1 (* Title: HOL/Finite_Set.thy
3 Author: Tobias Nipkow, Lawrence C Paulson and Markus Wenzel
4 Additions by Jeremy Avigad in Feb 2004
5 License: GPL (GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE)
8 header {* Finite sets *}
10 theory Finite_Set = Divides + Power + Inductive:
12 subsection {* Collection of finite sets *}
14 consts Finites :: "'a set set"
16 finite :: "'a set => bool"
18 "finite A" == "A : Finites"
22 emptyI [simp, intro!]: "{} : Finites"
23 insertI [simp, intro!]: "A : Finites ==> insert a A : Finites"
25 axclass finite \<subseteq> type
28 lemma ex_new_if_finite: -- "does not depend on def of finite at all"
29 assumes "\<not> finite (UNIV :: 'a set)" and "finite A"
30 shows "\<exists>a::'a. a \<notin> A"
32 from prems have "A \<noteq> UNIV" by blast
36 lemma finite_induct [case_names empty insert, induct set: Finites]:
38 P {} ==> (!!F x. finite F ==> x \<notin> F ==> P F ==> P (insert x F)) ==> P F"
39 -- {* Discharging @{text "x \<notin> F"} entails extra work. *}
42 insert: "!!F x. finite F ==> x \<notin> F ==> P F ==> P (insert x F)"
47 fix F x assume F: "finite F" and P: "P F"
51 hence "insert x F = F" by (rule insert_absorb)
52 with P show ?thesis by (simp only:)
55 from F this P show ?thesis by (rule insert)
60 lemma finite_subset_induct [consumes 2, case_names empty insert]:
61 "finite F ==> F \<subseteq> A ==>
62 P {} ==> (!!F a. finite F ==> a \<in> A ==> a \<notin> F ==> P F ==> P (insert a F)) ==>
65 assume "P {}" and insert:
66 "!!F a. finite F ==> a \<in> A ==> a \<notin> F ==> P F ==> P (insert a F)"
68 thus "F \<subseteq> A ==> P F"
71 fix F x assume "finite F" and "x \<notin> F"
72 and P: "F \<subseteq> A ==> P F" and i: "insert x F \<subseteq> A"
75 from i show "x \<in> A" by blast
76 from i have "F \<subseteq> A" by blast
82 lemma finite_UnI: "finite F ==> finite G ==> finite (F Un G)"
83 -- {* The union of two finite sets is finite. *}
84 by (induct set: Finites) simp_all
86 lemma finite_subset: "A \<subseteq> B ==> finite B ==> finite A"
87 -- {* Every subset of a finite set is finite. *}
90 thus "!!A. A \<subseteq> B ==> finite A"
96 have A: "A \<subseteq> insert x F" and r: "A - {x} \<subseteq> F ==> finite (A - {x})" .
100 with A have "A - {x} \<subseteq> F" by (simp add: subset_insert_iff)
101 with r have "finite (A - {x})" .
102 hence "finite (insert x (A - {x}))" ..
103 also have "insert x (A - {x}) = A" by (rule insert_Diff)
104 finally show ?thesis .
106 show "A \<subseteq> F ==> ?thesis" .
107 assume "x \<notin> A"
108 with A show "A \<subseteq> F" by (simp add: subset_insert_iff)
113 lemma finite_Un [iff]: "finite (F Un G) = (finite F & finite G)"
114 by (blast intro: finite_subset [of _ "X Un Y", standard] finite_UnI)
116 lemma finite_Int [simp, intro]: "finite F | finite G ==> finite (F Int G)"
117 -- {* The converse obviously fails. *}
118 by (blast intro: finite_subset)
120 lemma finite_insert [simp]: "finite (insert a A) = finite A"
121 apply (subst insert_is_Un)
122 apply (simp only: finite_Un, blast)
125 lemma finite_empty_induct:
127 P A ==> (!!a A. finite A ==> a:A ==> P A ==> P (A - {a})) ==> P {}"
130 and "P A" and "!!a A. finite A ==> a:A ==> P A ==> P (A - {a})"
134 presume c: "finite c" and b: "finite b"
135 and P1: "P b" and P2: "!!x y. finite y ==> x \<in> y ==> P y ==> P (y - {x})"
136 from c show "c \<subseteq> b ==> P (b - c)"
139 from P1 show ?case by simp
142 have "P (b - F - {x})"
144 from _ b show "finite (b - F)" by (rule finite_subset) blast
145 from insert show "x \<in> b - F" by simp
146 from insert show "P (b - F)" by simp
148 also have "b - F - {x} = b - insert x F" by (rule Diff_insert [symmetric])
152 show "A \<subseteq> A" ..
157 lemma finite_Diff [simp]: "finite B ==> finite (B - Ba)"
158 by (rule Diff_subset [THEN finite_subset])
160 lemma finite_Diff_insert [iff]: "finite (A - insert a B) = finite (A - B)"
161 apply (subst Diff_insert)
162 apply (case_tac "a : A - B")
163 apply (rule finite_insert [symmetric, THEN trans])
164 apply (subst insert_Diff, simp_all)
168 subsubsection {* Image and Inverse Image over Finite Sets *}
170 lemma finite_imageI[simp]: "finite F ==> finite (h ` F)"
171 -- {* The image of a finite set is finite. *}
172 by (induct set: Finites) simp_all
174 lemma finite_surj: "finite A ==> B <= f ` A ==> finite B"
175 apply (frule finite_imageI)
176 apply (erule finite_subset, assumption)
179 lemma finite_range_imageI:
180 "finite (range g) ==> finite (range (%x. f (g x)))"
181 apply (drule finite_imageI, simp)
184 lemma finite_imageD: "finite (f`A) ==> inj_on f A ==> finite A"
186 have aux: "!!A. finite (A - {}) = finite A" by simp
189 thus "!!A. f`A = B ==> inj_on f A ==> finite A"
192 apply (subgoal_tac "EX y:A. f y = x & F = f ` (A - {y})")
194 apply (simp (no_asm_use) add: inj_on_def)
195 apply (blast dest!: aux [THEN iffD1], atomize)
196 apply (erule_tac V = "ALL A. ?PP (A)" in thin_rl)
197 apply (frule subsetD [OF equalityD2 insertI1], clarify)
198 apply (rule_tac x = xa in bexI)
199 apply (simp_all add: inj_on_image_set_diff)
204 lemma inj_vimage_singleton: "inj f ==> f-`{a} \<subseteq> {THE x. f x = a}"
205 -- {* The inverse image of a singleton under an injective function
206 is included in a singleton. *}
207 apply (auto simp add: inj_on_def)
208 apply (blast intro: the_equality [symmetric])
211 lemma finite_vimageI: "[|finite F; inj h|] ==> finite (h -` F)"
212 -- {* The inverse image of a finite set under an injective function
214 apply (induct set: Finites, simp_all)
215 apply (subst vimage_insert)
216 apply (simp add: finite_Un finite_subset [OF inj_vimage_singleton])
220 subsubsection {* The finite UNION of finite sets *}
222 lemma finite_UN_I: "finite A ==> (!!a. a:A ==> finite (B a)) ==> finite (UN a:A. B a)"
223 by (induct set: Finites) simp_all
227 @{prop "((ALL x:A. finite (B x)) & finite {x. x:A & B x \<noteq> {}})"}?
