2 Isabelle NEWS -- history user-relevant changes
3 ==============================================
5 New in this Isabelle version
6 ----------------------------
8 *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES (see below for more details) ***
10 * HOL: The THEN and ELSE parts of conditional expressions (if P then x else y)
11 are no longer simplified. (This allows the simplifier to unfold recursive
12 functional programs.) To restore the old behaviour, declare
13 Delcongs [if_weak_cong];
15 * HOL: Removed the obsolete syntax "Compl A"; use -A for set
18 * HOL: the predicate "inj" is now defined by translation to "inj_on";
20 * HOL/typedef: fixed type inference for representing set; type
21 arguments now have to occur explicitly on the rhs as type constraints;
23 * ZF: The con_defs part of an inductive definition may no longer refer
24 to constants declared in the same theory;
26 * HOL, ZF: the function mk_cases, generated by the inductive
27 definition package, has lost an argument. To simplify its result, it
28 uses the default simpset instead of a supplied list of theorems.
33 * Provers/Arith/fast_lin_arith.ML contains a functor for creating a
34 decision procedure for linear arithmetic. Currently it is used for
35 types `nat' and `int' in HOL (see below) but can, should and will be
36 instantiated for other types and logics as well.
41 * Isabelle manuals now also available as PDF;
43 * improved browser info generation: better HTML markup (including
44 colors), graph views in several sizes; isatool usedir now provides a
45 proper interface for user theories (via -P option);
47 * theory loader rewritten from scratch (may not be fully
48 bug-compatible); old loadpath variable has been replaced by show_path,
49 add_path, del_path, reset_path functions; new operations such as
50 update_thy, touch_thy, remove_thy (see also isatool doc ref);
52 * in locales, the "assumes" and "defines" parts may be omitted if
55 * new print_mode "xsymbols" for extended symbol support (e.g. genuine
58 * new print_mode "HTML";
60 * path element specification '~~' refers to '$ISABELLE_HOME';
62 * new flag show_tags controls display of tags of theorems (which are
63 basically just comments that may be attached by some tools);
65 * improved isatool install: option -k creates KDE application icon,
66 option -p DIR installs standalone binaries;
68 * added ML_PLATFORM setting (useful for cross-platform installations);
69 more robust handling of platform specific ML images for SML/NJ;
71 * Isamode 2.6 requires patch to accomodate change of Isabelle font
72 mode and goal output format:
74 diff -r Isamode-2.6/elisp/isa-load.el Isamode/elisp/isa-load.el
76 < (list (isa-getenv "ISABELLE") "-msymbols" logic-name)
78 > (list (isa-getenv "ISABELLE") "-misabelle_font" "-msymbols" logic-name)
79 diff -r Isabelle-2.6/elisp/isa-proofstate.el Isamode/elisp/isa-proofstate.el
81 < (defconst proofstate-proofstart-regexp "^Level [0-9]+$"
83 > (defconst proofstate-proofstart-regexp "^Level [0-9]+"
88 * There are now decision procedures for linear arithmetic over nat and
91 1. arith_tac copes with arbitrary formulae involving `=', `<', `<=',
92 `+', `-', `Suc', `min', `max' and numerical constants; other subterms
93 are treated as atomic; subformulae not involving type `nat' or `int'
94 are ignored; quantified subformulae are ignored unless they are
95 positive universal or negative existential. The tactic has to be
96 invoked by hand and can be a little bit slow. In particular, the
97 running time is exponential in the number of occurrences of `min' and
98 `max', and `-' on `nat'.
100 2. fast_arith_tac is a cut-down version of arith_tac: it only takes
101 (negated) (in)equalities among the premises and the conclusion into
102 account (i.e. no compound formulae) and does not know about `min' and
103 `max', and `-' on `nat'. It is fast and is used automatically by the
106 NB: At the moment, these decision procedures do not cope with mixed
107 nat/int formulae where the two parts interact, such as `m < n ==>
110 * Integer division and remainder can now be performed on constant arguments.
