2 \chapter{Basic language elements}\label{ch:pure-syntax}
4 Subsequently, we introduce the main part of Pure theory and proof commands,
5 together with fundamental proof methods and attributes.
6 Chapter~\ref{ch:gen-tools} describes further Isar elements provided by generic
7 tools and packages (such as the Simplifier) that are either part of Pure
8 Isabelle or pre-installed in most object logics. Chapter~\ref{ch:logics}
9 refers to object-logic specific elements (mainly for HOL and ZF).
13 Isar commands may be either \emph{proper} document constructors, or
14 \emph{improper commands}. Some proof methods and attributes introduced later
15 are classified as improper as well. Improper Isar language elements, which
16 are subsequently marked by ``$^*$'', are often helpful when developing proof
17 documents, while their use is discouraged for the final human-readable
18 outcome. Typical examples are diagnostic commands that print terms or
19 theorems according to the current context; other commands emulate old-style
20 tactical theorem proving.
23 \section{Theory commands}
25 \subsection{Defining theories}\label{sec:begin-thy}
27 \indexisarcmd{header}\indexisarcmd{theory}\indexisarcmd{end}
28 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
29 \isarcmd{header} & : & \isarkeep{toplevel} \\
30 \isarcmd{theory} & : & \isartrans{toplevel}{theory} \\
31 \isarcmd{end} & : & \isartrans{theory}{toplevel} \\
34 Isabelle/Isar ``new-style'' theories are either defined via theory files or
35 interactively. Both theory-level specifications and proofs are handled
36 uniformly --- occasionally definitional mechanisms even require some explicit
37 proof as well. In contrast, ``old-style'' Isabelle theories support batch
38 processing only, with the proof scripts collected in separate ML files.
40 The first ``real'' command of any theory has to be $\THEORY$, which
41 starts a new theory based on the merge of existing ones. Just
42 preceding $\THEORY$, there may be an optional $\isarkeyword{header}$
43 declaration, which is relevant to document preparation only; it acts
44 very much like a special pre-theory markup command (cf.\
45 \S\ref{sec:markup-thy} and \S\ref{sec:markup-thy}). The $\END$
46 command concludes a theory development; it has to be the very last
47 command of any theory file loaded in batch-mode.
52 'theory' name 'imports' (name +) uses? 'begin'
55 uses: 'uses' ((name | parname) +);
59 \item [$\isarkeyword{header}~text$] provides plain text markup just preceding
60 the formal beginning of a theory. In actual document preparation the
61 corresponding {\LaTeX} macro \verb,\isamarkupheader, may be redefined to
62 produce chapter or section headings. See also \S\ref{sec:markup-thy} and
63 \S\ref{sec:markup-prf} for further markup commands.
65 \item [$\THEORY~A~\isarkeyword{imports}~B@1~\ldots~B@n~\isarkeyword{begin}$]
66 starts a new theory $A$ based on the merge of existing theories $B@1, \dots,
69 Due to inclusion of several ancestors, the overall theory structure emerging
70 in an Isabelle session forms a directed acyclic graph (DAG). Isabelle's
71 theory loader ensures that the sources contributing to the development graph
72 are always up-to-date. Changed files are automatically reloaded when
73 processing theory headers interactively; batch-mode explicitly distinguishes
74 \verb,update_thy, from \verb,use_thy,, see also \cite{isabelle-ref}.
76 The optional $\isarkeyword{uses}$ specification declares additional
77 dependencies on ML files. Files will be loaded immediately, unless the name
78 is put in parentheses, which merely documents the dependency to be resolved
79 later in the text (typically via explicit $\isarcmd{use}$ in the body text,
80 see \S\ref{sec:ML}). In reminiscence of the old-style theory system of
81 Isabelle, \texttt{$A$.thy} may be also accompanied by an additional file
82 \texttt{$A$.ML} consisting of ML code that is executed in the context of the
83 \emph{finished} theory $A$. That file should not be included in the
84 $\isarkeyword{files}$ dependency declaration, though.
86 \item [$\END$] concludes the current theory definition or context switch.
