, dffreq0) num_facts0 num_facts num_feats depss featss =

   let

     val tfreq = wider_array_of_vector (num_facts, 0) tfreq0

     val sfreq = wider_array_of_vector (num_facts, Inttab.empty) sfreq0

     val dffreq = wider_array_of_vector (num_feats, 0) dffreq0

     fun learn_one th feats deps =

       let

         fun add_th weight t =

           let

             val im = Array.sub (sfreq, t)

             fun fold_fn s = Inttab.map_default (s, 0) (Integer.add weight)

           in

             map_array_at tfreq (Integer.add weight) t;

             Array.update (sfreq, t, fold fold_fn feats im)

           end

         val add_sym = map_array_at dffreq (Integer.add 1)

       in

         add_th nb_def_prior_weight th;

         List.app (add_th 1) deps;

         List.app add_sym feats

       end

     fun for i =

       if i = num_facts then ()

       else (learn_one i (Vector.sub (featss, i)) (Vector.sub (depss, i)); for (i + 1))

   in

     for num_facts0;

     (Array.vector tfreq, Array.vector sfreq, Array.vector dffreq)

   end

 fun naive_bayes (tfreq, sfreq, dffreq) num_facts max_suggs visible_facts goal_feats =

   let

     val tau = 0.05 (* FUDGE *)

     val pos_weight = 10.0 (* FUDGE *)

     val def_val = ~15.0 (* FUDGE *)

     val ln_afreq = Math.ln (Real.fromInt num_facts)

     val idf = Vector.map (fn i => ln_afreq - Math.ln (Real.fromInt i)) dffreq

     fun tfidf feat = Vector.sub (idf, feat)

     fun log_posterior i =

       let

         val tfreq = Real.fromInt (Vector.sub (tfreq, i))

         fun fold_feats (f, fw0) (res, sfh) =

           (case Inttab.lookup sfh f of

             SOME sf =>

             (res + fw0 * tfidf f * Math.ln (pos_weight * Real.fromInt sf / tfreq),

              Inttab.delete f sfh)

           | NONE => (res + tfidf f * def_val, sfh))

         val (res, sfh) = fold fold_feats goal_feats (Math.ln tfreq, Vector.sub (sfreq, i))

         fun fold_sfh (f, sf) sow = sow + tfidf f * Math.ln (1.0 + (1.0 - Real.fromInt sf) / tfreq)

         val sum_of_weights = Inttab.fold fold_sfh sfh 0.0

       in

         res + tau * sum_of_weights

       end

     val posterior = Array.tabulate (num_facts, (fn j => (j, log_posterior j)))

     fun ret at acc =

       if at = num_facts then acc else ret (at + 1) (Array.sub (posterior, at) :: acc)

   in

     select_visible_facts 100000.0 posterior visible_facts;

     heap (Real.compare o pairself snd) max_suggs num_facts posterior;

     ret (Integer.max 0 (num_facts - max_suggs)) []

   end

 (* experimental *)

 fun naive_bayes_py ctxt overlord num_facts depss featss max_suggs goal_feats =

   let

     fun name_of_fact j = "f" ^ string_of_int j

     fun fact_of_name s = the (Int.fromString (unprefix "f" s))

     fun name_of_feature j = "F" ^ string_of_int j

     fun parents_of j = if j = 0 then [] else [name_of_fact (j - 1)]

     val learns = map (fn j => (name_of_fact j, parents_of j,

       map name_of_feature (Vector.sub (featss, j)),

       map name_of_fact (Vector.sub (depss, j)))) (0 upto num_facts - 1)

     val parents' = parents_of num_facts

   in

     MaSh_Py.unlearn ctxt overlord;

     OS.Process.sleep (seconds 2.0); (* hack *)

     MaSh_Py.query ctxt overlord max_suggs (learns, parents', goal_feats)

     |> map (apfst fact_of_name)

   end

 (* experimental *)

 fun external_tool tool max_suggs learns goal_feats =

   let

     val ser = string_of_int (serial ()) (* poor person's attempt at thread-safety *)

     val ocs = TextIO.openOut ("adv_syms" ^ ser)

     val ocd = TextIO.openOut ("adv_deps" ^ ser)

     val ocq = TextIO.openOut ("adv_seq" ^ ser)

     val occ = TextIO.openOut ("adv_conj" ^ ser)

     fun os oc s = TextIO.output (oc, s)

     fun ol _ _ _ [] = ()

       | ol _ f _ [e] = f e

       | ol oc f sep (h :: t) = (f h; os oc sep; ol oc f sep t)

     fun do_learn (name, feats, deps) =

       (os ocs name; os ocs ":"; ol ocs (os ocs o quote) ", " feats; os ocs "\n";

        os ocd name; os ocd ":"; ol ocd (os ocd) " " deps; os ocd "\n"; os ocq name; os ocq "\n")

     fun forkexec no =

       let

         val cmd =

           "~/misc/" ^ tool ^ " adv_syms" ^ ser ^ " adv_deps" ^ ser ^ " " ^ string_of_int no ^

           " adv_seq" ^ ser ^ " < adv_conj" ^ ser

       in

         fst (Isabelle_System.bash_output cmd)

         |> space_explode " "

         |> filter_out (curry (op =) "")

       end

   in

     (List.app do_learn learns; ol occ (os occ o quote) ", " (map fst goal_feats);

      TextIO.closeOut ocs; TextIO.closeOut ocd; TextIO.closeOut ocq; TextIO.closeOut occ;

      forkexec max_suggs)

   end

 val k_nearest_neighbors_ext =

   external_tool ("newknn/knn" ^ " " ^ string_of_int number_of_nearest_neighbors)

 val naive_bayes_ext = external_tool "predict/nbayes"

 fun query_external ctxt engine max_suggs learns goal_feats =

   (trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "MaSh_SML query external " ^ encode_features goal_feats);

    (case engine of

      MaSh_SML_kNN_Ext => k_nearest_neighbors_ext max_suggs learns goal_feats

    | MaSh_SML_NB_Ext => naive_bayes_ext max_suggs learns goal_feats))

 fun query_internal ctxt engine num_facts num_feats (fact_names, featss, depss)

     (freqs as (_, _, dffreq)) visible_facts max_suggs goal_feats int_goal_feats =

   (trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "MaSh_SML query internal " ^ encode_features goal_feats ^ " from {" ^

      elide_string 1000 (space_implode " " (Vector.foldr (op ::) [] fact_names)) ^ "}");

    (case engine of

      MaSh_SML_kNN =>

      let

        val feat_facts = Array.array (num_feats, [])

        val _ =

          Vector.foldl (fn (feats, fact) =>

              (List.app (map_array_at feat_facts (cons fact)) feats; fact + 1))

            0 featss

      in

        k_nearest_neighbors dffreq num_facts depss feat_facts max_suggs visible_facts int_goal_feats

      end

    | MaSh_SML_NB => naive_bayes freqs num_facts max_suggs visible_facts int_goal_feats)

    |> map (curry Vector.sub fact_names o fst))

 end;