112 * Many properties of integer multiplication, division and remainder are now
115 * New bounded quantifier syntax (input only):
116 ! x < y. P, ! x <= y. P, ? x < y. P, ? x <= y. P
118 * HOL/TLA (Lamport's Temporal Logic of Actions): major reorganization
119 -- avoids syntactic ambiguities and treats state, transition, and
120 temporal levels more uniformly; introduces INCOMPATIBILITIES due to
121 changed syntax and (many) tactics;
123 * HOL/datatype: Now also handles arbitrarily branching datatypes
124 (using function types) such as
126 datatype 'a tree = Atom 'a | Branch "nat => 'a tree"
128 * HOL/typedef: fixed type inference for representing set; type
129 arguments now have to occur explicitly on the rhs as type constraints;
131 * HOL/recdef (TFL): requires theory Recdef; 'congs' syntax now expects
132 comma separated list of theorem names rather than an ML expression;
134 * reset HOL_quantifiers by default, i.e. quantifiers are printed as
135 ALL/EX rather than !/?;
140 * the notation <<...>> is now available as a notation for sequences of formulas
142 * the simplifier is now installed
144 * the axiom system has been generalized (thanks to Soren Heilmann)
146 * the classical reasoner now has a default rule database
151 * new primrec section allows primitive recursive functions to be given
152 directly (as in HOL) over datatypes and the natural numbers;
154 * new tactics induct_tac and exhaust_tac for induction (or case
155 analysis) over datatypes and the natural numbers;
157 * the datatype declaration of type T now defines the recursor T_rec;
159 * simplification automatically does freeness reasoning for datatype
162 * automatic type-inference, with AddTCs command to insert new
165 * datatype introduction rules are now added as Safe Introduction rules
168 * the syntax "if P then x else y" is now available in addition to
172 *** Internal programming interfaces ***
174 * AxClass.axclass_tac lost the theory argument;
176 * tuned current_goals_markers semantics: begin / end goal avoids
177 printing empty lines;
179 * removed prs and prs_fn hook, which was broken because it did not
180 include \n in its semantics, forcing writeln to add one
181 uncoditionally; replaced prs_fn by writeln_fn; consider std_output:
182 string -> unit if you really want to output text without newline;
184 * Symbol.output subject to print mode; INCOMPATIBILITY: defaults to
185 plain output, interface builders may have to enable 'isabelle_font'
186 mode to get Isabelle font glyphs as before;
188 * refined token_translation interface; INCOMPATIBILITY: output length
189 now of type real instead of int;
193 New in Isabelle98-1 (October 1998)
194 ----------------------------------
196 *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES (see below for more details) ***
198 * several changes of automated proof tools;
200 * HOL: major changes to the inductive and datatype packages, including
201 some minor incompatibilities of theory syntax;
203 * HOL: renamed r^-1 to 'converse' from 'inverse'; 'inj_onto' is now
206 * HOL: removed duplicate thms in Arith:
207 less_imp_add_less should be replaced by trans_less_add1
208 le_imp_add_le should be replaced by trans_le_add1
210 * HOL: unary minus is now overloaded (new type constraints may be
213 * HOL and ZF: unary minus for integers is now #- instead of #~. In
214 ZF, expressions such as n#-1 must be changed to n#- 1, since #-1 is
215 now taken as an integer constant.
217 * Pure: ML function 'theory_of' renamed to 'theory';
223 1. Asm_full_simp_tac is now more aggressive.
224 1. It will sometimes reorient premises if that increases their power to
226 2. It does no longer proceed strictly from left to right but may also
227 rotate premises to achieve further simplification.
228 For compatibility reasons there is now Asm_lr_simp_tac which is like the
229 old Asm_full_simp_tac in that it does not rotate premises.
230 2. The simplifier now knows a little bit about nat-arithmetic.
232 * Classical reasoner: wrapper mechanism for the classical reasoner now
233 allows for selected deletion of wrappers, by introduction of names for
234 wrapper functionals. This implies that addbefore, addSbefore,
235 addaltern, and addSaltern now take a pair (name, tactic) as argument,
236 and that adding two tactics with the same name overwrites the first
237 one (emitting a warning).
238 type wrapper = (int -> tactic) -> (int -> tactic)
239 setWrapper, setSWrapper, compWrapper and compSWrapper are replaced by
240 addWrapper, addSWrapper: claset * (string * wrapper) -> claset
241 delWrapper, delSWrapper: claset * string -> claset
242 getWrapper is renamed to appWrappers, getSWrapper to appSWrappers;
244 * Classical reasoner: addbefore/addSbefore now have APPEND/ORELSE
245 semantics; addbefore now affects only the unsafe part of step_tac
246 etc.; this affects addss/auto_tac/force_tac, so EXISTING PROOFS MAY
247 FAIL, but proofs should be fixable easily, e.g. by replacing Auto_tac
250 * Classical reasoner: setwrapper to setWrapper and compwrapper to
251 compWrapper; added safe wrapper (and access functions for it);
253 * HOL/split_all_tac is now much faster and fails if there is nothing
254 to split. Some EXISTING PROOFS MAY REQUIRE ADAPTION because the order
255 and the names of the automatically generated variables have changed.
256 split_all_tac has moved within claset() from unsafe wrappers to safe
257 wrappers, which means that !!-bound variables are split much more
258 aggressively, and safe_tac and clarify_tac now split such variables.
259 If this splitting is not appropriate, use delSWrapper "split_all_tac".
260 Note: the same holds for record_split_tac, which does the job of
261 split_all_tac for record fields.