87 Note that this command cannot be undone, but the whole theory definition has
93 \subsection{Markup commands}\label{sec:markup-thy}
95 \indexisarcmd{chapter}\indexisarcmd{section}\indexisarcmd{subsection}
96 \indexisarcmd{subsubsection}\indexisarcmd{text}\indexisarcmd{text-raw}
97 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
98 \isarcmd{chapter} & : & \isarkeep{local{\dsh}theory} \\
99 \isarcmd{section} & : & \isarkeep{local{\dsh}theory} \\
100 \isarcmd{subsection} & : & \isarkeep{local{\dsh}theory} \\
101 \isarcmd{subsubsection} & : & \isarkeep{local{\dsh}theory} \\
102 \isarcmd{text} & : & \isarkeep{local{\dsh}theory} \\
103 \isarcmd{text_raw} & : & \isarkeep{local{\dsh}theory} \\
106 Apart from formal comments (see \S\ref{sec:comments}), markup commands provide
107 a structured way to insert text into the document generated from a theory (see
108 \cite{isabelle-sys} for more information on Isabelle's document preparation
112 ('chapter' | 'section' | 'subsection' | 'subsubsection' | 'text') target? text
119 \item [$\isarkeyword{chapter}$, $\isarkeyword{section}$,
120 $\isarkeyword{subsection}$, and $\isarkeyword{subsubsection}$] mark chapter
121 and section headings.
122 \item [$\TEXT$] specifies paragraphs of plain text.
123 \item [$\isarkeyword{text_raw}$] inserts {\LaTeX} source into the output,
124 without additional markup. Thus the full range of document manipulations
128 The $text$ argument of these markup commands (except for
129 $\isarkeyword{text_raw}$) may contain references to formal entities
130 (``antiquotations'', see also \S\ref{sec:antiq}). These are
131 interpreted in the present theory context, or the specified $target$.
133 Any of these markup elements corresponds to a {\LaTeX} command with the name
134 prefixed by \verb,\isamarkup,. For the sectioning commands this is a plain
135 macro with a single argument, e.g.\ \verb,\isamarkupchapter{,\dots\verb,}, for
136 $\isarkeyword{chapter}$. The $\isarkeyword{text}$ markup results in a
137 {\LaTeX} environment \verb,\begin{isamarkuptext}, {\dots}
138 \verb,\end{isamarkuptext},, while $\isarkeyword{text_raw}$ causes the text
139 to be inserted directly into the {\LaTeX} source.
143 Additional markup commands are available for proofs (see
144 \S\ref{sec:markup-prf}). Also note that the $\isarkeyword{header}$
145 declaration (see \S\ref{sec:begin-thy}) admits to insert section markup just
146 preceding the actual theory definition.
149 \subsection{Type classes and sorts}\label{sec:classes}
151 \indexisarcmd{classes}\indexisarcmd{classrel}\indexisarcmd{defaultsort}
152 \indexisarcmd{class-deps}
153 \begin{matharray}{rcll}
154 \isarcmd{classes} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
155 \isarcmd{classrel} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} & (axiomatic!) \\
156 \isarcmd{defaultsort} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
157 \isarcmd{class_deps} & : & \isarkeep{theory~|~proof} \\
161 'classes' (classdecl +)
163 'classrel' (nameref ('<' | subseteq) nameref + 'and')
170 \item [$\isarkeyword{classes}~c \subseteq \vec c$] declares class $c$ to be a
171 subclass of existing classes $\vec c$. Cyclic class structures are ruled
173 \item [$\isarkeyword{classrel}~c@1 \subseteq c@2$] states subclass relations
174 between existing classes $c@1$ and $c@2$. This is done axiomatically! The
175 $\INSTANCE$ command (see \S\ref{sec:axclass}) provides a way to introduce
176 proven class relations.
177 \item [$\isarkeyword{defaultsort}~s$] makes sort $s$ the new default sort for
178 any type variables given without sort constraints. Usually, the default
179 sort would be only changed when defining a new object-logic.
180 \item [$\isarkeyword{class_deps}$] visualizes the subclass relation,
181 using Isabelle's graph browser tool (see also \cite{isabelle-sys}).
185 \subsection{Primitive types and type abbreviations}\label{sec:types-pure}
187 \indexisarcmd{typedecl}\indexisarcmd{types}\indexisarcmd{nonterminals}\indexisarcmd{arities}
188 \begin{matharray}{rcll}
189 \isarcmd{types} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
190 \isarcmd{typedecl} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
191 \isarcmd{nonterminals} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
192 \isarcmd{arities} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} & (axiomatic!) \\
196 'types' (typespec '=' type infix? +)
198 'typedecl' typespec infix?