 (*** Middle-level communication with MaSh ***)

 datatype proof_kind = Isar_Proof | Automatic_Proof | Isar_Proof_wegen_Prover_Flop

 fun str_of_proof_kind Isar_Proof = "i"

   | str_of_proof_kind Automatic_Proof = "a"

   | str_of_proof_kind Isar_Proof_wegen_Prover_Flop = "x"

 fun proof_kind_of_str "a" = Automatic_Proof

   | proof_kind_of_str "x" = Isar_Proof_wegen_Prover_Flop

   | proof_kind_of_str _ (* "i" *) = Isar_Proof

 fun add_edge_to name parent =

   Graph.default_node (parent, (Isar_Proof, [], []))

   #> Graph.add_edge (parent, name)

 fun add_node kind name parents feats deps (access_G, (fact_xtab, feat_xtab), learns) =

   ((Graph.new_node (name, (kind, feats, deps)) access_G

     handle Graph.DUP _ => Graph.map_node name (K (kind, feats, deps)) access_G)

    |> fold (add_edge_to name) parents,

   (add_to_xtab name fact_xtab, fold maybe_add_to_xtab feats feat_xtab),

   (name, feats, deps) :: learns)

 fun try_graph ctxt when def f =

   f ()

   handle

     Graph.CYCLES (cycle :: _) =>

     (trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "Cycle involving " ^ commas cycle ^ " when " ^ when); def)

   | Graph.DUP name =>

     (trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "Duplicate fact " ^ quote name ^ " when " ^ when); def)

   | Graph.UNDEF name =>

     (trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "Unknown fact " ^ quote name ^ " when " ^ when); def)

   | exn =>

     if Exn.is_interrupt exn then

       reraise exn

     else

       (trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "Internal error when " ^ when ^ ":\n" ^ Runtime.exn_message exn);

        def)

 fun graph_info G =

   string_of_int (length (Graph.keys G)) ^ " node(s), " ^

   string_of_int (fold (Integer.add o length o snd) (Graph.dest G) 0) ^ " edge(s), " ^

   string_of_int (length (Graph.maximals G)) ^ " maximal"

 type mash_state =

   {access_G : (proof_kind * string list * string list) Graph.T,

    xtabs : xtab * xtab,

    ffds : string vector * int list vector * int list vector,

    freqs : int vector * int Inttab.table vector * int vector,

    dirty_facts : string list option}

 val empty_xtabs = (empty_xtab, empty_xtab)

 val empty_ffds = (Vector.fromList [], Vector.fromList [], Vector.fromList [])

 val empty_freqs = (Vector.fromList [], Vector.fromList [], Vector.fromList [])

 val empty_state =

   {access_G = Graph.empty,

    xtabs = empty_xtabs,

    ffds = empty_ffds,

    freqs = empty_freqs,

    dirty_facts = SOME []} : mash_state

 fun recompute_ffds_freqs_from_learns learns ((num_facts, fact_tab), (num_feats, feat_tab))

     num_facts0 (fact_names0, featss0, depss0) freqs0 =

   let

     val fact_names = Vector.concat [fact_names0, Vector.fromList (map #1 learns)]

     val featss = Vector.concat [featss0,

       Vector.fromList (map (map_filter (Symtab.lookup feat_tab) o #2) learns)]

     val depss = Vector.concat [depss0,

       Vector.fromList (map (map_filter (Symtab.lookup fact_tab) o #3) learns)]

   in

     ((fact_names, featss, depss),

      MaSh_SML.learn_facts freqs0 num_facts0 num_facts num_feats depss featss)

   end

 fun reorder_learns (num_facts, fact_tab) learns =

   let val ary = Array.array (num_facts, ("", [], [])) in

     List.app (fn learn as (fact, _, _) =>

         Array.update (ary, the (Symtab.lookup fact_tab fact), learn))

       learns;

     Array.foldr (op ::) [] ary

   end

 fun recompute_ffds_freqs_from_access_G access_G (xtabs as (fact_xtab, _)) =

   let

     val learns =

       Graph.schedule (fn _ => fn (fact, (_, feats, deps)) => (fact, feats, deps)) access_G

       |> reorder_learns fact_xtab

   in

     recompute_ffds_freqs_from_learns learns xtabs 0 empty_ffds empty_freqs

   end

 local

 val version = "*** MaSh version 20140625 ***"

 exception FILE_VERSION_TOO_NEW of unit

 fun extract_node line =

   (case space_explode ":" line of

     [head, tail] =>

     (case (space_explode " " head, map (unprefix " ") (space_explode ";" tail)) of

       ([kind, name], [parents, feats, deps]) =>

       SOME (proof_kind_of_str kind, decode_str name, decode_strs parents, decode_strs feats,

         decode_strs deps)

     | _ => NONE)

   | _ => NONE)

 fun load_state ctxt overlord (time_state as (memory_time, _)) =

   let val path = mash_state_file () in

     (case try OS.FileSys.modTime (Path.implode path) of

       NONE => time_state

     | SOME disk_time =>

       if Time.>= (memory_time, disk_time) then

         time_state

       else

         (disk_time,

          (case try File.read_lines path of

            SOME (version' :: node_lines) =>

            let

              fun extract_line_and_add_node line =

                (case extract_node line of

                  NONE => I (* should not happen *)

                | SOME (kind, name, parents, feats, deps) => add_node kind name parents feats deps)

              val empty_G_etc = (Graph.empty, empty_xtabs, [])

              val (access_G, xtabs, rev_learns) =

                (case string_ord (version', version) of

                  EQUAL =>

                  try_graph ctxt "loading state" empty_G_etc

                    (fn () => fold extract_line_and_add_node node_lines empty_G_etc)

                | LESS =>

                  (* cannot parse old file *)

                  (if the_mash_engine () = MaSh_Py then MaSh_Py.unlearn ctxt overlord

                   else wipe_out_mash_state_dir ();

                   empty_G_etc)

                | GREATER => raise FILE_VERSION_TOO_NEW ())

              val (ffds, freqs) =

                recompute_ffds_freqs_from_learns (rev rev_learns) xtabs 0 empty_ffds empty_freqs

            in

              trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "Loaded fact graph (" ^ graph_info access_G ^ ")");

              {access_G = access_G, xtabs = xtabs, ffds = ffds, freqs = freqs, dirty_facts = SOME []}

            end

          | _ => empty_state)))

   end

 fun str_of_entry (kind, name, parents, feats, deps) =

   str_of_proof_kind kind ^ " " ^ encode_str name ^ ": " ^ encode_strs parents ^ "; " ^

   encode_strs feats ^ "; " ^ encode_strs deps ^ "\n"

 fun save_state _ (time_state as (_, {dirty_facts = SOME [], ...})) = time_state

   | save_state ctxt (memory_time, {access_G, xtabs, ffds, freqs, dirty_facts}) =

     let

       fun append_entry (name, ((kind, feats, deps), (parents, _))) =

         cons (kind, name, Graph.Keys.dest parents, feats, deps)

       val path = mash_state_file ()

       val dirty_facts' =

         (case try OS.FileSys.modTime (Path.implode path) of

           NONE => NONE

         | SOME disk_time => if Time.< (disk_time, memory_time) then dirty_facts else NONE)

       val (banner, entries) =

         (case dirty_facts' of

           SOME names => (NONE, fold (append_entry o Graph.get_entry access_G) names [])

         | NONE => (SOME (version ^ "\n"), Graph.fold append_entry access_G []))

     in

       write_file banner (entries, str_of_entry) path;

       trace_msg ctxt (fn () =>

         "Saved fact graph (" ^ graph_info access_G ^

         (case dirty_facts of

           SOME dirty_facts => "; " ^ string_of_int (length dirty_facts) ^ " dirty fact(s)"

         | _ => "") ^  ")");