263 * HOL/Simplifier: Rewrite rules for case distinctions can now be added
264 permanently to the default simpset using Addsplits just like
265 Addsimps. They can be removed via Delsplits just like
266 Delsimps. Lower-case versions are also available.
268 * HOL/Simplifier: The rule split_if is now part of the default
269 simpset. This means that the simplifier will eliminate all occurrences
270 of if-then-else in the conclusion of a goal. To prevent this, you can
271 either remove split_if completely from the default simpset by
272 `Delsplits [split_if]' or remove it in a specific call of the
273 simplifier using `... delsplits [split_if]'. You can also add/delete
274 other case splitting rules to/from the default simpset: every datatype
275 generates suitable rules `split_t_case' and `split_t_case_asm' (where
276 t is the name of the datatype).
278 * Classical reasoner / Simplifier combination: new force_tac (and
279 derivatives Force_tac, force) combines rewriting and classical
280 reasoning (and whatever other tools) similarly to auto_tac, but is
281 aimed to solve the given subgoal completely.
286 * new top-level commands `Goal' and `Goalw' that improve upon `goal'
287 and `goalw': the theory is no longer needed as an explicit argument -
288 the current theory context is used; assumptions are no longer returned
289 at the ML-level unless one of them starts with ==> or !!; it is
290 recommended to convert to these new commands using isatool fixgoal
291 (backup your sources first!);
293 * new top-level commands 'thm' and 'thms' for retrieving theorems from
294 the current theory context, and 'theory' to lookup stored theories;
296 * new theory section 'locale' for declaring constants, assumptions and
297 definitions that have local scope;
299 * new theory section 'nonterminals' for purely syntactic types;
301 * new theory section 'setup' for generic ML setup functions
302 (e.g. package initialization);
304 * the distribution now includes Isabelle icons: see
305 lib/logo/isabelle-{small,tiny}.xpm;
307 * isatool install - install binaries with absolute references to
310 * isatool logo -- create instances of the Isabelle logo (as EPS);
312 * print mode 'emacs' reserved for Isamode;
314 * support multiple print (ast) translations per constant name;
316 * theorems involving oracles are now printed with a suffixed [!];
321 * there is now a tutorial on Isabelle/HOL (do 'isatool doc tutorial');
323 * HOL/inductive package reorganized and improved: now supports mutual
329 oddI "n : EVEN ==> Suc n : ODD"
330 evenI "n : ODD ==> Suc n : EVEN"
332 new theorem list "elims" contains an elimination rule for each of the
333 recursive sets; inductive definitions now handle disjunctive premises
336 INCOMPATIBILITIES: requires Inductive as an ancestor; component
337 "mutual_induct" no longer exists - the induction rule is always
338 contained in "induct";
341 * HOL/datatype package re-implemented and greatly improved: now
342 supports mutually recursive datatypes such as
345 'a aexp = IF_THEN_ELSE ('a bexp) ('a aexp) ('a aexp)
346 | SUM ('a aexp) ('a aexp)
347 | DIFF ('a aexp) ('a aexp)
350 'a bexp = LESS ('a aexp) ('a aexp)
351 | AND ('a bexp) ('a bexp)
352 | OR ('a bexp) ('a bexp)
354 as well as indirectly recursive datatypes such as
357 ('a, 'b) term = Var 'a
358 | App 'b ((('a, 'b) term) list)
360 The new tactic mutual_induct_tac [<var_1>, ..., <var_n>] i performs
361 induction on mutually / indirectly recursive datatypes.
363 Primrec equations are now stored in theory and can be accessed via
364 <function_name>.simps.
368 - Theories using datatypes must now have theory Datatype as an
370 - The specific <typename>.induct_tac no longer exists - use the
371 generic induct_tac instead.
372 - natE has been renamed to nat.exhaust - use exhaust_tac
373 instead of res_inst_tac ... natE. Note that the variable
374 names in nat.exhaust differ from the names in natE, this
375 may cause some "fragile" proofs to fail.
376 - The theorems split_<typename>_case and split_<typename>_case_asm
377 have been renamed to <typename>.split and <typename>.split_asm.
378 - Since default sorts of type variables are now handled correctly,
379 some datatype definitions may have to be annotated with explicit
381 - Primrec definitions no longer require function name and type
382 of recursive argument.
384 Consider using isatool fixdatatype to adapt your theories and proof
385 scripts to the new package (backup your sources first!).