200 'nonterminals' (name +)
202 'arities' (nameref '::' arity +)
208 \item [$\TYPES~(\vec\alpha)t = \tau$] introduces \emph{type synonym}
209 $(\vec\alpha)t$ for existing type $\tau$. Unlike actual type definitions,
210 as are available in Isabelle/HOL for example, type synonyms are just purely
211 syntactic abbreviations without any logical significance. Internally, type
212 synonyms are fully expanded.
214 \item [$\isarkeyword{typedecl}~(\vec\alpha)t$] declares a new type constructor
215 $t$, intended as an actual logical type. Note that the Isabelle/HOL
216 object-logic overrides $\isarkeyword{typedecl}$ by its own version
217 (\S\ref{sec:hol-typedef}).
219 \item [$\isarkeyword{nonterminals}~\vec c$] declares $0$-ary type constructors
220 $\vec c$ to act as purely syntactic types, i.e.\ nonterminal symbols of
221 Isabelle's inner syntax of terms or types.
223 \item [$\isarkeyword{arities}~t::(\vec s)s$] augments Isabelle's order-sorted
224 signature of types by new type constructor arities. This is done
225 axiomatically! The $\INSTANCE$ command (see \S\ref{sec:axclass}) provides a
226 way to introduce proven type arities.
231 \subsection{Primitive constants and definitions}\label{sec:consts}
233 Definitions essentially express abbreviations within the logic. The
234 simplest form of a definition is $f :: \sigma \equiv t$, where $f$ is
235 a newly declared constant. Isabelle also allows derived forms where
236 the arguments of~$f$ appear on the left, abbreviating a string of
237 $\lambda$-abstractions, e.g.\ $f \equiv \lambda x\, y. t$ may be
238 written more conveniently as $f \, x \, y \equiv t$. Moreover,
239 definitions may be weakened by adding arbitrary pre-conditions: $A
240 \Imp f \, x\, y \equiv t$.
242 \medskip The built-in well-formedness conditions for definitional
245 \item Arguments (on the left-hand side) must be distinct variables.
246 \item All variables on the right-hand side must also appear on the
248 \item All type variables on the right-hand side must also appear on
249 the left-hand side; this prohibits $0::nat \equiv length
250 ([]::\alpha\, list)$ for example.
251 \item The definition must not be recursive. Most object-logics
252 provide definitional principles that can be used to express
256 Overloading means that a constant being declared as $c :: \alpha\,
257 decl$ may be defined separately on type instances $c ::
258 (\vec\beta)\,t\,decl$ for each type constructor $t$. The RHS may
259 mention overloaded constants recursively at type instances
260 corresponding to the immediate argument types $\vec\beta$. Incomplete
261 specification patterns impose global constraints on all occurrences,
262 e.g. $d :: \alpha \times \alpha$ on the LHS means that all
263 corresponding occurrences on some RHS need to be an instance of this,
264 general $d :: \alpha \times \beta$ will be disallowed.
266 \indexisarcmd{consts}\indexisarcmd{defs}\indexisarcmd{constdefs}\indexoutertoken{constdecl}
267 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
268 \isarcmd{consts} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
269 \isarcmd{defs} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
270 \isarcmd{constdefs} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
274 'consts' ((name '::' type mixfix?) +)
276 'defs' ('(' 'unchecked'? 'overloaded'? ')')? \\ (axmdecl prop +)
281 'constdefs' structs? (constdecl? constdef +)
284 structs: '(' 'structure' (vars + 'and') ')'
286 constdecl: ((name '::' type mixfix | name '::' type | name mixfix) 'where'?) | name 'where'
288 constdef: thmdecl? prop
293 \item [$\CONSTS~c::\sigma$] declares constant $c$ to have any instance of type
294 scheme $\sigma$. The optional mixfix annotations may attach concrete syntax
295 to the constants declared.
297 \item [$\DEFS~name: eqn$] introduces $eqn$ as a definitional axiom for
298 some existing constant.
300 The $(unchecked)$ option disables global dependency checks for this
301 definition, which is occasionally useful for exotic overloading. It
302 is at the discretion of the user to avoid malformed theory
305 The $(overloaded)$ option declares definitions to be potentially
306 overloaded. Unless this option is given, a warning message would be
307 issued for any definitional equation with a more special type than
308 that of the corresponding constant declaration.