230 @{prop "finite C ==> ALL A B. (UNION A B) <= C --> finite {x. x:A & B x \<noteq> {}}"}
233 lemma finite_UN [simp]: "finite A ==> finite (UNION A B) = (ALL x:A. finite (B x))"
234 by (blast intro: finite_UN_I finite_subset)
237 subsubsection {* Sigma of finite sets *}
239 lemma finite_SigmaI [simp]:
240 "finite A ==> (!!a. a:A ==> finite (B a)) ==> finite (SIGMA a:A. B a)"
241 by (unfold Sigma_def) (blast intro!: finite_UN_I)
243 lemma finite_Prod_UNIV:
244 "finite (UNIV::'a set) ==> finite (UNIV::'b set) ==> finite (UNIV::('a * 'b) set)"
245 apply (subgoal_tac "(UNIV:: ('a * 'b) set) = Sigma UNIV (%x. UNIV)")
247 apply (erule finite_SigmaI, auto)
250 instance unit :: finite
252 have "finite {()}" by simp
253 also have "{()} = UNIV" by auto
254 finally show "finite (UNIV :: unit set)" .
257 instance * :: (finite, finite) finite
259 show "finite (UNIV :: ('a \<times> 'b) set)"
260 proof (rule finite_Prod_UNIV)
261 show "finite (UNIV :: 'a set)" by (rule finite)
262 show "finite (UNIV :: 'b set)" by (rule finite)
267 subsubsection {* The powerset of a finite set *}
269 lemma finite_Pow_iff [iff]: "finite (Pow A) = finite A"
271 assume "finite (Pow A)"
272 with _ have "finite ((%x. {x}) ` A)" by (rule finite_subset) blast
273 thus "finite A" by (rule finite_imageD [unfolded inj_on_def]) simp
276 thus "finite (Pow A)"
277 by induct (simp_all add: finite_UnI finite_imageI Pow_insert)
280 lemma finite_converse [iff]: "finite (r^-1) = finite r"
281 apply (subgoal_tac "r^-1 = (%(x,y). (y,x))`r")
284 apply (erule finite_imageD [unfolded inj_on_def])
285 apply (simp split add: split_split)
286 apply (erule finite_imageI)
287 apply (simp add: converse_def image_def, auto)
289 prefer 2 apply assumption
294 subsubsection {* Finiteness of transitive closure *}
296 text {* (Thanks to Sidi Ehmety) *}
298 lemma finite_Field: "finite r ==> finite (Field r)"
299 -- {* A finite relation has a finite field (@{text "= domain \<union> range"}. *}
300 apply (induct set: Finites)
301 apply (auto simp add: Field_def Domain_insert Range_insert)
304 lemma trancl_subset_Field2: "r^+ <= Field r \<times> Field r"
306 apply (erule trancl_induct)
307 apply (auto simp add: Field_def)
310 lemma finite_trancl: "finite (r^+) = finite r"
313 apply (rule trancl_subset_Field2 [THEN finite_subset])
314 apply (rule finite_SigmaI)
316 apply (blast intro: r_into_trancl' finite_subset)
317 apply (auto simp add: finite_Field)
320 lemma finite_cartesian_product: "[| finite A; finite B |] ==>
322 by (rule finite_SigmaI)
325 subsection {* Finite cardinality *}
328 This definition, although traditional, is ugly to work with: @{text
329 "card A == LEAST n. EX f. A = {f i | i. i < n}"}. Therefore we have
330 switched to an inductive one:
333 consts cardR :: "('a set \<times> nat) set"
337 EmptyI: "({}, 0) : cardR"
338 InsertI: "(A, n) : cardR ==> a \<notin> A ==> (insert a A, Suc n) : cardR"
341 card :: "'a set => nat"
342 "card A == THE n. (A, n) : cardR"
344 inductive_cases cardR_emptyE: "({}, n) : cardR"
345 inductive_cases cardR_insertE: "(insert a A,n) : cardR"
347 lemma cardR_SucD: "(A, n) : cardR ==> a : A --> (EX m. n = Suc m)"
348 by (induct set: cardR) simp_all
350 lemma cardR_determ_aux1:
351 "(A, m): cardR ==> (!!n a. m = Suc n ==> a:A ==> (A - {a}, n) : cardR)"
352 apply (induct set: cardR, auto)
353 apply (simp add: insert_Diff_if, auto)
354 apply (drule cardR_SucD)
355 apply (blast intro!: cardR.intros)
358 lemma cardR_determ_aux2: "(insert a A, Suc m) : cardR ==> a \<notin> A ==> (A, m) : cardR"
359 by (drule cardR_determ_aux1) auto
361 lemma cardR_determ: "(A, m): cardR ==> (!!n. (A, n) : cardR ==> n = m)"
362 apply (induct set: cardR)
363 apply (safe elim!: cardR_emptyE cardR_insertE)
364 apply (rename_tac B b m)
365 apply (case_tac "a = b")
366 apply (subgoal_tac "A = B")
367 prefer 2 apply (blast elim: equalityE, blast)
368 apply (subgoal_tac "EX C. A = insert b C & B = insert a C")
370 apply (rule_tac x = "A Int B" in exI)
371 apply (blast elim: equalityE)
372 apply (frule_tac A = B in cardR_SucD)
373 apply (blast intro!: cardR.intros dest!: cardR_determ_aux2)
376 lemma cardR_imp_finite: "(A, n) : cardR ==> finite A"
377 by (induct set: cardR) simp_all
379 lemma finite_imp_cardR: "finite A ==> EX n. (A, n) : cardR"
380 by (induct set: Finites) (auto intro!: cardR.intros)
382 lemma card_equality: "(A,n) : cardR ==> card A = n"
383 by (unfold card_def) (blast intro: cardR_determ)
385 lemma card_empty [simp]: "card {} = 0"
386 by (unfold card_def) (blast intro!: cardR.intros elim!: cardR_emptyE)
388 lemma card_insert_disjoint [simp]:
389 "finite A ==> x \<notin> A ==> card (insert x A) = Suc(card A)"
391 assume x: "x \<notin> A"
392 hence aux: "!!n. ((insert x A, n) : cardR) = (EX m. (A, m) : cardR & n = Suc m)"
393 apply (auto intro!: cardR.intros)
394 apply (rule_tac A1 = A in finite_imp_cardR [THEN exE])
395 apply (force dest: cardR_imp_finite)
396 apply (blast intro!: cardR.intros intro: cardR_determ)