       (Time.now (),

        {access_G = access_G, xtabs = xtabs, ffds = ffds, freqs = freqs, dirty_facts = SOME []})

     end

 val global_state = Synchronized.var "Sledgehammer_MaSh.global_state" (Time.zeroTime, empty_state)

 in

 fun map_state ctxt overlord f =

   Synchronized.change global_state (load_state ctxt overlord ##> f #> save_state ctxt)

   handle FILE_VERSION_TOO_NEW () => ()

 fun peek_state ctxt overlord f =

   Synchronized.change_result global_state (perhaps (try (load_state ctxt overlord)) #> `snd #>> f)

 fun clear_state ctxt overlord =

   (* "MaSh_Py.unlearn" also removes the state file *)

   Synchronized.change global_state (fn _ =>

     (if the_mash_engine () = MaSh_Py then MaSh_Py.unlearn ctxt overlord

      else wipe_out_mash_state_dir ();

      (Time.zeroTime, empty_state)))

 end

 fun mash_unlearn ctxt ({overlord, ...} : params) =

   (clear_state ctxt overlord; Output.urgent_message "Reset MaSh.")

 (*** Isabelle helpers ***)

 val local_prefix = "local" ^ Long_Name.separator

 fun elided_backquote_thm threshold th =

   elide_string threshold (backquote_thm (Proof_Context.init_global (Thm.theory_of_thm th)) th)

 val thy_name_of_thm = Context.theory_name o Thm.theory_of_thm

 fun nickname_of_thm th =

   if Thm.has_name_hint th then

     let val hint = Thm.get_name_hint th in

       (* There must be a better way to detect local facts. *)

       (case try (unprefix local_prefix) hint of

         SOME suf =>

         thy_name_of_thm th ^ Long_Name.separator ^ suf ^ Long_Name.separator ^

         elided_backquote_thm 50 th

       | NONE => hint)

     end

   else

     elided_backquote_thm 200 th

 fun find_suggested_facts ctxt facts =

   let

     fun add (fact as (_, th)) = Symtab.default (nickname_of_thm th, fact)

     val tab = fold add facts Symtab.empty

     fun lookup nick =

       Symtab.lookup tab nick

       |> tap (fn NONE => trace_msg ctxt (fn () => "Cannot find " ^ quote nick) | _ => ())

   in map_filter lookup end

 fun scaled_avg [] = 0

   | scaled_avg xs = Real.ceil (100000000.0 * fold (curry (op +)) xs 0.0) div length xs

 fun avg [] = 0.0

   | avg xs = fold (curry (op +)) xs 0.0 / Real.fromInt (length xs)

 fun normalize_scores _ [] = []

   | normalize_scores max_facts xs =

     map (apsnd (curry Real.* (1.0 / avg (map snd (take max_facts xs))))) xs

 fun mesh_facts fact_eq max_facts [(_, (sels, unks))] =

     distinct fact_eq (map fst (take max_facts sels) @ take (max_facts - length sels) unks)

   | mesh_facts fact_eq max_facts mess =

     let

       val mess = mess |> map (apsnd (apfst (normalize_scores max_facts)))

       fun score_in fact (global_weight, (sels, unks)) =

         let val score_at = try (nth sels) #> Option.map (fn (_, score) => global_weight * score) in

           (case find_index (curry fact_eq fact o fst) sels of

             ~1 => if member fact_eq unks fact then NONE else SOME 0.0

           | rank => score_at rank)

         end

       fun weight_of fact = mess |> map_filter (score_in fact) |> scaled_avg

     in

       fold (union fact_eq o map fst o take max_facts o fst o snd) mess []

       |> map (`weight_of) |> sort (int_ord o swap o pairself fst)

       |> map snd |> take max_facts

     end

 val default_weight = 1.0

 fun free_feature_of s = ("f" ^ s, 40.0 (* FUDGE *))

 fun thy_feature_of s = ("y" ^ s, 8.0 (* FUDGE *))

 fun type_feature_of s = ("t" ^ s, 4.0 (* FUDGE *))

 fun class_feature_of s = ("s" ^ s, 1.0 (* FUDGE *))

 val local_feature = ("local", 16.0 (* FUDGE *))

 fun crude_theory_ord p =

   if Theory.subthy p then

     if Theory.eq_thy p then EQUAL else LESS

   else if Theory.subthy (swap p) then

     GREATER

   else

     (case int_ord (pairself (length o Theory.ancestors_of) p) of

       EQUAL => string_ord (pairself Context.theory_name p)

     | order => order)

 fun crude_thm_ord p =

   (case crude_theory_ord (pairself theory_of_thm p) of

     EQUAL =>

     (* The hack below is necessary because of odd dependencies that are not reflected in the theory

        comparison. *)

     let val q = pairself nickname_of_thm p in

       (* Hack to put "xxx_def" before "xxxI" and "xxxE" *)

       (case bool_ord (pairself (String.isSuffix "_def") (swap q)) of

         EQUAL => string_ord q

       | ord => ord)

     end

   | ord => ord)

 val thm_less_eq = Theory.subthy o pairself theory_of_thm

 fun thm_less p = thm_less_eq p andalso not (thm_less_eq (swap p))

 val freezeT = Type.legacy_freeze_type

 fun freeze (t $ u) = freeze t $ freeze u

   | freeze (Abs (s, T, t)) = Abs (s, freezeT T, freeze t)

   | freeze (Var ((s, _), T)) = Free (s, freezeT T)

   | freeze (Const (s, T)) = Const (s, freezeT T)

   | freeze (Free (s, T)) = Free (s, freezeT T)

   | freeze t = t

 fun goal_of_thm thy = prop_of #> freeze #> cterm_of thy #> Goal.init

 fun run_prover_for_mash ctxt params prover goal_name facts goal =

   let

     val problem =

       {comment = "Goal: " ^ goal_name, state = Proof.init ctxt, goal = goal, subgoal = 1,

        subgoal_count = 1, factss = [("", facts)]}

   in

     get_minimizing_prover ctxt MaSh (K ()) prover params (K (K (K ""))) problem

   end

 val bad_types = [@{type_name prop}, @{type_name bool}, @{type_name fun}]

 val pat_tvar_prefix = "_"

 val pat_var_prefix = "_"