310 \item [$\CONSTDEFS$] provides a streamlined combination of constants
311 declarations and definitions: type-inference takes care of the most general
312 typing of the given specification (the optional type constraint may refer to
313 type-inference dummies ``$_$'' as usual). The resulting type declaration
314 needs to agree with that of the specification; overloading is \emph{not}
317 The constant name may be omitted altogether, if neither type nor syntax
318 declarations are given. The canonical name of the definitional axiom for
319 constant $c$ will be $c_def$, unless specified otherwise. Also note that
320 the given list of specifications is processed in a strictly sequential
321 manner, with type-checking being performed independently.
323 An optional initial context of $(structure)$ declarations admits use of
324 indexed syntax, using the special symbol \verb,\<index>, (printed as
325 ``\i''). The latter concept is particularly useful with locales (see also
330 \subsection{Syntax and translations}\label{sec:syn-trans}
332 \indexisarcmd{syntax}\indexisarcmd{no-syntax}
333 \indexisarcmd{translations}\indexisarcmd{no-translations}
334 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
335 \isarcmd{syntax} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
336 \isarcmd{no_syntax} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
337 \isarcmd{translations} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
338 \isarcmd{no_translations} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
341 \railalias{rightleftharpoons}{\isasymrightleftharpoons}
342 \railterm{rightleftharpoons}
344 \railalias{rightharpoonup}{\isasymrightharpoonup}
345 \railterm{rightharpoonup}
347 \railalias{leftharpoondown}{\isasymleftharpoondown}
348 \railterm{leftharpoondown}
351 ('syntax' | 'no\_syntax') mode? (constdecl +)
353 ('translations' | 'no\_translations') (transpat ('==' | '=>' | '<=' | rightleftharpoons | rightharpoonup | leftharpoondown) transpat +)
356 mode: ('(' ( name | 'output' | name 'output' ) ')')
358 transpat: ('(' nameref ')')? string
364 \item [$\isarkeyword{syntax}~(mode)~decls$] is similar to $\CONSTS~decls$,
365 except that the actual logical signature extension is omitted. Thus the
366 context free grammar of Isabelle's inner syntax may be augmented in
367 arbitrary ways, independently of the logic. The $mode$ argument refers to
368 the print mode that the grammar rules belong; unless the
369 $\isarkeyword{output}$ indicator is given, all productions are added both to
370 the input and output grammar.
372 \item [$\isarkeyword{no_syntax}~(mode)~decls$] removes grammar declarations
373 (and translations) resulting from $decls$, which are interpreted in the same
374 manner as for $\isarkeyword{syntax}$ above.
376 \item [$\isarkeyword{translations}~rules$] specifies syntactic translation
377 rules (i.e.\ macros): parse~/ print rules (\isasymrightleftharpoons), parse
378 rules (\isasymrightharpoonup), or print rules (\isasymleftharpoondown).
379 Translation patterns may be prefixed by the syntactic category to be used
380 for parsing; the default is $logic$.
382 \item [$\isarkeyword{no_translations}~rules$] removes syntactic
383 translation rules, which are interpreted in the same manner as for
384 $\isarkeyword{translations}$ above.
389 \subsection{Axioms and theorems}\label{sec:axms-thms}
391 \indexisarcmd{axioms}\indexisarcmd{lemmas}\indexisarcmd{theorems}
392 \begin{matharray}{rcll}
393 \isarcmd{axioms} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} & (axiomatic!) \\
394 \isarcmd{lemmas} & : & \isarkeep{local{\dsh}theory} \\
395 \isarcmd{theorems} & : & isarkeep{local{\dsh}theory} \\
399 'axioms' (axmdecl prop +)
401 ('lemmas' | 'theorems') target? (thmdef? thmrefs + 'and')
407 \item [$\isarkeyword{axioms}~a: \phi$] introduces arbitrary statements as
408 axioms of the meta-logic. In fact, axioms are ``axiomatic theorems'', and
409 may be referred later just as any other theorem.
411 Axioms are usually only introduced when declaring new logical systems.
412 Everyday work is typically done the hard way, with proper definitions and
415 \item [$\isarkeyword{lemmas}~a = \vec b$] retrieves and stores
416 existing facts in the theory context, or the specified target
417 context (see also \S\ref{sec:target}). Typical applications would
418 also involve attributes, to declare Simplifier rules, for example.