400 apply (simp add: card_def aux)
401 apply (rule the_equality)
402 apply (auto intro: finite_imp_cardR
403 cong: conj_cong simp: card_def [symmetric] card_equality)
407 lemma card_0_eq [simp]: "finite A ==> (card A = 0) = (A = {})"
409 apply (drule_tac a = x in mk_disjoint_insert, clarify)
410 apply (rotate_tac -1, auto)
413 lemma card_insert_if:
414 "finite A ==> card (insert x A) = (if x:A then card A else Suc(card(A)))"
415 by (simp add: insert_absorb)
417 lemma card_Suc_Diff1: "finite A ==> x: A ==> Suc (card (A - {x})) = card A"
418 apply(rule_tac t = A in insert_Diff [THEN subst], assumption)
419 apply(simp del:insert_Diff_single)
422 lemma card_Diff_singleton:
423 "finite A ==> x: A ==> card (A - {x}) = card A - 1"
424 by (simp add: card_Suc_Diff1 [symmetric])
426 lemma card_Diff_singleton_if:
427 "finite A ==> card (A-{x}) = (if x : A then card A - 1 else card A)"
428 by (simp add: card_Diff_singleton)
430 lemma card_insert: "finite A ==> card (insert x A) = Suc (card (A - {x}))"
431 by (simp add: card_insert_if card_Suc_Diff1)
433 lemma card_insert_le: "finite A ==> card A <= card (insert x A)"
434 by (simp add: card_insert_if)
436 lemma card_seteq: "finite B ==> (!!A. A <= B ==> card B <= card A ==> A = B)"
437 apply (induct set: Finites, simp, clarify)
438 apply (subgoal_tac "finite A & A - {x} <= F")
439 prefer 2 apply (blast intro: finite_subset, atomize)
440 apply (drule_tac x = "A - {x}" in spec)
441 apply (simp add: card_Diff_singleton_if split add: split_if_asm)
442 apply (case_tac "card A", auto)
445 lemma psubset_card_mono: "finite B ==> A < B ==> card A < card B"
446 apply (simp add: psubset_def linorder_not_le [symmetric])
447 apply (blast dest: card_seteq)
450 lemma card_mono: "finite B ==> A <= B ==> card A <= card B"
451 apply (case_tac "A = B", simp)
452 apply (simp add: linorder_not_less [symmetric])
453 apply (blast dest: card_seteq intro: order_less_imp_le)
456 lemma card_Un_Int: "finite A ==> finite B
457 ==> card A + card B = card (A Un B) + card (A Int B)"
458 apply (induct set: Finites, simp)
459 apply (simp add: insert_absorb Int_insert_left)
462 lemma card_Un_disjoint: "finite A ==> finite B
463 ==> A Int B = {} ==> card (A Un B) = card A + card B"
464 by (simp add: card_Un_Int)
466 lemma card_Diff_subset:
467 "finite A ==> B <= A ==> card A - card B = card (A - B)"
468 apply (subgoal_tac "(A - B) Un B = A")
470 apply (rule nat_add_right_cancel [THEN iffD1])
471 apply (rule card_Un_disjoint [THEN subst])
472 apply (erule_tac [4] ssubst)
474 apply (simp_all add: add_commute not_less_iff_le
475 add_diff_inverse card_mono finite_subset)
478 lemma card_Diff1_less: "finite A ==> x: A ==> card (A - {x}) < card A"
479 apply (rule Suc_less_SucD)
480 apply (simp add: card_Suc_Diff1)
483 lemma card_Diff2_less:
484 "finite A ==> x: A ==> y: A ==> card (A - {x} - {y}) < card A"
485 apply (case_tac "x = y")
486 apply (simp add: card_Diff1_less)
487 apply (rule less_trans)
488 prefer 2 apply (auto intro!: card_Diff1_less)
491 lemma card_Diff1_le: "finite A ==> card (A - {x}) <= card A"
492 apply (case_tac "x : A")
493 apply (simp_all add: card_Diff1_less less_imp_le)
496 lemma card_psubset: "finite B ==> A \<subseteq> B ==> card A < card B ==> A < B"
497 by (erule psubsetI, blast)
500 subsubsection {* Cardinality of image *}
502 lemma card_image_le: "finite A ==> card (f ` A) <= card A"
503 apply (induct set: Finites, simp)
504 apply (simp add: le_SucI finite_imageI card_insert_if)
507 lemma card_image: "finite A ==> inj_on f A ==> card (f ` A) = card A"
508 apply (induct set: Finites, simp_all, atomize, safe)
509 apply (unfold inj_on_def, blast)
510 apply (subst card_insert_disjoint)
511 apply (erule finite_imageI, blast, blast)
514 lemma endo_inj_surj: "finite A ==> f ` A \<subseteq> A ==> inj_on f A ==> f ` A = A"
515 by (simp add: card_seteq card_image)
518 subsubsection {* Cardinality of the Powerset *}
520 lemma card_Pow: "finite A ==> card (Pow A) = Suc (Suc 0) ^ card A" (* FIXME numeral 2 (!?) *)
521 apply (induct set: Finites)
522 apply (simp_all add: Pow_insert)
523 apply (subst card_Un_disjoint, blast)
524 apply (blast intro: finite_imageI, blast)
525 apply (subgoal_tac "inj_on (insert x) (Pow F)")
526 apply (simp add: card_image Pow_insert)
527 apply (unfold inj_on_def)
528 apply (blast elim!: equalityE)
532 \medskip Relates to equivalence classes. Based on a theorem of
533 F. Kammüller's. The @{prop "finite C"} premise is redundant.
537 "finite C ==> finite (Union C) ==>
538 ALL c : C. k dvd card c ==>
539 (ALL c1: C. ALL c2: C. c1 \<noteq> c2 --> c1 Int c2 = {}) ==>
540 k dvd card (Union C)"
541 apply (induct set: Finites, simp_all, clarify)
542 apply (subst card_Un_disjoint)
543 apply (auto simp add: dvd_add disjoint_eq_subset_Compl)
547 subsection {* A fold functional for finite sets *}
550 For @{text n} non-negative we have @{text "fold f e {x1, ..., xn} =
551 f x1 (... (f xn e))"} where @{text f} is at least left-commutative.