 (* try "Long_Name.base_name" for shorter names *)

 fun massage_long_name s = s

 val crude_str_of_sort = space_implode ":" o map massage_long_name o subtract (op =) @{sort type}

 fun crude_str_of_typ (Type (s, [])) = massage_long_name s

   | crude_str_of_typ (Type (s, Ts)) = massage_long_name s ^ implode (map crude_str_of_typ Ts)

   | crude_str_of_typ (TFree (_, S)) = crude_str_of_sort S

   | crude_str_of_typ (TVar (_, S)) = crude_str_of_sort S

 fun maybe_singleton_str _ "" = []

   | maybe_singleton_str pref s = [pref ^ s]

 val max_pat_breadth = 10 (* FUDGE *)

 fun term_features_of ctxt thy_name num_facts const_tab term_max_depth type_max_depth ts =

   let

     val thy = Proof_Context.theory_of ctxt

     val fixes = map snd (Variable.dest_fixes ctxt)

     val classes = Sign.classes_of thy

     fun add_classes @{sort type} = I

       | add_classes S =

         fold (`(Sorts.super_classes classes)

           #> swap #> op ::

           #> subtract (op =) @{sort type} #> map massage_long_name

           #> map class_feature_of

           #> union (eq_fst (op =))) S

     fun pattify_type 0 _ = []

       | pattify_type _ (Type (s, [])) =

         if member (op =) bad_types s then [] else [massage_long_name s]

       | pattify_type depth (Type (s, U :: Ts)) =

         let

           val T = Type (s, Ts)

           val ps = take max_pat_breadth (pattify_type depth T)

           val qs = take max_pat_breadth ("" :: pattify_type (depth - 1) U)

         in

           map_product (fn p => fn "" => p | q => p ^ "(" ^ q ^ ")") ps qs

         end

       | pattify_type _ (TFree (_, S)) =

         maybe_singleton_str pat_tvar_prefix (crude_str_of_sort S)

       | pattify_type _ (TVar (_, S)) =

         maybe_singleton_str pat_tvar_prefix (crude_str_of_sort S)

     fun add_type_pat depth T =

       union (eq_fst (op =)) (map type_feature_of (pattify_type depth T))

     fun add_type_pats 0 _ = I

       | add_type_pats depth t =

         add_type_pat depth t #> add_type_pats (depth - 1) t

     fun add_type T =

       add_type_pats type_max_depth T

       #> fold_atyps_sorts (add_classes o snd) T

     fun add_subtypes (T as Type (_, Ts)) = add_type T #> fold add_subtypes Ts

       | add_subtypes T = add_type T

     val base_weight_of_const = 16.0 (* FUDGE *)

     val weight_of_const =

       (if num_facts = 0 orelse Symtab.is_empty const_tab then

          K base_weight_of_const

        else

          fn s =>

          let val count = Symtab.lookup const_tab s |> the_default 1 in

            base_weight_of_const + Real.fromInt num_facts / Real.fromInt count

          end)

     fun pattify_term _ 0 _ = []

       | pattify_term _ _ (Const (s, _)) =

         if is_widely_irrelevant_const s then [] else [(massage_long_name s, weight_of_const s)]

       | pattify_term _ _ (Free (s, T)) =

         maybe_singleton_str pat_var_prefix (crude_str_of_typ T)

         |> map (rpair 1.0)

         |> (if member (op =) fixes s then

               cons (free_feature_of (massage_long_name

                   (thy_name ^ Long_Name.separator ^ s)))

             else

               I)

       | pattify_term _ _ (Var (_, T)) =

         maybe_singleton_str pat_var_prefix (crude_str_of_typ T) |> map (rpair default_weight)

       | pattify_term Ts _ (Bound j) =

         maybe_singleton_str pat_var_prefix (crude_str_of_typ (nth Ts j))

         |> map (rpair default_weight)

       | pattify_term Ts depth (t $ u) =

         let

           val ps = take max_pat_breadth (pattify_term Ts depth t)

           val qs = take max_pat_breadth (("", default_weight) :: pattify_term Ts (depth - 1) u)

         in

           map_product (fn ppw as (p, pw) =>

             fn ("", _) => ppw

              | (q, qw) => (p ^ "(" ^ q ^ ")", pw + qw)) ps qs

         end

       | pattify_term _ _ _ = []

     fun add_term_pat Ts = union (eq_fst (op =)) oo pattify_term Ts

     fun add_term_pats _ 0 _ = I

       | add_term_pats Ts depth t = add_term_pat Ts depth t #> add_term_pats Ts (depth - 1) t

     fun add_term Ts = add_term_pats Ts term_max_depth

     fun add_subterms Ts t =

       (case strip_comb t of

         (Const (s, T), args) =>

         (not (is_widely_irrelevant_const s) ? add_term Ts t)

         #> add_subtypes T

         #> fold (add_subterms Ts) args

       | (head, args) =>

         (case head of

            Free (_, T) => add_term Ts t #> add_subtypes T

          | Var (_, T) => add_subtypes T

          | Abs (_, T, body) => add_subtypes T #> add_subterms (T :: Ts) body

          | _ => I)

         #> fold (add_subterms Ts) args)

   in

     fold (add_subterms []) ts []

   end

 val term_max_depth = 2

 val type_max_depth = 1

 (* TODO: Generate type classes for types? *)

 fun features_of ctxt thy num_facts const_tab (scope, _) ts =

   let val thy_name = Context.theory_name thy in

     thy_feature_of thy_name ::

     term_features_of ctxt thy_name num_facts const_tab term_max_depth type_max_depth ts

     |> scope <> Global ? cons local_feature

   end

 (* Too many dependencies is a sign that a decision procedure is at work. There is not much to learn

    from such proofs. *)

 val max_dependencies = 20

 val prover_default_max_facts = 25

 (* "type_definition_xxx" facts are characterized by their use of "CollectI". *)

 val typedef_dep = nickname_of_thm @{thm CollectI}

 (* Mysterious parts of the class machinery create lots of proofs that refer exclusively to

    "someI_ex" (and to some internal constructions). *)

 val class_some_dep = nickname_of_thm @{thm someI_ex}

 val fundef_ths =

   @{thms fundef_ex1_existence fundef_ex1_uniqueness fundef_ex1_iff fundef_default_value}

   |> map nickname_of_thm

 (* "Rep_xxx_inject", "Abs_xxx_inverse", etc., are derived using these facts. *)

 val typedef_ths =

   @{thms type_definition.Abs_inverse type_definition.Rep_inverse type_definition.Rep

       type_definition.Rep_inject type_definition.Abs_inject type_definition.Rep_cases

       type_definition.Abs_cases type_definition.Rep_induct type_definition.Abs_induct

       type_definition.Rep_range type_definition.Abs_image}

   |> map nickname_of_thm

 fun is_size_def [dep] th =

     (case first_field ".rec" dep of

       SOME (pref, _) =>

       (case first_field ".size" (nickname_of_thm th) of

         SOME (pref', _) => pref = pref'

       | NONE => false)

     | NONE => false)