388 * HOL/record package: considerably improved implementation; now
389 includes concrete syntax for record types, terms, updates; theorems
390 for surjective pairing and splitting !!-bound record variables; proof
391 support is as follows:
393 1) standard conversions (selectors or updates applied to record
394 constructor terms) are part of the standard simpset;
396 2) inject equations of the form ((x, y) = (x', y')) == x=x' & y=y' are
397 made part of standard simpset and claset via addIffs;
399 3) a tactic for record field splitting (record_split_tac) is part of
400 the standard claset (addSWrapper);
402 To get a better idea about these rules you may retrieve them via
403 something like 'thms "foo.simps"' or 'thms "foo.iffs"', where "foo" is
404 the name of your record type.
406 The split tactic 3) conceptually simplifies by the following rule:
408 "(!!x. PROP ?P x) == (!!a b. PROP ?P (a, b))"
410 Thus any record variable that is bound by meta-all will automatically
411 blow up into some record constructor term, consequently the
412 simplifications of 1), 2) apply. Thus force_tac, auto_tac etc. shall
413 solve record problems automatically.
416 * reorganized the main HOL image: HOL/Integ and String loaded by
417 default; theory Main includes everything;
419 * automatic simplification of integer sums and comparisons, using cancellation;
421 * added option_map_eq_Some and not_Some_eq to the default simpset and claset;
423 * added disj_not1 = "(~P | Q) = (P --> Q)" to the default simpset;
425 * many new identities for unions, intersections, set difference, etc.;
427 * expand_if, expand_split, expand_sum_case and expand_nat_case are now
428 called split_if, split_split, split_sum_case and split_nat_case (to go
431 * HOL/Prod introduces simplification procedure unit_eq_proc rewriting
432 (?x::unit) = (); this is made part of the default simpset, which COULD
433 MAKE EXISTING PROOFS FAIL under rare circumstances (consider
434 'Delsimprocs [unit_eq_proc];' as last resort); also note that
435 unit_abs_eta_conv is added in order to counter the effect of
436 unit_eq_proc on (%u::unit. f u), replacing it by f rather than by
439 * HOL/Fun INCOMPATIBILITY: `inj_onto' is now called `inj_on' (which
442 * HOL/Set INCOMPATIBILITY: rule `equals0D' is now a well-formed destruct rule;
443 It and 'sym RS equals0D' are now in the default claset, giving automatic
444 disjointness reasoning but breaking a few old proofs.
446 * HOL/Relation INCOMPATIBILITY: renamed the relational operator r^-1
447 to 'converse' from 'inverse' (for compatibility with ZF and some
450 * HOL/recdef can now declare non-recursive functions, with {} supplied as
451 the well-founded relation;
453 * HOL/Set INCOMPATIBILITY: the complement of set A is now written -A instead of
454 Compl A. The "Compl" syntax remains available as input syntax for this
457 * HOL/Update: new theory of function updates:
458 f(a:=b) == %x. if x=a then b else f x
459 may also be iterated as in f(a:=b,c:=d,...);
461 * HOL/Vimage: new theory for inverse image of a function, syntax f-``B;
464 - new function list_update written xs[i:=v] that updates the i-th
465 list position. May also be iterated as in xs[i:=a,j:=b,...].
466 - new function `upt' written [i..j(] which generates the list
467 [i,i+1,...,j-1], i.e. the upper bound is excluded. To include the upper
468 bound write [i..j], which is a shorthand for [i..j+1(].
469 - new lexicographic orderings and corresponding wellfoundedness theorems.
472 - removed 'pred' (predecessor) function;
473 - generalized some theorems about n-1;
474 - many new laws about "div" and "mod";
475 - new laws about greatest common divisors (see theory ex/Primes);
477 * HOL/Relation: renamed the relational operator r^-1 "converse"
478 instead of "inverse";
480 * HOL/Induct/Multiset: a theory of multisets, including the wellfoundedness
481 of the multiset ordering;
483 * directory HOL/Real: a construction of the reals using Dedekind cuts
484 (not included by default);
486 * directory HOL/UNITY: Chandy and Misra's UNITY formalism;
488 * directory HOL/Hoare: a new version of Hoare logic which permits many-sorted
489 programs, i.e. different program variables may have different types.
491 * calling (stac rew i) now fails if "rew" has no effect on the goal
492 [previously, this check worked only if the rewrite rule was unconditional]
493 Now rew can involve either definitions or equalities (either == or =).
498 * theory Main includes everything; INCOMPATIBILITY: theory ZF.thy contains
499 only the theorems proved on ZF.ML;
501 * ZF INCOMPATIBILITY: rule `equals0D' is now a well-formed destruct rule;
502 It and 'sym RS equals0D' are now in the default claset, giving automatic
503 disjointness reasoning but breaking a few old proofs.
505 * ZF/Update: new theory of function updates
506 with default rewrite rule f(x:=y) ` z = if(z=x, y, f`z)
507 may also be iterated as in f(a:=b,c:=d,...);
509 * in let x=t in u(x), neither t nor u(x) has to be an FOL term.