555 foldSet :: "('b => 'a => 'a) => 'a => ('b set \<times> 'a) set"
557 inductive "foldSet f e"
559 emptyI [intro]: "({}, e) : foldSet f e"
560 insertI [intro]: "x \<notin> A ==> (A, y) : foldSet f e ==> (insert x A, f x y) : foldSet f e"
562 inductive_cases empty_foldSetE [elim!]: "({}, x) : foldSet f e"
565 fold :: "('b => 'a => 'a) => 'a => 'b set => 'a"
566 "fold f e A == THE x. (A, x) : foldSet f e"
568 lemma Diff1_foldSet: "(A - {x}, y) : foldSet f e ==> x: A ==> (A, f x y) : foldSet f e"
569 by (erule insert_Diff [THEN subst], rule foldSet.intros, auto)
571 lemma foldSet_imp_finite [simp]: "(A, x) : foldSet f e ==> finite A"
572 by (induct set: foldSet) auto
574 lemma finite_imp_foldSet: "finite A ==> EX x. (A, x) : foldSet f e"
575 by (induct set: Finites) auto
578 subsubsection {* Left-commutative operations *}
581 fixes f :: "'b => 'a => 'a" (infixl "\<cdot>" 70)
582 assumes left_commute: "x \<cdot> (y \<cdot> z) = y \<cdot> (x \<cdot> z)"
584 lemma (in LC) foldSet_determ_aux:
585 "ALL A x. card A < n --> (A, x) : foldSet f e -->
586 (ALL y. (A, y) : foldSet f e --> y = x)"
588 apply (auto simp add: less_Suc_eq)
589 apply (erule foldSet.cases, blast)
590 apply (erule foldSet.cases, blast, clarify)
591 txt {* force simplification of @{text "card A < card (insert ...)"}. *}
593 apply (simp add: less_Suc_eq_le)
595 apply (rename_tac Aa xa ya Ab xb yb, case_tac "xa = xb")
596 apply (subgoal_tac "Aa = Ab")
597 prefer 2 apply (blast elim!: equalityE, blast)
598 txt {* case @{prop "xa \<notin> xb"}. *}
599 apply (subgoal_tac "Aa - {xb} = Ab - {xa} & xb : Aa & xa : Ab")
600 prefer 2 apply (blast elim!: equalityE, clarify)
601 apply (subgoal_tac "Aa = insert xb Ab - {xa}")
603 apply (subgoal_tac "card Aa <= card Ab")
605 apply (rule Suc_le_mono [THEN subst])
606 apply (simp add: card_Suc_Diff1)
607 apply (rule_tac A1 = "Aa - {xb}" and f1 = f in finite_imp_foldSet [THEN exE])
608 apply (blast intro: foldSet_imp_finite finite_Diff)
609 apply (frule (1) Diff1_foldSet)
610 apply (subgoal_tac "ya = f xb x")
611 prefer 2 apply (blast del: equalityCE)
612 apply (subgoal_tac "(Ab - {xa}, x) : foldSet f e")
614 apply (subgoal_tac "yb = f xa x")
615 prefer 2 apply (blast del: equalityCE dest: Diff1_foldSet)
616 apply (simp (no_asm_simp) add: left_commute)
619 lemma (in LC) foldSet_determ: "(A, x) : foldSet f e ==> (A, y) : foldSet f e ==> y = x"
620 by (blast intro: foldSet_determ_aux [rule_format])
622 lemma (in LC) fold_equality: "(A, y) : foldSet f e ==> fold f e A = y"
623 by (unfold fold_def) (blast intro: foldSet_determ)
625 lemma fold_empty [simp]: "fold f e {} = e"
626 by (unfold fold_def) blast
628 lemma (in LC) fold_insert_aux: "x \<notin> A ==>
629 ((insert x A, v) : foldSet f e) =
630 (EX y. (A, y) : foldSet f e & v = f x y)"
632 apply (rule_tac A1 = A and f1 = f in finite_imp_foldSet [THEN exE])
633 apply (fastsimp dest: foldSet_imp_finite)
634 apply (blast intro: foldSet_determ)
637 lemma (in LC) fold_insert:
638 "finite A ==> x \<notin> A ==> fold f e (insert x A) = f x (fold f e A)"
639 apply (unfold fold_def)
640 apply (simp add: fold_insert_aux)
641 apply (rule the_equality)
642 apply (auto intro: finite_imp_foldSet
643 cong add: conj_cong simp add: fold_def [symmetric] fold_equality)
646 lemma (in LC) fold_commute: "finite A ==> (!!e. f x (fold f e A) = fold f (f x e) A)"
647 apply (induct set: Finites, simp)
648 apply (simp add: left_commute fold_insert)
651 lemma (in LC) fold_nest_Un_Int:
652 "finite A ==> finite B
653 ==> fold f (fold f e B) A = fold f (fold f e (A Int B)) (A Un B)"
654 apply (induct set: Finites, simp)
655 apply (simp add: fold_insert fold_commute Int_insert_left insert_absorb)
658 lemma (in LC) fold_nest_Un_disjoint:
659 "finite A ==> finite B ==> A Int B = {}
660 ==> fold f e (A Un B) = fold f (fold f e B) A"
661 by (simp add: fold_nest_Un_Int)
663 declare foldSet_imp_finite [simp del]
664 empty_foldSetE [rule del] foldSet.intros [rule del]
665 -- {* Delete rules to do with @{text foldSet} relation. *}
669 subsubsection {* Commutative monoids *}
672 We enter a more restrictive context, with @{text "f :: 'a => 'a => 'a"}
673 instead of @{text "'b => 'a => 'a"}.
677 fixes f :: "'a => 'a => 'a" (infixl "\<cdot>" 70)
679 assumes ident [simp]: "x \<cdot> e = x"
680 and commute: "x \<cdot> y = y \<cdot> x"
681 and assoc: "(x \<cdot> y) \<cdot> z = x \<cdot> (y \<cdot> z)"
683 lemma (in ACe) left_commute: "x \<cdot> (y \<cdot> z) = y \<cdot> (x \<cdot> z)"
685 have "x \<cdot> (y \<cdot> z) = (y \<cdot> z) \<cdot> x" by (simp only: commute)
686 also have "... = y \<cdot> (z \<cdot> x)" by (simp only: assoc)
687 also have "z \<cdot> x = x \<cdot> z" by (simp only: commute)
688 finally show ?thesis .