   | is_size_def _ _ = false

 fun trim_dependencies deps =

   if length deps > max_dependencies then NONE else SOME deps

 fun isar_dependencies_of name_tabs th =

   thms_in_proof max_dependencies (SOME name_tabs) th

   |> Option.map (fn deps =>

     if deps = [typedef_dep] orelse deps = [class_some_dep] orelse

        exists (member (op =) fundef_ths) deps orelse exists (member (op =) typedef_ths) deps orelse

        is_size_def deps th then

       []

     else

       deps)

 fun prover_dependencies_of ctxt (params as {verbose, max_facts, ...}) prover auto_level facts

     name_tabs th =

   (case isar_dependencies_of name_tabs th of

     SOME [] => (false, [])

   | isar_deps0 =>

     let

       val isar_deps = these isar_deps0

       val thy = Proof_Context.theory_of ctxt

       val goal = goal_of_thm thy th

       val name = nickname_of_thm th

       val (_, hyp_ts, concl_t) = ATP_Util.strip_subgoal goal 1 ctxt

       val facts = facts |> filter (fn (_, th') => thm_less (th', th))

       fun nickify ((_, stature), th) = ((nickname_of_thm th, stature), th)

       fun is_dep dep (_, th) = nickname_of_thm th = dep

       fun add_isar_dep facts dep accum =

         if exists (is_dep dep) accum then

           accum

         else

           (case find_first (is_dep dep) facts of

             SOME ((_, status), th) => accum @ [(("", status), th)]

           | NONE => accum (* should not happen *))

       val mepo_facts =

         facts

         |> mepo_suggested_facts ctxt params (max_facts |> the_default prover_default_max_facts) NONE

              hyp_ts concl_t

       val facts =

         mepo_facts

         |> fold (add_isar_dep facts) isar_deps

         |> map nickify

       val num_isar_deps = length isar_deps

     in

       if verbose andalso auto_level = 0 then

         Output.urgent_message ("MaSh: " ^ quote prover ^ " on " ^ quote name ^ " with " ^

           string_of_int num_isar_deps ^ " + " ^ string_of_int (length facts - num_isar_deps) ^

           " facts.")

       else

         ();

       (case run_prover_for_mash ctxt params prover name facts goal of

         {outcome = NONE, used_facts, ...} =>

         (if verbose andalso auto_level = 0 then

            let val num_facts = length used_facts in

              Output.urgent_message ("Found proof with " ^ string_of_int num_facts ^ " fact" ^

                plural_s num_facts ^ ".")

            end

          else

            ();

          (true, map fst used_facts))

       | _ => (false, isar_deps))

     end)

 (*** High-level communication with MaSh ***)

 (* In the following functions, chunks are risers w.r.t. "thm_less_eq". *)

 fun chunks_and_parents_for chunks th =

   let

     fun insert_parent new parents =

       let val parents = parents |> filter_out (fn p => thm_less_eq (p, new)) in

         parents |> forall (fn p => not (thm_less_eq (new, p))) parents ? cons new

       end

     fun rechunk seen (rest as th' :: ths) =

       if thm_less_eq (th', th) then (rev seen, rest)

       else rechunk (th' :: seen) ths

     fun do_chunk [] accum = accum

       | do_chunk (chunk as hd_chunk :: _) (chunks, parents) =

         if thm_less_eq (hd_chunk, th) then

           (chunk :: chunks, insert_parent hd_chunk parents)

         else if thm_less_eq (List.last chunk, th) then

           let val (front, back as hd_back :: _) = rechunk [] chunk in

             (front :: back :: chunks, insert_parent hd_back parents)

           end

         else

           (chunk :: chunks, parents)

   in

     fold_rev do_chunk chunks ([], [])

     |>> cons []

     ||> map nickname_of_thm

   end

 fun attach_parents_to_facts _ [] = []

   | attach_parents_to_facts old_facts (facts as (_, th) :: _) =

     let

       fun do_facts _ [] = []

         | do_facts (_, parents) [fact] = [(parents, fact)]

         | do_facts (chunks, parents)

                    ((fact as (_, th)) :: (facts as (_, th') :: _)) =

           let

             val chunks = app_hd (cons th) chunks

             val chunks_and_parents' =

               if thm_less_eq (th, th') andalso thy_name_of_thm th = thy_name_of_thm th' then

                 (chunks, [nickname_of_thm th])

               else

                 chunks_and_parents_for chunks th'

           in

             (parents, fact) :: do_facts chunks_and_parents' facts

           end

     in

       old_facts @ facts

       |> do_facts (chunks_and_parents_for [[]] th)

       |> drop (length old_facts)

     end

 fun maximal_wrt_graph G keys =

   let

     val tab = Symtab.empty |> fold (fn name => Symtab.default (name, ())) keys

     fun insert_new seen name = not (Symtab.defined seen name) ? insert (op =) name

     fun num_keys keys = Graph.Keys.fold (K (Integer.add 1)) keys 0

     fun find_maxes _ (maxs, []) = map snd maxs

       | find_maxes seen (maxs, new :: news) =

         find_maxes (seen |> num_keys (Graph.imm_succs G new) > 1 ? Symtab.default (new, ()))

           (if Symtab.defined tab new then

              let

                val newp = Graph.all_preds G [new]

                fun is_ancestor x yp = member (op =) yp x

                val maxs = maxs |> filter (fn (_, max) => not (is_ancestor max newp))

              in

                if exists (is_ancestor new o fst) maxs then (maxs, news)

                else ((newp, new) :: filter_out (fn (_, max) => is_ancestor max newp) maxs, news)

              end

            else

              (maxs, Graph.Keys.fold (insert_new seen) (Graph.imm_preds G new) news))

   in

     find_maxes Symtab.empty ([], Graph.maximals G)

   end

 fun maximal_wrt_access_graph access_G facts =

   map (nickname_of_thm o snd) facts

   |> maximal_wrt_graph access_G

 fun is_fact_in_graph access_G = can (Graph.get_node access_G) o nickname_of_thm

 val chained_feature_factor = 0.5 (* FUDGE *)

 val extra_feature_factor = 0.05 (* FUDGE *)

 val num_extra_feature_facts = 10 (* FUDGE *)

 (* FUDGE *)

 fun weight_of_proximity_fact rank =

   Math.pow (1.3, 15.5 - 0.2 * Real.fromInt rank) + 15.0

 fun weight_facts_smoothly facts =

   facts ~~ map weight_of_proximity_fact (0 upto length facts - 1)