420 \item [$\isarkeyword{theorems}$] is essentially the same as
421 $\isarkeyword{lemmas}$, but marks the result as a different kind of facts.
426 \subsection{Name spaces}
428 \indexisarcmd{global}\indexisarcmd{local}\indexisarcmd{hide}
429 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
430 \isarcmd{global} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
431 \isarcmd{local} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
432 \isarcmd{hide} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
436 'hide' ('(open)')? name (nameref + )
440 Isabelle organizes any kind of name declarations (of types, constants,
441 theorems etc.) by separate hierarchically structured name spaces. Normally
442 the user does not have to control the behavior of name spaces by hand, yet the
443 following commands provide some way to do so.
446 \item [$\isarkeyword{global}$ and $\isarkeyword{local}$] change the current
447 name declaration mode. Initially, theories start in $\isarkeyword{local}$
448 mode, causing all names to be automatically qualified by the theory name.
449 Changing this to $\isarkeyword{global}$ causes all names to be declared
450 without the theory prefix, until $\isarkeyword{local}$ is declared again.
452 Note that global names are prone to get hidden accidently later, when
453 qualified names of the same base name are introduced.
455 \item [$\isarkeyword{hide}~space~names$] fully removes declarations from a
456 given name space (which may be $class$, $type$, or $const$); with the
457 $(open)$ option, only the base name is hidden. Global (unqualified) names
460 Note that hiding name space accesses has no impact on logical declarations
461 -- they remain valid internally. Entities that are no longer accessible to
462 the user are printed with the special qualifier ``$\mathord?\mathord?$''
463 prefixed to the full internal name.
467 \subsection{Incorporating ML code}\label{sec:ML}
469 \indexisarcmd{use}\indexisarcmd{ML}\indexisarcmd{ML-command}
470 \indexisarcmd{ML-setup}\indexisarcmd{setup}
471 \indexisarcmd{method-setup}
472 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
473 \isarcmd{use} & : & \isartrans{\cdot}{\cdot} \\
474 \isarcmd{ML} & : & \isartrans{\cdot}{\cdot} \\
475 \isarcmd{ML_command} & : & \isartrans{\cdot}{\cdot} \\
476 \isarcmd{ML_setup} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
477 \isarcmd{setup} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
478 \isarcmd{method_setup} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
481 \railalias{MLsetup}{ML\_setup}
484 \railalias{methodsetup}{method\_setup}
485 \railterm{methodsetup}
487 \railalias{MLcommand}{ML\_command}
493 ('ML' | MLcommand | MLsetup) text
497 methodsetup name '=' text text
502 \item [$\isarkeyword{use}~file$] reads and executes ML commands from $file$.
503 The current theory context (if present) is passed down to the ML session,
504 but may not be modified. Furthermore, the file name is checked with the
505 $\isarkeyword{files}$ dependency declaration given in the theory header (see
506 also \S\ref{sec:begin-thy}).
508 \item [$\isarkeyword{ML}~text$ and $\isarkeyword{ML_command}~text$] execute ML
509 commands from $text$. The theory context is passed in the same way as for
510 $\isarkeyword{use}$, but may not be changed. Note that the output of
511 $\isarkeyword{ML_command}$ is less verbose than plain $\isarkeyword{ML}$.
513 \item [$\isarkeyword{ML_setup}~text$] executes ML commands from $text$. The
514 theory context is passed down to the ML session, and fetched back
515 afterwards. Thus $text$ may actually change the theory as a side effect.
517 \item [$\isarkeyword{setup}~text$] changes the current theory context by
518 applying $text$, which refers to an ML expression of type
519 \texttt{theory~->~theory)}. The $\isarkeyword{setup}$ command is the
520 canonical way to initialize any object-logic specific tools and packages
521 written in ML. If the $text$ is omitted, the setup value is taken from the
522 implicit context maintained via \verb,Context.add_setup,.
524 \item [$\isarkeyword{method_setup}~name = text~description$] defines a proof
525 method in the current theory. The given $text$ has to be an ML expression
526 of type \texttt{Args.src -> Proof.context -> Proof.method}. Parsing
527 concrete method syntax from \texttt{Args.src} input can be quite tedious in
528 general. The following simple examples are for methods without any explicit
529 arguments, or a list of theorems, respectively.