691 lemmas (in ACe) AC = assoc commute left_commute
693 lemma (in ACe) left_ident [simp]: "e \<cdot> x = x"
695 have "x \<cdot> e = x" by (rule ident)
696 thus ?thesis by (subst commute)
699 lemma (in ACe) fold_Un_Int:
700 "finite A ==> finite B ==>
701 fold f e A \<cdot> fold f e B = fold f e (A Un B) \<cdot> fold f e (A Int B)"
702 apply (induct set: Finites, simp)
703 apply (simp add: AC insert_absorb Int_insert_left
704 LC.fold_insert [OF LC.intro])
707 lemma (in ACe) fold_Un_disjoint:
708 "finite A ==> finite B ==> A Int B = {} ==>
709 fold f e (A Un B) = fold f e A \<cdot> fold f e B"
710 by (simp add: fold_Un_Int)
712 lemma (in ACe) fold_Un_disjoint2:
713 "finite A ==> finite B ==> A Int B = {} ==>
714 fold (f o g) e (A Un B) = fold (f o g) e A \<cdot> fold (f o g) e B"
718 thus "A Int B = {} ==>
719 fold (f o g) e (A Un B) = fold (f o g) e A \<cdot> fold (f o g) e B"
725 have "fold (f o g) e (insert x F \<union> B) = fold (f o g) e (insert x (F \<union> B))"
727 also have "... = (f o g) x (fold (f o g) e (F \<union> B))"
728 by (rule LC.fold_insert [OF LC.intro])
729 (insert b insert, auto simp add: left_commute)
730 also from insert have "fold (f o g) e (F \<union> B) =
731 fold (f o g) e F \<cdot> fold (f o g) e B" by blast
732 also have "(f o g) x ... = (f o g) x (fold (f o g) e F) \<cdot> fold (f o g) e B"
734 also have "(f o g) x (fold (f o g) e F) = fold (f o g) e (insert x F)"
735 by (rule LC.fold_insert [OF LC.intro, symmetric]) (insert b insert,
736 auto simp add: left_commute)
742 subsection {* Generalized summation over a set *}
745 setsum :: "('a => 'b) => 'a set => 'b::comm_monoid_add"
746 "setsum f A == if finite A then fold (op + o f) 0 A else 0"
749 "_setsum" :: "idt => 'a set => 'b => 'b::comm_monoid_add" ("(3\<Sum>_:_. _)" [0, 51, 10] 10)
751 "_setsum" :: "idt => 'a set => 'b => 'b::comm_monoid_add" ("(3\<Sum>_\<in>_. _)" [0, 51, 10] 10)
753 "_setsum" :: "idt => 'a set => 'b => 'b::comm_monoid_add" ("(3\<Sum>_\<in>_. _)" [0, 51, 10] 10)
755 "\<Sum>i:A. b" == "setsum (%i. b) A" -- {* Beware of argument permutation! *}
758 lemma setsum_empty [simp]: "setsum f {} = 0"
759 by (simp add: setsum_def)
761 lemma setsum_insert [simp]:
762 "finite F ==> a \<notin> F ==> setsum f (insert a F) = f a + setsum f F"
763 by (simp add: setsum_def
764 LC.fold_insert [OF LC.intro] add_left_commute)
766 lemma setsum_reindex [rule_format]: "finite B ==>
767 inj_on f B --> setsum h (f ` B) = setsum (h \<circ> f) B"
768 apply (rule finite_induct, assumption, force)
769 apply (rule impI, auto)
770 apply (simp add: inj_on_def)
771 apply (subgoal_tac "f x \<notin> f ` F")
772 apply (subgoal_tac "finite (f ` F)")
773 apply (auto simp add: setsum_insert)
774 apply (simp add: inj_on_def)
777 lemma setsum_reindex_id: "finite B ==> inj_on f B ==>
778 setsum f B = setsum id (f ` B)"
779 by (auto simp add: setsum_reindex id_o)
781 lemma setsum_reindex_cong: "finite A ==> inj_on f A ==>
782 B = f ` A ==> g = h \<circ> f ==> setsum h B = setsum g A"
783 by (frule setsum_reindex, assumption, simp)
786 "A = B ==> (!!x. x:B ==> f x = g x) ==> setsum f A = setsum g B"
787 apply (case_tac "finite B")
788 prefer 2 apply (simp add: setsum_def, simp)
789 apply (subgoal_tac "ALL C. C <= B --> (ALL x:C. f x = g x) --> setsum f C = setsum g C")
791 apply (erule finite_induct, simp)
792 apply (simp add: subset_insert_iff, clarify)
793 apply (subgoal_tac "finite C")
794 prefer 2 apply (blast dest: finite_subset [COMP swap_prems_rl])
795 apply (subgoal_tac "C = insert x (C - {x})")
799 apply (erule (1) notE impE)
800 apply (simp add: Ball_def del:insert_Diff_single)
803 lemma setsum_0: "setsum (%i. 0) A = 0"
804 apply (case_tac "finite A")
805 prefer 2 apply (simp add: setsum_def)
806 apply (erule finite_induct, auto)
809 lemma setsum_0': "ALL a:F. f a = 0 ==> setsum f F = 0"
810 apply (subgoal_tac "setsum f F = setsum (%x. 0) F")
811 apply (erule ssubst, rule setsum_0)
812 apply (rule setsum_cong, auto)
815 lemma card_eq_setsum: "finite A ==> card A = setsum (%x. 1) A"
816 -- {* Could allow many @{text "card"} proofs to be simplified. *}
817 by (induct set: Finites) auto
819 lemma setsum_Un_Int: "finite A ==> finite B
820 ==> setsum g (A Un B) + setsum g (A Int B) = setsum g A + setsum g B"
821 -- {* The reversed orientation looks more natural, but LOOPS as a simprule! *}
822 apply (induct set: Finites, simp)
823 apply (simp add: add_ac Int_insert_left insert_absorb)
826 lemma setsum_Un_disjoint: "finite A ==> finite B
827 ==> A Int B = {} ==> setsum g (A Un B) = setsum g A + setsum g B"
828 apply (subst setsum_Un_Int [symmetric], auto)
831 lemma setsum_UN_disjoint:
832 "finite I ==> (ALL i:I. finite (A i)) ==>
833 (ALL i:I. ALL j:I. i \<noteq> j --> A i Int A j = {}) ==>
834 setsum f (UNION I A) = setsum (%i. setsum f (A i)) I"
835 apply (induct set: Finites, simp, atomize)
836 apply (subgoal_tac "ALL i:F. x \<noteq> i")
838 apply (subgoal_tac "A x Int UNION F A = {}")
840 apply (simp add: setsum_Un_disjoint)
843 lemma setsum_Union_disjoint:
844 "finite C ==> (ALL A:C. finite A) ==>
845 (ALL A:C. ALL B:C. A \<noteq> B --> A Int B = {}) ==>
846 setsum f (Union C) = setsum (setsum f) C"
847 apply (frule setsum_UN_disjoint [of C id f])
848 apply (unfold Union_def id_def, assumption+)
851 lemma setsum_Sigma: "finite A ==> ALL x:A. finite (B x) ==>
852 (\<Sum>x:A. (\<Sum>y:B x. f x y)) =
853 (\<Sum>z:(SIGMA x:A. B x). f (fst z) (snd z))"
854 apply (subst Sigma_def)
855 apply (subst setsum_UN_disjoint)
858 apply (drule_tac x = i in bspec, assumption)
859 apply (subgoal_tac "(UN y:(B i). {(i, y)}) <= (%y. (i, y)) ` (B i)")
860 apply (rule finite_surj)