 (* FUDGE *)

 fun steep_weight_of_fact rank =

   Math.pow (0.62, log2 (Real.fromInt (rank + 1)))

 fun weight_facts_steeply facts =

   facts ~~ map steep_weight_of_fact (0 upto length facts - 1)

 val max_proximity_facts = 100

 fun find_mash_suggestions ctxt max_facts suggs facts chained raw_unknown =

   let

     val inter_fact = inter (eq_snd Thm.eq_thm_prop)

     val raw_mash = find_suggested_facts ctxt facts suggs

     val proximate = take max_proximity_facts facts

     val unknown_chained = inter_fact raw_unknown chained

     val unknown_proximate = inter_fact raw_unknown proximate

     val mess =

       [(0.9 (* FUDGE *), (map (rpair 1.0) unknown_chained, [])),

        (0.4 (* FUDGE *), (weight_facts_smoothly unknown_proximate, [])),

        (0.1 (* FUDGE *), (weight_facts_steeply raw_mash, raw_unknown))]

     val unknown = raw_unknown

       |> fold (subtract (eq_snd Thm.eq_thm_prop)) [unknown_chained, unknown_proximate]

   in

     (mesh_facts (eq_snd (gen_eq_thm ctxt)) max_facts mess, unknown)

   end

 fun add_const_counts t =

   fold (fn s => Symtab.map_default (s, 0) (Integer.add 1)) (Term.add_const_names t [])

 fun mash_suggested_facts ctxt ({debug, overlord, ...} : params) max_suggs hyp_ts concl_t facts =

   let

     val thy = Proof_Context.theory_of ctxt

     val thy_name = Context.theory_name thy

     val engine = the_mash_engine ()

     val facts = facts |> sort (crude_thm_ord o pairself snd o swap)

     val chained = facts |> filter (fn ((_, (scope, _)), _) => scope = Chained)

     val num_facts = length facts

     (* Weights appear to hurt kNN more than they help. *)

     val const_tab = Symtab.empty |> engine <> MaSh_SML_kNN

       ? fold (add_const_counts o prop_of o snd) facts

     fun fact_has_right_theory (_, th) =

       thy_name = Context.theory_name (theory_of_thm th)

     fun chained_or_extra_features_of factor (((_, stature), th), weight) =

       [prop_of th]

       |> features_of ctxt (theory_of_thm th) num_facts const_tab stature

       |> map (apsnd (fn r => weight * factor * r))

     fun query_args access_G =

       let

         val parents = maximal_wrt_access_graph access_G facts

         val goal_feats =

           features_of ctxt thy num_facts const_tab (Local, General) (concl_t :: hyp_ts)

         val chained_feats = chained

           |> map (rpair 1.0)

           |> map (chained_or_extra_features_of chained_feature_factor)

           |> rpair [] |-> fold (union (eq_fst (op =)))

         val extra_feats =

           facts

           |> take (Int.max (0, num_extra_feature_facts - length chained))

           |> filter fact_has_right_theory

           |> weight_facts_steeply

           |> map (chained_or_extra_features_of extra_feature_factor)

           |> rpair [] |-> fold (union (eq_fst (op =)))

         val feats = fold (union (eq_fst (op =))) [chained_feats, extra_feats] goal_feats

           |> debug ? sort (Real.compare o swap o pairself snd)

       in

         (parents, feats)

       end

     val ((access_G, ((num_facts, fact_tab), (num_feats, feat_tab)), ffds, freqs), py_suggs) =

       peek_state ctxt overlord (fn {access_G, xtabs, ffds, freqs, ...} =>

         ((access_G, xtabs, ffds, freqs),

          if Graph.is_empty access_G then

            (trace_msg ctxt (K "Nothing has been learned yet"); [])

          else if engine = MaSh_Py then

            let val (parents, feats) = query_args access_G in

              MaSh_Py.query ctxt overlord max_suggs ([], parents, feats)

              |> map fst

            end

          else

            []))

     val sml_suggs =

       if engine = MaSh_Py then

         []

       else

         let

           val (parents, goal_feats) = query_args access_G

           val visible_facts = map_filter (Symtab.lookup fact_tab) (Graph.all_preds access_G parents)

         in

           if engine = MaSh_SML_kNN_Ext orelse engine = MaSh_SML_NB_Ext then

             let

               val learns =

                 Graph.schedule (fn _ => fn (fact, (_, feats, deps)) => (fact, feats, deps)) access_G

             in

               MaSh_SML.query_external ctxt engine max_suggs learns goal_feats

             end

           else

             let

               val int_goal_feats =

                 map_filter (fn (s, w) => Option.map (rpair w) (Symtab.lookup feat_tab s)) goal_feats

             in

               MaSh_SML.query_internal ctxt engine num_facts num_feats ffds freqs visible_facts

                 max_suggs goal_feats int_goal_feats

             end

         end

     val unknown = filter_out (is_fact_in_graph access_G o snd) facts

   in

     find_mash_suggestions ctxt max_suggs (py_suggs @ sml_suggs) facts chained unknown

     |> pairself (map fact_of_raw_fact)

   end

 fun learn_wrt_access_graph ctxt (name, parents, feats, deps) (access_G, (fact_xtab, feat_xtab)) =

   let

     fun maybe_learn_from from (accum as (parents, access_G)) =

       try_graph ctxt "updating graph" accum (fn () =>

         (from :: parents, Graph.add_edge_acyclic (from, name) access_G))

     val access_G = access_G |> Graph.default_node (name, (Isar_Proof, feats, deps))

     val (parents, access_G) = ([], access_G) |> fold maybe_learn_from parents

     val (deps, _) = ([], access_G) |> fold maybe_learn_from deps

     val fact_xtab = add_to_xtab name fact_xtab

     val feat_xtab = fold maybe_add_to_xtab feats feat_xtab

   in

     ((name, parents, feats, deps), (access_G, (fact_xtab, feat_xtab)))

   end

 fun relearn_wrt_access_graph ctxt (name, deps) access_G =

   let

     fun maybe_relearn_from from (accum as (parents, access_G)) =

       try_graph ctxt "updating graph" accum (fn () =>

         (from :: parents, Graph.add_edge_acyclic (from, name) access_G))

     val access_G =

       access_G |> Graph.map_node name (fn (_, feats, _) => (Automatic_Proof, feats, deps))

     val (deps, _) = ([], access_G) |> fold maybe_relearn_from deps

   in

     ((name, deps), access_G)

   end

 fun flop_wrt_access_graph name =

   Graph.map_node name (fn (_, feats, deps) => (Isar_Proof_wegen_Prover_Flop, feats, deps))

 val learn_timeout_slack = 20.0

 fun launch_thread timeout task =

   let

     val hard_timeout = time_mult learn_timeout_slack timeout

     val birth_time = Time.now ()

     val death_time = Time.+ (birth_time, hard_timeout)

     val desc = ("Machine learner for Sledgehammer", "")

   in

     Async_Manager.thread MaShN birth_time death_time desc task

   end

 fun learned_proof_name () =

   Date.fmt ".%Y%m%d.%H%M%S." (Date.fromTimeLocal (Time.now ())) ^ serial_string ()

 fun mash_learn_proof ctxt ({overlord, timeout, ...} : params) t facts used_ths =

   if not (null used_ths) andalso is_mash_enabled () then

     launch_thread timeout (fn () =>

       let

         val thy = Proof_Context.theory_of ctxt

         val feats = map fst (features_of ctxt thy 0 Symtab.empty (Local, General) [t])

       in

         map_state ctxt overlord

           (fn state as {access_G, xtabs as ((num_facts0, _), _), ffds, freqs, dirty_facts} =>

              let

                val parents = maximal_wrt_access_graph access_G facts

                val deps = used_ths

                  |> filter (is_fact_in_graph access_G)

                  |> map nickname_of_thm

              in

                if the_mash_engine () = MaSh_Py then

                  (MaSh_Py.learn ctxt overlord true [("", parents, feats, deps)]; state)

                else

                  let

                    val name = learned_proof_name ()

                    val (access_G', xtabs', rev_learns) =

                      add_node Automatic_Proof name parents feats deps (access_G, xtabs, [])

                    val (ffds', freqs') =

                      recompute_ffds_freqs_from_learns (rev rev_learns) xtabs' num_facts0 ffds freqs

                  in

                    {access_G = access_G', xtabs = xtabs', ffds = ffds', freqs = freqs',

                     dirty_facts = Option.map (cons name) dirty_facts}

                  end

              end);