533 Method.no_args (Method.METHOD (fn facts => foobar_tac))
534 Method.thms_args (fn thms => Method.METHOD (fn facts => foobar_tac))
535 Method.ctxt_args (fn ctxt => Method.METHOD (fn facts => foobar_tac))
536 Method.thms_ctxt_args (fn thms => fn ctxt =>
537 Method.METHOD (fn facts => foobar_tac))
541 Note that mere tactic emulations may ignore the \texttt{facts} parameter
542 above. Proper proof methods would do something appropriate with the list of
543 current facts, though. Single-rule methods usually do strict forward-chaining
544 (e.g.\ by using \texttt{Method.multi_resolves}), while automatic ones just
545 insert the facts using \texttt{Method.insert_tac} before applying the main
550 \subsection{Syntax translation functions}
552 \indexisarcmd{parse-ast-translation}\indexisarcmd{parse-translation}
553 \indexisarcmd{print-translation}\indexisarcmd{typed-print-translation}
554 \indexisarcmd{print-ast-translation}\indexisarcmd{token-translation}
555 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
556 \isarcmd{parse_ast_translation} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
557 \isarcmd{parse_translation} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
558 \isarcmd{print_translation} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
559 \isarcmd{typed_print_translation} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
560 \isarcmd{print_ast_translation} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
561 \isarcmd{token_translation} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
564 \railalias{parseasttranslation}{parse\_ast\_translation}
565 \railterm{parseasttranslation}
567 \railalias{parsetranslation}{parse\_translation}
568 \railterm{parsetranslation}
570 \railalias{printtranslation}{print\_translation}
571 \railterm{printtranslation}
573 \railalias{typedprinttranslation}{typed\_print\_translation}
574 \railterm{typedprinttranslation}
576 \railalias{printasttranslation}{print\_ast\_translation}
577 \railterm{printasttranslation}
579 \railalias{tokentranslation}{token\_translation}
580 \railterm{tokentranslation}
583 ( parseasttranslation | parsetranslation | printtranslation | typedprinttranslation |
584 printasttranslation ) ('(advanced)')? text;
586 tokentranslation text
589 Syntax translation functions written in ML admit almost arbitrary
590 manipulations of Isabelle's inner syntax. Any of the above commands have a
591 single \railqtok{text} argument that refers to an ML expression of appropriate
592 type, which are as follows by default:
595 val parse_ast_translation : (string * (ast list -> ast)) list
596 val parse_translation : (string * (term list -> term)) list
597 val print_translation : (string * (term list -> term)) list
598 val typed_print_translation :
599 (string * (bool -> typ -> term list -> term)) list
600 val print_ast_translation : (string * (ast list -> ast)) list
601 val token_translation :
602 (string * string * (string -> string * real)) list
605 In case that the $(advanced)$ option is given, the corresponding
606 translation functions may depend on the current theory or proof
607 context. This allows to implement advanced syntax mechanisms, as
608 translations functions may refer to specific theory declarations or
609 auxiliary proof data.
611 See also \cite[\S8]{isabelle-ref} for more information on the general concept
612 of syntax transformations in Isabelle.
615 val parse_ast_translation:
616 (string * (Context.generic -> ast list -> ast)) list
617 val parse_translation:
618 (string * (Context.generic -> term list -> term)) list
619 val print_translation:
620 (string * (Context.generic -> term list -> term)) list
621 val typed_print_translation:
622 (string * (Context.generic -> bool -> typ -> term list -> term)) list
623 val print_ast_translation:
624 (string * (Context.generic -> ast list -> ast)) list
630 \indexisarcmd{oracle}
631 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
632 \isarcmd{oracle} & : & \isartrans{theory}{theory} \\
635 The oracle interface promotes a given ML function \texttt{theory -> T -> term}
636 to \texttt{theory -> T -> thm}, for some type \texttt{T} given by the user.
637 This acts like an infinitary specification of axioms -- there is no internal
638 check of the correctness of the results! The inference kernel records oracle
639 invocations within the internal derivation object of theorems, and the pretty
640 printer attaches ``\texttt{[!]}'' to indicate results that are not fully
641 checked by Isabelle inferences.
644 'oracle' name '(' type ')' '=' text
649 \item [$\isarkeyword{oracle}~name~(type)=~text$] turns the given ML expression
650 $text$ of type \texttt{theory~->~$type$~->~term} into an ML function $name$
651 of type \texttt{theory~->~$type$~->~thm}.