862 apply (rule setsum_cong, rule refl)
863 apply (subst setsum_UN_disjoint)
864 apply (erule bspec, assumption)
868 lemma setsum_cartesian_product: "finite A ==> finite B ==>
869 (\<Sum>x:A. (\<Sum>y:B. f x y)) =
870 (\<Sum>z:A <*> B. f (fst z) (snd z))"
871 by (erule setsum_Sigma, auto);
873 lemma setsum_addf: "setsum (%x. f x + g x) A = (setsum f A + setsum g A)"
874 apply (case_tac "finite A")
875 prefer 2 apply (simp add: setsum_def)
876 apply (erule finite_induct, auto)
877 apply (simp add: add_ac)
880 subsubsection {* Properties in more restricted classes of structures *}
882 lemma setsum_SucD: "setsum f A = Suc n ==> EX a:A. 0 < f a"
883 apply (case_tac "finite A")
884 prefer 2 apply (simp add: setsum_def)
886 apply (erule finite_induct, auto)
889 lemma setsum_eq_0_iff [simp]:
890 "finite F ==> (setsum f F = 0) = (ALL a:F. f a = (0::nat))"
891 by (induct set: Finites) auto
893 lemma setsum_constant_nat [simp]:
894 "finite A ==> (\<Sum>x: A. y) = (card A) * y"
895 -- {* Later generalized to any comm_semiring_1_cancel. *}
896 by (erule finite_induct, auto)
898 lemma setsum_Un: "finite A ==> finite B ==>
899 (setsum f (A Un B) :: nat) = setsum f A + setsum f B - setsum f (A Int B)"
900 -- {* For the natural numbers, we have subtraction. *}
901 by (subst setsum_Un_Int [symmetric], auto simp add: ring_eq_simps)
903 lemma setsum_Un_ring: "finite A ==> finite B ==>
904 (setsum f (A Un B) :: 'a :: comm_ring_1) =
905 setsum f A + setsum f B - setsum f (A Int B)"
906 by (subst setsum_Un_Int [symmetric], auto simp add: ring_eq_simps)
908 lemma setsum_diff1: "(setsum f (A - {a}) :: nat) =
909 (if a:A then setsum f A - f a else setsum f A)"
910 apply (case_tac "finite A")
911 prefer 2 apply (simp add: setsum_def)
912 apply (erule finite_induct)
913 apply (auto simp add: insert_Diff_if)
914 apply (drule_tac a = a in mk_disjoint_insert, auto)
917 lemma setsum_negf: "finite A ==> setsum (%x. - (f x)::'a::comm_ring_1) A =
919 by (induct set: Finites, auto)
921 lemma setsum_subtractf: "finite A ==> setsum (%x. ((f x)::'a::comm_ring_1) - g x) A =
922 setsum f A - setsum g A"
923 by (simp add: diff_minus setsum_addf setsum_negf)
925 lemma setsum_nonneg: "[| finite A;
926 \<forall>x \<in> A. (0::'a::ordered_semidom) \<le> f x |] ==>
928 apply (induct set: Finites, auto)
929 apply (subgoal_tac "0 + 0 \<le> f x + setsum f F", simp)
930 apply (blast intro: add_mono)
933 subsubsection {* Cardinality of unions and Sigma sets *}
935 lemma card_UN_disjoint:
936 "finite I ==> (ALL i:I. finite (A i)) ==>
937 (ALL i:I. ALL j:I. i \<noteq> j --> A i Int A j = {}) ==>
938 card (UNION I A) = setsum (%i. card (A i)) I"
939 apply (subst card_eq_setsum)
940 apply (subst finite_UN, assumption+)
941 apply (subgoal_tac "setsum (%i. card (A i)) I =
942 setsum (%i. (setsum (%x. 1) (A i))) I")
944 apply (erule setsum_UN_disjoint, assumption+)
945 apply (rule setsum_cong)
949 lemma card_Union_disjoint:
950 "finite C ==> (ALL A:C. finite A) ==>
951 (ALL A:C. ALL B:C. A \<noteq> B --> A Int B = {}) ==>
952 card (Union C) = setsum card C"
953 apply (frule card_UN_disjoint [of C id])
954 apply (unfold Union_def id_def, assumption+)
957 lemma SigmaI_insert: "y \<notin> A ==>
958 (SIGMA x:(insert y A). B x) = (({y} <*> (B y)) \<union> (SIGMA x: A. B x))"
961 lemma card_cartesian_product_singleton: "finite A ==>
962 card({x} <*> A) = card(A)"
963 apply (subgoal_tac "inj_on (%y .(x,y)) A")
964 apply (frule card_image, assumption)
965 apply (subgoal_tac "(Pair x ` A) = {x} <*> A")
966 apply (auto simp add: inj_on_def)
969 lemma card_SigmaI [rule_format,simp]: "finite A ==>
970 (ALL a:A. finite (B a)) -->
971 card (SIGMA x: A. B x) = (\<Sum>a: A. card (B a))"
972 apply (erule finite_induct, auto)
973 apply (subst SigmaI_insert, assumption)
974 apply (subst card_Un_disjoint)
975 apply (auto intro: finite_SigmaI simp add: card_cartesian_product_singleton)
978 lemma card_cartesian_product: "[| finite A; finite B |] ==>
979 card (A <*> B) = card(A) * card(B)"
983 subsection {* Generalized product over a set *}
986 setprod :: "('a => 'b) => 'a set => 'b::comm_monoid_mult"
987 "setprod f A == if finite A then fold (op * o f) 1 A else 1"
990 "_setprod" :: "idt => 'a set => 'b => 'b::comm_monoid_mult" ("(3\<Prod>_:_. _)" [0, 51, 10] 10)
993 "_setprod" :: "idt => 'a set => 'b => 'b::comm_monoid_mult" ("(3\<Prod>_\<in>_. _)" [0, 51, 10] 10)
995 "_setprod" :: "idt => 'a set => 'b => 'b::comm_monoid_mult" ("(3\<Prod>_\<in>_. _)" [0, 51, 10] 10)
997 "\<Prod>i:A. b" == "setprod (%i. b) A" -- {* Beware of argument permutation! *}
999 lemma setprod_empty [simp]: "setprod f {} = 1"
1000 by (auto simp add: setprod_def)
1002 lemma setprod_insert [simp]: "[| finite A; a \<notin> A |] ==>
1003 setprod f (insert a A) = f a * setprod f A"
1004 by (auto simp add: setprod_def LC_def LC.fold_insert
1007 lemma setprod_reindex [rule_format]: "finite B ==>
1008 inj_on f B --> setprod h (f ` B) = setprod (h \<circ> f) B"
1009 apply (rule finite_induct, assumption, force)
1010 apply (rule impI, auto)
1011 apply (simp add: inj_on_def)
1012 apply (subgoal_tac "f x \<notin> f ` F")
1013 apply (subgoal_tac "finite (f ` F)")
1014 apply (auto simp add: setprod_insert)
1015 apply (simp add: inj_on_def)
1018 lemma setprod_reindex_id: "finite B ==> inj_on f B ==>
1019 setprod f B = setprod id (f ` B)"
1020 by (auto simp add: setprod_reindex id_o)
1022 lemma setprod_reindex_cong: "finite A ==> inj_on f A ==>
1023 B = f ` A ==> g = h \<circ> f ==> setprod h B = setprod g A"
1024 by (frule setprod_reindex, assumption, simp)
1027 "A = B ==> (!!x. x:B ==> f x = g x) ==> setprod f A = setprod g B"
1028 apply (case_tac "finite B")