511 * calling (stac rew i) now fails if "rew" has no effect on the goal
512 [previously, this check worked only if the rewrite rule was unconditional]
513 Now rew can involve either definitions or equalities (either == or =).
515 * case_tac provided for compatibility with HOL
516 (like the old excluded_middle_tac, but with subgoals swapped)
519 *** Internal programming interfaces ***
521 * Pure: several new basic modules made available for general use, see
522 also src/Pure/README;
524 * improved the theory data mechanism to support encapsulation (data
525 kind name replaced by private Object.kind, acting as authorization
526 key); new type-safe user interface via functor TheoryDataFun; generic
527 print_data function becomes basically useless;
529 * removed global_names compatibility flag -- all theory declarations
530 are qualified by default;
532 * module Pure/Syntax now offers quote / antiquote translation
533 functions (useful for Hoare logic etc. with implicit dependencies);
534 see HOL/ex/Antiquote for an example use;
536 * Simplifier now offers conversions (asm_)(full_)rewrite: simpset ->
539 * new tactical CHANGED_GOAL for checking that a tactic modifies a
542 * Display.print_goals function moved to Locale.print_goals;
544 * standard print function for goals supports current_goals_markers
545 variable for marking begin of proof, end of proof, start of goal; the
546 default is ("", "", ""); setting current_goals_markers := ("<proof>",
547 "</proof>", "<goal>") causes SGML like tagged proof state printing,
552 New in Isabelle98 (January 1998)
553 --------------------------------
555 *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES (see below for more details) ***
557 * changed lexical syntax of terms / types: dots made part of long
558 identifiers, e.g. "%x.x" no longer possible, should be "%x. x";
560 * simpset (and claset) reference variable replaced by functions
561 simpset / simpset_ref;
563 * no longer supports theory aliases (via merge) and non-trivial
564 implicit merge of thms' signatures;
566 * most internal names of constants changed due to qualified names;
568 * changed Pure/Sequence interface (see Pure/seq.ML);
571 *** General Changes ***
573 * hierachically structured name spaces (for consts, types, axms, thms
574 etc.); new lexical class 'longid' (e.g. Foo.bar.x) may render much of
575 old input syntactically incorrect (e.g. "%x.x"); COMPATIBILITY:
576 isatool fixdots ensures space after dots (e.g. "%x. x"); set
577 long_names for fully qualified output names; NOTE: ML programs
578 (special tactics, packages etc.) referring to internal names may have
579 to be adapted to cope with fully qualified names; in case of severe
580 backward campatibility problems try setting 'global_names' at compile
581 time to have enrything declared within a flat name space; one may also
582 fine tune name declarations in theories via the 'global' and 'local'
585 * reimplemented the implicit simpset and claset using the new anytype
586 data filed in signatures; references simpset:simpset ref etc. are
587 replaced by functions simpset:unit->simpset and
588 simpset_ref:unit->simpset ref; COMPATIBILITY: use isatool fixclasimp
589 to patch your ML files accordingly;
591 * HTML output now includes theory graph data for display with Java
592 applet or isatool browser; data generated automatically via isatool
593 usedir (see -i option, ISABELLE_USEDIR_OPTIONS);
595 * defs may now be conditional; improved rewrite_goals_tac to handle
596 conditional equations;
598 * defs now admits additional type arguments, using TYPE('a) syntax;
600 * theory aliases via merge (e.g. M=A+B+C) no longer supported, always
601 creates a new theory node; implicit merge of thms' signatures is
602 restricted to 'trivial' ones; COMPATIBILITY: one may have to use
603 transfer:theory->thm->thm in (rare) cases;
605 * improved handling of draft signatures / theories; draft thms (and
606 ctyps, cterms) are automatically promoted to real ones;
608 * slightly changed interfaces for oracles: admit many per theory, named
609 (e.g. oracle foo = mlfun), additional name argument for invoke_oracle;
611 * print_goals: optional output of const types (set show_consts and
614 * improved output of warnings (###) and errors (***);
616 * subgoal_tac displays a warning if the new subgoal has type variables;
618 * removed old README and Makefiles;
620 * replaced print_goals_ref hook by print_current_goals_fn and result_error_fn;
622 * removed obsolete init_pps and init_database;
624 * deleted the obsolete tactical STATE, which was declared by
625 fun STATE tacfun st = tacfun st st;
627 * cd and use now support path variables, e.g. $ISABELLE_HOME, or ~
628 (which abbreviates $HOME);
630 * changed Pure/Sequence interface (see Pure/seq.ML); COMPATIBILITY:
631 use isatool fixseq to adapt your ML programs (this works for fully
632 qualified references to the Sequence structure only!);
634 * use_thy no longer requires writable current directory; it always
635 reloads .ML *and* .thy file, if either one is out of date;
638 *** Classical Reasoner ***
640 * Clarify_tac, clarify_tac, clarify_step_tac, Clarify_step_tac: new
641 tactics that use classical reasoning to simplify a subgoal without
642 splitting it into several subgoals;
644 * Safe_tac: like safe_tac but uses the default claset;
649 * added simplification meta rules:
650 (asm_)(full_)simplify: simpset -> thm -> thm;
652 * simplifier.ML no longer part of Pure -- has to be loaded by object
655 * added prems argument to simplification procedures;
657 * HOL, FOL, ZF: added infix function `addsplits':
658 instead of `<simpset> setloop (split_tac <thms>)'
659 you can simply write `<simpset> addsplits <thms>'
664 * TYPE('a) syntax for type reflection terms;
666 * no longer handles consts with name "" -- declare as 'syntax' instead;
668 * pretty printer: changed order of mixfix annotation preference (again!);
670 * Pure: fixed idt/idts vs. pttrn/pttrns syntactic categories;
675 * HOL: there is a new splitter `split_asm_tac' that can be used e.g.