655 \section{Proof commands}
657 Proof commands perform transitions of Isar/VM machine configurations, which
658 are block-structured, consisting of a stack of nodes with three main
659 components: logical proof context, current facts, and open goals. Isar/VM
660 transitions are \emph{typed} according to the following three different modes
663 \item [$proof(prove)$] means that a new goal has just been stated that is now
664 to be \emph{proven}; the next command may refine it by some proof method,
665 and enter a sub-proof to establish the actual result.
666 \item [$proof(state)$] is like a nested theory mode: the context may be
667 augmented by \emph{stating} additional assumptions, intermediate results
669 \item [$proof(chain)$] is intermediate between $proof(state)$ and
670 $proof(prove)$: existing facts (i.e.\ the contents of the special ``$this$''
671 register) have been just picked up in order to be used when refining the
675 The proof mode indicator may be read as a verb telling the writer what kind of
676 operation may be performed next. The corresponding typings of proof commands
677 restricts the shape of well-formed proof texts to particular command
678 sequences. So dynamic arrangements of commands eventually turn out as static
679 texts of a certain structure. Appendix~\ref{ap:refcard} gives a simplified
680 grammar of the overall (extensible) language emerging that way.
683 \subsection{Markup commands}\label{sec:markup-prf}
685 \indexisarcmd{sect}\indexisarcmd{subsect}\indexisarcmd{subsubsect}
686 \indexisarcmd{txt}\indexisarcmd{txt-raw}
687 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
688 \isarcmd{sect} & : & \isartrans{proof}{proof} \\
689 \isarcmd{subsect} & : & \isartrans{proof}{proof} \\
690 \isarcmd{subsubsect} & : & \isartrans{proof}{proof} \\
691 \isarcmd{txt} & : & \isartrans{proof}{proof} \\
692 \isarcmd{txt_raw} & : & \isartrans{proof}{proof} \\
695 These markup commands for proof mode closely correspond to the ones of theory
696 mode (see \S\ref{sec:markup-thy}).
698 \railalias{txtraw}{txt\_raw}
702 ('sect' | 'subsect' | 'subsubsect' | 'txt' | txtraw) text
707 \subsection{Context elements}\label{sec:proof-context}
709 \indexisarcmd{fix}\indexisarcmd{assume}\indexisarcmd{presume}\indexisarcmd{def}
710 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
711 \isarcmd{fix} & : & \isartrans{proof(state)}{proof(state)} \\
712 \isarcmd{assume} & : & \isartrans{proof(state)}{proof(state)} \\
713 \isarcmd{presume} & : & \isartrans{proof(state)}{proof(state)} \\
714 \isarcmd{def} & : & \isartrans{proof(state)}{proof(state)} \\
717 The logical proof context consists of fixed variables and assumptions. The
718 former closely correspond to Skolem constants, or meta-level universal
719 quantification as provided by the Isabelle/Pure logical framework.
720 Introducing some \emph{arbitrary, but fixed} variable via ``$\FIX x$'' results
721 in a local value that may be used in the subsequent proof as any other
722 variable or constant. Furthermore, any result $\edrv \phi[x]$ exported from
723 the context will be universally closed wrt.\ $x$ at the outermost level:
724 $\edrv \All x \phi$ (this is expressed using Isabelle's meta-variables).
726 Similarly, introducing some assumption $\chi$ has two effects. On the one
727 hand, a local theorem is created that may be used as a fact in subsequent
728 proof steps. On the other hand, any result $\chi \drv \phi$ exported from the
729 context becomes conditional wrt.\ the assumption: $\edrv \chi \Imp \phi$.
730 Thus, solving an enclosing goal using such a result would basically introduce
731 a new subgoal stemming from the assumption. How this situation is handled
732 depends on the actual version of assumption command used: while $\ASSUMENAME$
733 insists on solving the subgoal by unification with some premise of the goal,
734 $\PRESUMENAME$ leaves the subgoal unchanged in order to be proved later by the
737 Local definitions, introduced by ``$\DEF{}{x \equiv t}$'', are achieved by
738 combining ``$\FIX x$'' with another version of assumption that causes any
739 hypothetical equation $x \equiv t$ to be eliminated by the reflexivity rule.