1029 prefer 2 apply (simp add: setprod_def, simp)
1030 apply (subgoal_tac "ALL C. C <= B --> (ALL x:C. f x = g x) --> setprod f C = setprod g C")
1032 apply (erule finite_induct, simp)
1033 apply (simp add: subset_insert_iff, clarify)
1034 apply (subgoal_tac "finite C")
1035 prefer 2 apply (blast dest: finite_subset [COMP swap_prems_rl])
1036 apply (subgoal_tac "C = insert x (C - {x})")
1037 prefer 2 apply blast
1038 apply (erule ssubst)
1040 apply (erule (1) notE impE)
1041 apply (simp add: Ball_def del:insert_Diff_single)
1044 lemma setprod_1: "setprod (%i. 1) A = 1"
1045 apply (case_tac "finite A")
1046 apply (erule finite_induct, auto simp add: mult_ac)
1047 apply (simp add: setprod_def)
1050 lemma setprod_1': "ALL a:F. f a = 1 ==> setprod f F = 1"
1051 apply (subgoal_tac "setprod f F = setprod (%x. 1) F")
1052 apply (erule ssubst, rule setprod_1)
1053 apply (rule setprod_cong, auto)
1056 lemma setprod_Un_Int: "finite A ==> finite B
1057 ==> setprod g (A Un B) * setprod g (A Int B) = setprod g A * setprod g B"
1058 apply (induct set: Finites, simp)
1059 apply (simp add: mult_ac insert_absorb)
1060 apply (simp add: mult_ac Int_insert_left insert_absorb)
1063 lemma setprod_Un_disjoint: "finite A ==> finite B
1064 ==> A Int B = {} ==> setprod g (A Un B) = setprod g A * setprod g B"
1065 apply (subst setprod_Un_Int [symmetric], auto simp add: mult_ac)
1068 lemma setprod_UN_disjoint:
1069 "finite I ==> (ALL i:I. finite (A i)) ==>
1070 (ALL i:I. ALL j:I. i \<noteq> j --> A i Int A j = {}) ==>
1071 setprod f (UNION I A) = setprod (%i. setprod f (A i)) I"
1072 apply (induct set: Finites, simp, atomize)
1073 apply (subgoal_tac "ALL i:F. x \<noteq> i")
1074 prefer 2 apply blast
1075 apply (subgoal_tac "A x Int UNION F A = {}")
1076 prefer 2 apply blast
1077 apply (simp add: setprod_Un_disjoint)
1080 lemma setprod_Union_disjoint:
1081 "finite C ==> (ALL A:C. finite A) ==>
1082 (ALL A:C. ALL B:C. A \<noteq> B --> A Int B = {}) ==>
1083 setprod f (Union C) = setprod (setprod f) C"
1084 apply (frule setprod_UN_disjoint [of C id f])
1085 apply (unfold Union_def id_def, assumption+)
1088 lemma setprod_Sigma: "finite A ==> ALL x:A. finite (B x) ==>
1089 (\<Prod>x:A. (\<Prod>y: B x. f x y)) =
1090 (\<Prod>z:(SIGMA x:A. B x). f (fst z) (snd z))"
1091 apply (subst Sigma_def)
1092 apply (subst setprod_UN_disjoint)
1095 apply (drule_tac x = i in bspec, assumption)
1096 apply (subgoal_tac "(UN y:(B i). {(i, y)}) <= (%y. (i, y)) ` (B i)")
1097 apply (rule finite_surj)
1099 apply (rule setprod_cong, rule refl)
1100 apply (subst setprod_UN_disjoint)
1101 apply (erule bspec, assumption)
1105 lemma setprod_cartesian_product: "finite A ==> finite B ==>
1106 (\<Prod>x:A. (\<Prod>y: B. f x y)) =
1107 (\<Prod>z:(A <*> B). f (fst z) (snd z))"
1108 by (erule setprod_Sigma, auto)
1110 lemma setprod_timesf: "setprod (%x. f x * g x) A =
1111 (setprod f A * setprod g A)"
1112 apply (case_tac "finite A")
1113 prefer 2 apply (simp add: setprod_def mult_ac)
1114 apply (erule finite_induct, auto)
1115 apply (simp add: mult_ac)
1118 subsubsection {* Properties in more restricted classes of structures *}
1120 lemma setprod_eq_1_iff [simp]:
1121 "finite F ==> (setprod f F = 1) = (ALL a:F. f a = (1::nat))"
1122 by (induct set: Finites) auto
1124 lemma setprod_constant: "finite A ==> (\<Prod>x: A. (y::'a::ringpower)) =
1126 apply (erule finite_induct)
1127 apply (auto simp add: power_Suc)
1130 lemma setprod_zero: "finite A ==> EX x: A. f x = (0::'a::comm_semiring_1_cancel) ==>
1132 apply (induct set: Finites, force, clarsimp)
1133 apply (erule disjE, auto)
1136 lemma setprod_nonneg [rule_format]: "(ALL x: A. (0::'a::ordered_idom) \<le> f x)
1137 --> 0 \<le> setprod f A"
1138 apply (case_tac "finite A")
1139 apply (induct set: Finites, force, clarsimp)
1140 apply (subgoal_tac "0 * 0 \<le> f x * setprod f F", force)
1141 apply (rule mult_mono, assumption+)
1142 apply (auto simp add: setprod_def)
1145 lemma setprod_pos [rule_format]: "(ALL x: A. (0::'a::ordered_idom) < f x)
1146 --> 0 < setprod f A"
1147 apply (case_tac "finite A")
1148 apply (induct set: Finites, force, clarsimp)
1149 apply (subgoal_tac "0 * 0 < f x * setprod f F", force)
1150 apply (rule mult_strict_mono, assumption+)
1151 apply (auto simp add: setprod_def)
1154 lemma setprod_nonzero [rule_format]:
1155 "(ALL x y. (x::'a::comm_semiring_1_cancel) * y = 0 --> x = 0 | y = 0) ==>
1156 finite A ==> (ALL x: A. f x \<noteq> (0::'a)) --> setprod f A \<noteq> 0"
1157 apply (erule finite_induct, auto)
1160 lemma setprod_zero_eq:
1161 "(ALL x y. (x::'a::comm_semiring_1_cancel) * y = 0 --> x = 0 | y = 0) ==>
1162 finite A ==> (setprod f A = (0::'a)) = (EX x: A. f x = 0)"
1163 apply (insert setprod_zero [of A f] setprod_nonzero [of A f], blast)
1166 lemma setprod_nonzero_field:
1167 "finite A ==> (ALL x: A. f x \<noteq> (0::'a::field)) ==> setprod f A \<noteq> 0"
1168 apply (rule setprod_nonzero, auto)
1171 lemma setprod_zero_eq_field:
1172 "finite A ==> (setprod f A = (0::'a::field)) = (EX x: A. f x = 0)"
1173 apply (rule setprod_zero_eq, auto)
1176 lemma setprod_Un: "finite A ==> finite B ==> (ALL x: A Int B. f x \<noteq> 0) ==>
1177 (setprod f (A Un B) :: 'a ::{field})
1178 = setprod f A * setprod f B / setprod f (A Int B)"
1179 apply (subst setprod_Un_Int [symmetric], auto)
1180 apply (subgoal_tac "finite (A Int B)")
1181 apply (frule setprod_nonzero_field [of "A Int B" f], assumption)
1182 apply (subst times_divide_eq_right [THEN sym], auto)
1185 lemma setprod_diff1: "finite A ==> f a \<noteq> 0 ==>
1186 (setprod f (A - {a}) :: 'a :: {field}) =
1187 (if a:A then setprod f A / f a else setprod f A)"
1188 apply (erule finite_induct)