676 with `addloop' of the simplifier to faciliate case splitting in premises.
678 * HOL/TLA: Stephan Merz's formalization of Lamport's Temporal Logic of Actions;
680 * HOL/Auth: new protocol proofs including some for the Internet
683 * HOL/Map: new theory of `maps' a la VDM;
685 * HOL/simplifier: simplification procedures nat_cancel_sums for
686 cancelling out common nat summands from =, <, <= (in)equalities, or
687 differences; simplification procedures nat_cancel_factor for
688 cancelling common factor from =, <, <= (in)equalities over natural
689 sums; nat_cancel contains both kinds of procedures, it is installed by
690 default in Arith.thy -- this COULD MAKE EXISTING PROOFS FAIL;
692 * HOL/simplifier: terms of the form
693 `? x. P1(x) & ... & Pn(x) & x=t & Q1(x) & ... Qn(x)' (or t=x)
695 `P1(t) & ... & Pn(t) & Q1(t) & ... Qn(t)',
696 and those of the form
697 `! x. P1(x) & ... & Pn(x) & x=t & Q1(x) & ... Qn(x) --> R(x)' (or t=x)
699 `P1(t) & ... & Pn(t) & Q1(t) & ... Qn(t) --> R(t)',
702 Each datatype `t' now comes with a theorem `split_t_case' of the form
704 P(t_case f1 ... fn x) =
705 ( (!y1 ... ym1. x = C1 y1 ... ym1 --> P(f1 y1 ... ym1)) &
707 (!y1 ... ymn. x = Cn y1 ... ymn --> P(f1 y1 ... ymn))
710 and a theorem `split_t_case_asm' of the form
712 P(t_case f1 ... fn x) =
713 ~( (? y1 ... ym1. x = C1 y1 ... ym1 & ~P(f1 y1 ... ym1)) |
715 (? y1 ... ymn. x = Cn y1 ... ymn & ~P(f1 y1 ... ymn))
717 which can be added to a simpset via `addsplits'. The existing theorems
718 expand_list_case and expand_option_case have been renamed to
719 split_list_case and split_option_case.
722 - `pred n' is automatically converted to `n-1'.
723 Users are strongly encouraged not to use `pred' any longer,
724 because it will disappear altogether at some point.
725 - Users are strongly encouraged to write "0 < n" rather than
726 "n ~= 0". Theorems and proof tools have been modified towards this
730 the function "set_of_list" has been renamed "set" (and its theorems too);
731 the function "nth" now takes its arguments in the reverse order and
732 has acquired the infix notation "!" as in "xs!n".
734 * HOL/Set: UNIV is now a constant and is no longer translated to Compl{};
736 * HOL/Set: The operator (UN x.B x) now abbreviates (UN x:UNIV. B x) and its
737 specialist theorems (like UN1_I) are gone. Similarly for (INT x.B x);
739 * HOL/record: extensible records with schematic structural subtyping
740 (single inheritance); EXPERIMENTAL version demonstrating the encoding,
741 still lacks various theorems and concrete record syntax;
746 * removed "axioms" and "generated by" sections;
748 * replaced "ops" section by extended "consts" section, which is capable of
749 handling the continuous function space "->" directly;
752 . proves theorems immediately and stores them in the theory,
753 . creates hierachical name space,
754 . now uses normal mixfix annotations (instead of cinfix...),
755 . minor changes to some names and values (for consistency),
756 . e.g. cases -> casedist, dists_eq -> dist_eqs, [take_lemma] -> take_lemmas,
757 . separator between mutual domain defs: changed "," to "and",
758 . improved handling of sort constraints; now they have to
759 appear on the left-hand side of the equations only;
761 * fixed LAM <x,y,zs>.b syntax;
763 * added extended adm_tac to simplifier in HOLCF -- can now discharge
764 adm (%x. P (t x)), where P is chainfinite and t continuous;
769 * FOL: there is a new splitter `split_asm_tac' that can be used e.g.