         (true, "")

       end)

   else

     ()

 fun sendback sub = Active.sendback_markup [Markup.padding_command] (sledgehammerN ^ " " ^ sub)

 val commit_timeout = seconds 30.0

 (* The timeout is understood in a very relaxed fashion. *)

 fun mash_learn_facts ctxt (params as {debug, verbose, overlord, ...}) prover save auto_level

     run_prover learn_timeout facts =

   let

     val timer = Timer.startRealTimer ()

     fun next_commit_time () = Time.+ (Timer.checkRealTimer timer, commit_timeout)

     val engine = the_mash_engine ()

     val {access_G, ...} = peek_state ctxt overlord I

     val is_in_access_G = is_fact_in_graph access_G o snd

     val no_new_facts = forall is_in_access_G facts

   in

     if no_new_facts andalso not run_prover then

       if auto_level < 2 then

         "No new " ^ (if run_prover then "automatic" else "Isar") ^ " proofs to learn." ^

         (if auto_level = 0 andalso not run_prover then

            "\n\nHint: Try " ^ sendback learn_proverN ^ " to learn from an automatic prover."

          else

            "")

       else

         ""

     else

       let

         val name_tabs = build_name_tables nickname_of_thm facts

         fun deps_of status th =

           if status = Non_Rec_Def orelse status = Rec_Def then

             SOME []

           else if run_prover then

             prover_dependencies_of ctxt params prover auto_level facts name_tabs th

             |> (fn (false, _) => NONE | (true, deps) => trim_dependencies deps)

           else

             isar_dependencies_of name_tabs th

         fun do_commit [] [] [] state = state

           | do_commit learns relearns flops

               {access_G, xtabs as ((num_facts0, _), _), ffds, freqs, dirty_facts} =

             let

               val was_empty = Graph.is_empty access_G

               val (learns, (access_G, xtabs)) =

                 fold_map (learn_wrt_access_graph ctxt) learns (access_G, xtabs)

               val (relearns, access_G) =

                 fold_map (relearn_wrt_access_graph ctxt) relearns access_G

               val access_G = access_G |> fold flop_wrt_access_graph flops

               val dirty_facts =

                 (case (was_empty, dirty_facts) of

                   (false, SOME names) => SOME (map #1 learns @ map #1 relearns @ names)

                 | _ => NONE)

               val (ffds', freqs') =

                 if null relearns then

                   recompute_ffds_freqs_from_learns

                     (map (fn (name, _, feats, deps) => (name, feats, deps)) learns) xtabs num_facts0

                     ffds freqs

                 else

                   recompute_ffds_freqs_from_access_G access_G xtabs

             in

               if engine = MaSh_Py then

                 (MaSh_Py.learn ctxt overlord (save andalso null relearns) learns;

                  MaSh_Py.relearn ctxt overlord save relearns)

               else

                 ();

               {access_G = access_G, xtabs = xtabs, ffds = ffds', freqs = freqs',

                dirty_facts = dirty_facts}

             end

         fun commit last learns relearns flops =

           (if debug andalso auto_level = 0 then Output.urgent_message "Committing..." else ();

            map_state ctxt overlord (do_commit (rev learns) relearns flops);

            if not last andalso auto_level = 0 then

              let val num_proofs = length learns + length relearns in

                Output.urgent_message ("Learned " ^ string_of_int num_proofs ^ " " ^

                  (if run_prover then "automatic" else "Isar") ^ " proof" ^

                  plural_s num_proofs ^ " in the last " ^ string_of_time commit_timeout ^ ".")

              end

            else

              ())

         fun learn_new_fact _ (accum as (_, (_, _, true))) = accum

           | learn_new_fact (parents, ((_, stature as (_, status)), th))

               (learns, (num_nontrivial, next_commit, _)) =

             let

               val name = nickname_of_thm th

               val feats =

                 map fst (features_of ctxt (theory_of_thm th) 0 Symtab.empty stature [prop_of th])

               val deps = deps_of status th |> these

               val num_nontrivial = num_nontrivial |> not (null deps) ? Integer.add 1

               val learns = (name, parents, feats, deps) :: learns

               val (learns, next_commit) =

                 if Time.> (Timer.checkRealTimer timer, next_commit) then

                   (commit false learns [] []; ([], next_commit_time ()))

                 else

                   (learns, next_commit)

               val timed_out = Time.> (Timer.checkRealTimer timer, learn_timeout)

             in

               (learns, (num_nontrivial, next_commit, timed_out))

             end

         val (num_new_facts, num_nontrivial) =

           if no_new_facts then

             (0, 0)

           else

             let

               val new_facts = facts

                 |> sort (crude_thm_ord o pairself snd)

                 |> attach_parents_to_facts []

                 |> filter_out (is_in_access_G o snd)

               val (learns, (num_nontrivial, _, _)) =

                 ([], (0, next_commit_time (), false))

                 |> fold learn_new_fact new_facts

             in

               commit true learns [] []; (length new_facts, num_nontrivial)

             end

         fun relearn_old_fact _ (accum as (_, (_, _, true))) = accum

           | relearn_old_fact ((_, (_, status)), th)

               ((relearns, flops), (num_nontrivial, next_commit, _)) =

             let

               val name = nickname_of_thm th

               val (num_nontrivial, relearns, flops) =

                 (case deps_of status th of

                   SOME deps => (num_nontrivial + 1, (name, deps) :: relearns, flops)

                 | NONE => (num_nontrivial, relearns, name :: flops))

               val (relearns, flops, next_commit) =

                 if Time.> (Timer.checkRealTimer timer, next_commit) then

                   (commit false [] relearns flops; ([], [], next_commit_time ()))

                 else

                   (relearns, flops, next_commit)

               val timed_out = Time.> (Timer.checkRealTimer timer, learn_timeout)

             in

               ((relearns, flops), (num_nontrivial, next_commit, timed_out))

             end

         val num_nontrivial =

           if not run_prover then

             num_nontrivial

           else

             let

               val max_isar = 1000 * max_dependencies

               fun priority_of th =

                 random_range 0 max_isar +

                 (case try (Graph.get_node access_G) (nickname_of_thm th) of

                   SOME (Isar_Proof, _, deps) => ~100 * length deps

                 | SOME (Automatic_Proof, _, _) => 2 * max_isar

                 | SOME (Isar_Proof_wegen_Prover_Flop, _, _) => max_isar

                 | NONE => 0)

               val old_facts = facts

                 |> filter is_in_access_G

                 |> map (`(priority_of o snd))

                 |> sort (int_ord o pairself fst)

                 |> map snd

               val ((relearns, flops), (num_nontrivial, _, _)) =

                 (([], []), (num_nontrivial, next_commit_time (), false))

                 |> fold relearn_old_fact old_facts

             in

               commit true [] relearns flops; num_nontrivial

             end

       in

         if verbose orelse auto_level < 2 then

           "Learned " ^ string_of_int num_new_facts ^ " fact" ^ plural_s num_new_facts ^ " and " ^

           string_of_int num_nontrivial ^ " nontrivial " ^

           (if run_prover then "automatic and " else "") ^ "Isar proof" ^ plural_s num_nontrivial ^