1189 apply (auto simp add: insert_Diff_if)
1190 apply (subgoal_tac "f a * setprod f F / f a = setprod f F * f a / f a")
1191 apply (erule ssubst)
1192 apply (subst times_divide_eq_right [THEN sym])
1193 apply (auto simp add: mult_ac)
1196 lemma setprod_inversef: "finite A ==>
1197 ALL x: A. f x \<noteq> (0::'a::{field,division_by_zero}) ==>
1198 setprod (inverse \<circ> f) A = inverse (setprod f A)"
1199 apply (erule finite_induct)
1203 lemma setprod_dividef:
1205 \<forall>x \<in> A. g x \<noteq> (0::'a::{field,division_by_zero})|]
1206 ==> setprod (%x. f x / g x) A = setprod f A / setprod g A"
1208 "setprod (%x. f x / g x) A = setprod (%x. f x * (inverse \<circ> g) x) A")
1209 apply (erule ssubst)
1210 apply (subst divide_inverse)
1211 apply (subst setprod_timesf)
1212 apply (subst setprod_inversef, assumption+, rule refl)
1213 apply (rule setprod_cong, rule refl)
1214 apply (subst divide_inverse, auto)
1218 subsection{* Min and Max of finite linearly ordered sets *}
1220 text{* Seemed easier to define directly than via fold. *}
1222 lemma ex_Max: fixes S :: "('a::linorder)set"
1223 assumes fin: "finite S" shows "S \<noteq> {} ==> \<exists>m\<in>S. \<forall>s \<in> S. s \<le> m"
1226 case empty thus ?case by simp
1231 assume "S = {}" thus ?thesis by simp
1233 assume nonempty: "S \<noteq> {}"
1234 then obtain m where m: "m\<in>S" "\<forall>s\<in>S. s \<le> m" using insert by blast
1237 assume "x \<le> m" thus ?thesis using m by blast
1239 assume "~ x \<le> m" thus ?thesis using m
1240 by(simp add:linorder_not_le order_less_le)(blast intro: order_trans)
1245 lemma ex_Min: fixes S :: "('a::linorder)set"
1246 assumes fin: "finite S" shows "S \<noteq> {} ==> \<exists>m\<in>S. \<forall>s \<in> S. m \<le> s"
1249 case empty thus ?case by simp
1254 assume "S = {}" thus ?thesis by simp
1256 assume nonempty: "S \<noteq> {}"
1257 then obtain m where m: "m\<in>S" "\<forall>s\<in>S. m \<le> s" using insert by blast
1260 assume "m \<le> x" thus ?thesis using m by blast
1262 assume "~ m \<le> x" thus ?thesis using m
1263 by(simp add:linorder_not_le order_less_le)(blast intro: order_trans)
1269 Min :: "('a::linorder)set => 'a"
1270 "Min S == THE m. m \<in> S \<and> (\<forall>s \<in> S. m \<le> s)"
1272 Max :: "('a::linorder)set => 'a"
1273 "Max S == THE m. m \<in> S \<and> (\<forall>s \<in> S. s \<le> m)"
1276 assumes a: "finite S" "S \<noteq> {}"
1277 shows "Min S \<in> S \<and> (\<forall>s \<in> S. Min S \<le> s)" (is "?P(Min S)")
1278 proof (unfold Min_def, rule theI')
1279 show "\<exists>!m. ?P m"
1280 proof (rule ex_ex1I)
1281 show "\<exists>m. ?P m" using ex_Min[OF a] by blast
1283 fix m1 m2 assume "?P m1" and "?P m2"
1284 thus "m1 = m2" by (blast dest: order_antisym)
1289 assumes a: "finite S" "S \<noteq> {}"
1290 shows "Max S \<in> S \<and> (\<forall>s \<in> S. s \<le> Max S)" (is "?P(Max S)")
1291 proof (unfold Max_def, rule theI')
1292 show "\<exists>!m. ?P m"
1293 proof (rule ex_ex1I)
1294 show "\<exists>m. ?P m" using ex_Max[OF a] by blast
1296 fix m1 m2 assume "?P m1" "?P m2"
1297 thus "m1 = m2" by (blast dest: order_antisym)
1302 subsection {* Theorems about @{text "choose"} *}
1305 \medskip Basic theorem about @{text "choose"}. By Florian
1306 Kamm\"uller, tidied by LCP.
1309 lemma card_s_0_eq_empty:
1310 "finite A ==> card {B. B \<subseteq> A & card B = 0} = 1"
1311 apply (simp cong add: conj_cong add: finite_subset [THEN card_0_eq])
1312 apply (simp cong add: rev_conj_cong)
1315 lemma choose_deconstruct: "finite M ==> x \<notin> M
1316 ==> {s. s <= insert x M & card(s) = Suc k}
1317 = {s. s <= M & card(s) = Suc k} Un
1318 {s. EX t. t <= M & card(t) = k & s = insert x t}"
1320 apply (auto intro: finite_subset [THEN card_insert_disjoint])
1321 apply (drule_tac x = "xa - {x}" in spec)
1322 apply (subgoal_tac "x \<notin> xa", auto)
1323 apply (erule rev_mp, subst card_Diff_singleton)
1324 apply (auto intro: finite_subset)
1327 lemma card_inj_on_le:
1328 "[|inj_on f A; f ` A \<subseteq> B; finite A; finite B |] ==> card A <= card B"
1329 by (auto intro: card_mono simp add: card_image [symmetric])
1332 "[|inj_on f A; f ` A \<subseteq> B; inj_on g B; g ` B \<subseteq> A;
1333 finite A; finite B |] ==> card A = card B"
1334 by (auto intro: le_anti_sym card_inj_on_le)
1336 text{*There are as many subsets of @{term A} having cardinality @{term k}
1337 as there are sets obtained from the former by inserting a fixed element
1338 @{term x} into each.*}
1340 "[|finite A; x \<notin> A|] ==>
1341 card {B. EX C. C <= A & card(C) = k & B = insert x C} =
1342 card {B. B <= A & card(B) = k}"
1343 apply (rule_tac f = "%s. s - {x}" and g = "insert x" in card_bij_eq)
1344 apply (auto elim!: equalityE simp add: inj_on_def)
1345 apply (subst Diff_insert0, auto)
1346 txt {* finiteness of the two sets *}
1347 apply (rule_tac [2] B = "Pow (A)" in finite_subset)
1348 apply (rule_tac B = "Pow (insert x A)" in finite_subset)
1353 Main theorem: combinatorial statement about number of subsets of a set.
1357 "!!A. finite A ==> card {B. B <= A & card B = k} = (card A choose k)"
1359 apply (simp add: card_s_0_eq_empty, atomize)
1360 apply (rotate_tac -1, erule finite_induct)
1361 apply (simp_all (no_asm_simp) cong add: conj_cong
1362 add: card_s_0_eq_empty choose_deconstruct)
1363 apply (subst card_Un_disjoint)
1364 prefer 4 apply (force simp add: constr_bij)
1365 prefer 3 apply force
1366 prefer 2 apply (blast intro: finite_Pow_iff [THEN iffD2]
1367 finite_subset [of _ "Pow (insert x F)", standard])
1368 apply (blast intro: finite_Pow_iff [THEN iffD2, THEN [2] finite_subset])
1372 "finite A ==> card {B. B <= A & card B = k} = (card A choose k)"
1373 by (simp add: n_sub_lemma)