770 with `addloop' of the simplifier to faciliate case splitting in premises.
772 * qed_spec_mp, qed_goal_spec_mp, qed_goalw_spec_mp are available, as
773 in HOL, they strip ALL and --> from proved theorems;
777 New in Isabelle94-8 (May 1997)
778 ------------------------------
780 *** General Changes ***
782 * new utilities to build / run / maintain Isabelle etc. (in parts
783 still somewhat experimental); old Makefiles etc. still functional;
785 * new 'Isabelle System Manual';
787 * INSTALL text, together with ./configure and ./build scripts;
789 * reimplemented type inference for greater efficiency, better error
790 messages and clean internal interface;
792 * prlim command for dealing with lots of subgoals (an easier way of
793 setting goals_limit);
798 * supports alternative (named) syntax tables (parser and pretty
799 printer); internal interface is provided by add_modesyntax(_i);
801 * Pure, FOL, ZF, HOL, HOLCF now support symbolic input and output; to
802 be used in conjunction with the Isabelle symbol font; uses the
803 "symbols" syntax table;
805 * added token_translation interface (may translate name tokens in
806 arbitrary ways, dependent on their type (free, bound, tfree, ...) and
807 the current print_mode); IMPORTANT: user print translation functions
808 are responsible for marking newly introduced bounds
809 (Syntax.mark_boundT);
811 * token translations for modes "xterm" and "xterm_color" that display
812 names in bold, underline etc. or colors (which requires a color
815 * infixes may now be declared with names independent of their syntax;
817 * added typed_print_translation (like print_translation, but may
818 access type of constant);
821 *** Classical Reasoner ***
823 Blast_tac: a new tactic! It is often more powerful than fast_tac, but has
824 some limitations. Blast_tac...
825 + ignores addss, addbefore, addafter; this restriction is intrinsic
826 + ignores elimination rules that don't have the correct format
827 (the conclusion MUST be a formula variable)
828 + ignores types, which can make HOL proofs fail
829 + rules must not require higher-order unification, e.g. apply_type in ZF
830 [message "Function Var's argument not a bound variable" relates to this]
831 + its proof strategy is more general but can actually be slower
833 * substitution with equality assumptions no longer permutes other
836 * minor changes in semantics of addafter (now called addaltern); renamed
837 setwrapper to setWrapper and compwrapper to compWrapper; added safe wrapper
838 (and access functions for it);
840 * improved combination of classical reasoner and simplifier:
841 + functions for handling clasimpsets
842 + improvement of addss: now the simplifier is called _after_ the
844 + safe variant of addss called addSss: uses safe simplifications
845 _during_ the safe steps. It is more complete as it allows multiple
846 instantiations of unknowns (e.g. with slow_tac).
850 * added interface for simplification procedures (functions that
851 produce *proven* rewrite rules on the fly, depending on current
854 * ordering on terms as parameter (used for ordered rewriting);
856 * new functions delcongs, deleqcongs, and Delcongs. richer rep_ss;
858 * the solver is now split into a safe and an unsafe part.
859 This should be invisible for the normal user, except that the
860 functions setsolver and addsolver have been renamed to setSolver and
861 addSolver; added safe_asm_full_simp_tac;
866 * a generic induction tactic `induct_tac' which works for all datatypes and
869 * a generic case distinction tactic `exhaust_tac' which works for all
870 datatypes and also for type `nat';
872 * each datatype comes with a function `size';
874 * patterns in case expressions allow tuple patterns as arguments to
875 constructors, for example `case x of [] => ... | (x,y,z)#ps => ...';
877 * primrec now also works with type nat;
879 * recdef: a new declaration form, allows general recursive functions to be
880 defined in theory files. See HOL/ex/Fib, HOL/ex/Primes, HOL/Subst/Unify.
882 * the constant for negation has been renamed from "not" to "Not" to
883 harmonize with FOL, ZF, LK, etc.;
885 * HOL/ex/LFilter theory of a corecursive "filter" functional for
888 * HOL/Modelcheck demonstrates invocation of model checker oracle;
890 * HOL/ex/Ring.thy declares cring_simp, which solves equational
891 problems in commutative rings, using axiomatic type classes for + and *;
893 * more examples in HOL/MiniML and HOL/Auth;
895 * more default rewrite rules for quantifiers, union/intersection;
897 * a new constant `arbitrary == @x.False';
899 * HOLCF/IOA replaces old HOL/IOA;
901 * HOLCF changes: derived all rules and arities
902 + axiomatic type classes instead of classes
903 + typedef instead of faking type definitions
904 + eliminated the internal constants less_fun, less_cfun, UU_fun, UU_cfun etc.