           (if verbose then " in " ^ string_of_time (Timer.checkRealTimer timer) else "") ^ "."

         else

           ""

       end

   end

 fun mash_learn ctxt (params as {provers, timeout, ...}) fact_override chained run_prover =

   let

     val css = Sledgehammer_Fact.clasimpset_rule_table_of ctxt

     val ctxt = ctxt |> Config.put instantiate_inducts false

     val facts = nearly_all_facts ctxt false fact_override Symtab.empty css chained [] @{prop True}

       |> sort (crude_thm_ord o pairself snd o swap)

     val num_facts = length facts

     val prover = hd provers

     fun learn auto_level run_prover =

       mash_learn_facts ctxt params prover true auto_level run_prover one_year facts

       |> Output.urgent_message

   in

     if run_prover then

       (Output.urgent_message ("MaShing through " ^ string_of_int num_facts ^ " fact" ^

          plural_s num_facts ^ " for automatic proofs (" ^ quote prover ^ " timeout: " ^

          string_of_time timeout ^ ").\n\nCollecting Isar proofs first...");

        learn 1 false;

        Output.urgent_message "Now collecting automatic proofs. This may take several hours. You \

          \can safely stop the learning process at any point.";

        learn 0 true)

     else

       (Output.urgent_message ("MaShing through " ^ string_of_int num_facts ^ " fact" ^

          plural_s num_facts ^ " for Isar proofs...");

        learn 0 false)

   end

 fun mash_can_suggest_facts ctxt overlord =

   not (Graph.is_empty (#access_G (peek_state ctxt overlord I)))

 (* Generate more suggestions than requested, because some might be thrown out later for various

    reasons (e.g., duplicates). *)

 fun generous_max_suggestions max_facts = 3 * max_facts div 2 + 25

 val mepo_weight = 0.5

 val mash_weight = 0.5

 val max_facts_to_learn_before_query = 100

 (* The threshold should be large enough so that MaSh does not get activated for Auto Sledgehammer

    and Try. *)

 val min_secs_for_learning = 15

 fun relevant_facts ctxt (params as {overlord, learn, fact_filter, timeout, ...}) prover max_facts

     ({add, only, ...} : fact_override) hyp_ts concl_t facts =

   if not (subset (op =) (the_list fact_filter, fact_filters)) then

     error ("Unknown fact filter: " ^ quote (the fact_filter) ^ ".")

   else if only then

     [("", map fact_of_raw_fact facts)]

   else if max_facts <= 0 orelse null facts then

     [("", [])]

   else

     let

       fun maybe_launch_thread min_num_facts_to_learn =

         if not (Async_Manager.has_running_threads MaShN) andalso

            Time.toSeconds timeout >= min_secs_for_learning then

           let val timeout = time_mult learn_timeout_slack timeout in

             Output.urgent_message ("Started MaShing through at least " ^

               string_of_int min_num_facts_to_learn ^ " fact" ^ plural_s min_num_facts_to_learn ^

               " in the background.");

             launch_thread timeout

               (fn () => (true, mash_learn_facts ctxt params prover true 2 false timeout facts))

           end

         else

           ()

       fun maybe_learn () =

         if is_mash_enabled () andalso learn then

           let

             val {access_G, xtabs = ((num_facts0, _), _), ...} = peek_state ctxt overlord I

             val is_in_access_G = is_fact_in_graph access_G o snd

             val min_num_facts_to_learn = length facts - num_facts0

           in

             if min_num_facts_to_learn <= max_facts_to_learn_before_query then

               (case length (filter_out is_in_access_G facts) of

                 0 => false

               | num_facts_to_learn =>

                 if num_facts_to_learn <= max_facts_to_learn_before_query then

                   (mash_learn_facts ctxt params prover false 2 false timeout facts

                    |> (fn "" => () | s => Output.urgent_message (MaShN ^ ": " ^ s));

                    true)

                 else

                   (maybe_launch_thread num_facts_to_learn; false))

             else

               (maybe_launch_thread min_num_facts_to_learn; false)

           end

         else

           false

       val (save, effective_fact_filter) =

         (case fact_filter of

           SOME ff => (ff <> mepoN andalso maybe_learn (), ff)

         | NONE =>

           if is_mash_enabled () then

             (maybe_learn (), if mash_can_suggest_facts ctxt overlord then meshN else mepoN)

           else

             (false, mepoN))

       val unique_facts = drop_duplicate_facts facts

       val add_ths = Attrib.eval_thms ctxt add

       fun in_add (_, th) = member Thm.eq_thm_prop add_ths th

       fun add_and_take accepts =

         (case add_ths of

            [] => accepts

          | _ =>

            (unique_facts |> filter in_add |> map fact_of_raw_fact) @ (accepts |> filter_out in_add))

         |> take max_facts

       fun mepo () =

         (mepo_suggested_facts ctxt params max_facts NONE hyp_ts concl_t unique_facts

          |> weight_facts_steeply, [])

       fun mash () =

         mash_suggested_facts ctxt params (generous_max_suggestions max_facts) hyp_ts concl_t facts

         |>> weight_facts_steeply

       val mess =

         (* the order is important for the "case" expression below *)

         [] |> effective_fact_filter <> mepoN ? cons (mash_weight, mash)

            |> effective_fact_filter <> mashN ? cons (mepo_weight, mepo)

            |> Par_List.map (apsnd (fn f => f ()))

       val mesh = mesh_facts (eq_snd (gen_eq_thm ctxt)) max_facts mess |> add_and_take

     in

       if the_mash_engine () = MaSh_Py andalso save then MaSh_Py.save ctxt overlord else ();

       (case (fact_filter, mess) of

         (NONE, [(_, (mepo, _)), (_, (mash, _))]) =>

         [(meshN, mesh), (mepoN, mepo |> map fst |> add_and_take),

          (mashN, mash |> map fst |> add_and_take)]

       | _ => [(effective_fact_filter, mesh)])

     end

 fun kill_learners ctxt ({overlord, ...} : params) =

   (Async_Manager.kill_threads MaShN "learner";

    if the_mash_engine () = MaSh_Py then MaSh_Py.shutdown ctxt overlord else ())

 fun running_learners () = Async_Manager.running_threads MaShN "learner"

 end;