905 + new axclasses cpo, chfin, flat with flat < chfin < pcpo < cpo < po
906 + eliminated the types void, one, tr
907 + use unit lift and bool lift (with translations) instead of one and tr
908 + eliminated blift from Lift3.thy (use Def instead of blift)
909 all eliminated rules are derived as theorems --> no visible changes ;
914 * ZF now has Fast_tac, Simp_tac and Auto_tac. Union_iff is a now a default
915 rewrite rule; this may affect some proofs. eq_cs is gone but can be put back
916 as ZF_cs addSIs [equalityI];
920 New in Isabelle94-7 (November 96)
921 ---------------------------------
923 * allowing negative levels (as offsets) in prlev and choplev;
925 * super-linear speedup for large simplifications;
927 * FOL, ZF and HOL now use miniscoping: rewriting pushes
928 quantifications in as far as possible (COULD MAKE EXISTING PROOFS
929 FAIL); can suppress it using the command Delsimps (ex_simps @
930 all_simps); De Morgan laws are also now included, by default;
932 * improved printing of ==> : ~:
934 * new object-logic "Sequents" adds linear logic, while replacing LK
935 and Modal (thanks to Sara Kalvala);
937 * HOL/Auth: correctness proofs for authentication protocols;
939 * HOL: new auto_tac combines rewriting and classical reasoning (many
940 examples on HOL/Auth);
942 * HOL: new command AddIffs for declaring theorems of the form P=Q to
943 the rewriter and classical reasoner simultaneously;
945 * function uresult no longer returns theorems in "standard" format;
946 regain previous version by: val uresult = standard o uresult;
953 * oracles -- these establish an interface between Isabelle and trusted
954 external reasoners, which may deliver results as theorems;
956 * proof objects (in particular record all uses of oracles);
958 * Simp_tac, Fast_tac, etc. that refer to implicit simpset / claset;
960 * "constdefs" section in theory files;
962 * "primrec" section (HOL) no longer requires names;
964 * internal type "tactic" now simply "thm -> thm Sequence.seq";
971 * reduced space requirements;
973 * automatic HTML generation from theories;
975 * theory files no longer require "..." (quotes) around most types;
977 * new examples, including two proofs of the Church-Rosser theorem;
979 * non-curried (1994) version of HOL is no longer distributed;
986 * greatly reduced space requirements;
988 * theory files (.thy) no longer require \...\ escapes at line breaks;
990 * searchable theorem database (see the section "Retrieving theorems" on
991 page 8 of the Reference Manual);
993 * new examples, including Grabczewski's monumental case study of the
996 * The previous version of HOL renamed to Old_HOL;
998 * The new version of HOL (previously called CHOL) uses a curried syntax
999 for functions. Application looks like f a b instead of f(a,b);
1001 * Mutually recursive inductive definitions finally work in HOL;
1003 * In ZF, pattern-matching on tuples is now available in all abstractions and
1004 translates to the operator "split";
1011 * new infix operator, addss, allowing the classical reasoner to
1012 perform simplification at each step of its search. Example:
1013 fast_tac (cs addss ss)
1015 * a new logic, CHOL, the same as HOL, but with a curried syntax
1016 for functions. Application looks like f a b instead of f(a,b). Also pairs
1017 look like (a,b) instead of <a,b>;
1019 * PLEASE NOTE: CHOL will eventually replace HOL!
1021 * In CHOL, pattern-matching on tuples is now available in all abstractions.
1022 It translates to the operator "split". A new theory of integers is available;
1024 * In ZF, integer numerals now denote two's-complement binary integers.
1025 Arithmetic operations can be performed by rewriting. See ZF/ex/Bin.ML;
1027 * Many new examples: I/O automata, Church-Rosser theorem, equivalents
1028 of the Axiom of Choice;
1035 * Significantly faster resolution;
1037 * the different sections in a .thy file can now be mixed and repeated
1040 * Database of theorems for FOL, HOL and ZF. New
1041 commands including qed, qed_goal and bind_thm store theorems in the database.
1043 * Simple database queries: return a named theorem (get_thm) or all theorems of
1044 a given theory (thms_of), or find out what theory a theorem was proved in
1047 * Bugs fixed in the inductive definition and datatype packages;
1049 * The classical reasoner provides deepen_tac and depth_tac, making FOL_dup_cs
1050 and HOL_dup_cs obsolete;
1052 * Syntactic ambiguities caused by the new treatment of syntax in Isabelle94-1
1055 * Simpler definition of function space in ZF;
1057 * new results about cardinal and ordinal arithmetic in ZF;
1059 * 'subtype' facility in HOL for introducing new types as subsets of existing