740 Thus, exporting some result $x \equiv t \drv \phi[x]$ yields $\edrv \phi[t]$.
742 \railalias{equiv}{\isasymequiv}
748 ('assume' | 'presume') (props + 'and')
752 def: thmdecl? \\ name ('==' | equiv) term termpat?
758 \item [$\FIX{\vec x}$] introduces local \emph{arbitrary, but fixed} variables
761 \item [$\ASSUME{a}{\vec\phi}$ and $\PRESUME{a}{\vec\phi}$] introduce local
762 theorems $\vec\phi$ by assumption. Subsequent results applied to an
763 enclosing goal (e.g.\ by $\SHOWNAME$) are handled as follows: $\ASSUMENAME$
764 expects to be able to unify with existing premises in the goal, while
765 $\PRESUMENAME$ leaves $\vec\phi$ as new subgoals.
767 Several lists of assumptions may be given (separated by
768 $\isarkeyword{and}$); the resulting list of current facts consists of all of
771 \item [$\DEF{a}{x \equiv t}$] introduces a local (non-polymorphic) definition.
772 In results exported from the context, $x$ is replaced by $t$. Basically,
773 ``$\DEF{}{x \equiv t}$'' abbreviates ``$\FIX{x}~\ASSUME{}{x \equiv t}$'',
774 with the resulting hypothetical equation solved by reflexivity.
776 The default name for the definitional equation is $x_def$. Several
777 simultaneous definitions may be given at the same time.
781 The special name $prems$\indexisarthm{prems} refers to all assumptions of the
782 current context as a list of theorems.
785 \subsection{Facts and forward chaining}
787 \indexisarcmd{note}\indexisarcmd{then}\indexisarcmd{from}\indexisarcmd{with}
788 \indexisarcmd{using}\indexisarcmd{unfolding}
789 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
790 \isarcmd{note} & : & \isartrans{proof(state)}{proof(state)} \\
791 \isarcmd{then} & : & \isartrans{proof(state)}{proof(chain)} \\
792 \isarcmd{from} & : & \isartrans{proof(state)}{proof(chain)} \\
793 \isarcmd{with} & : & \isartrans{proof(state)}{proof(chain)} \\
794 \isarcmd{using} & : & \isartrans{proof(prove)}{proof(prove)} \\
795 \isarcmd{unfolding} & : & \isartrans{proof(prove)}{proof(prove)} \\
798 New facts are established either by assumption or proof of local statements.
799 Any fact will usually be involved in further proofs, either as explicit
800 arguments of proof methods, or when forward chaining towards the next goal via
801 $\THEN$ (and variants); $\FROMNAME$ and $\WITHNAME$ are composite forms
802 involving $\NOTENAME$. The $\USINGNAME$ elements augments the collection of
803 used facts \emph{after} a goal has been stated. Note that the special theorem
804 name $this$\indexisarthm{this} refers to the most recently established facts,
805 but only \emph{before} issuing a follow-up claim.
808 'note' (thmdef? thmrefs + 'and')
810 ('from' | 'with' | 'using' | 'unfolding') (thmrefs + 'and')
816 \item [$\NOTE{a}{\vec b}$] recalls existing facts $\vec b$, binding the result
817 as $a$. Note that attributes may be involved as well, both on the left and
820 \item [$\THEN$] indicates forward chaining by the current facts in order to
821 establish the goal to be claimed next. The initial proof method invoked to
822 refine that will be offered the facts to do ``anything appropriate'' (see
823 also \S\ref{sec:proof-steps}). For example, method $rule$ (see
824 \S\ref{sec:pure-meth-att}) would typically do an elimination rather than an
825 introduction. Automatic methods usually insert the facts into the goal
826 state before operation. This provides a simple scheme to control relevance
827 of facts in automated proof search.
829 \item [$\FROM{\vec b}$] abbreviates ``$\NOTE{}{\vec b}~\THEN$''; thus $\THEN$
830 is equivalent to ``$\FROM{this}$''.
832 \item [$\WITH{\vec b}$] abbreviates ``$\FROM{\vec b~\AND~this}$''; thus the
833 forward chaining is from earlier facts together with the current ones.
835 \item [$\USING{\vec b}$] augments the facts being currently indicated
836 for use by a subsequent refinement step (such as $\APPLYNAME$ or
839 \item [$\UNFOLDING{\vec b}$] is structurally similar to $\USINGNAME$,
840 but unfolds definitional equations $\vec b$ throughout the goal
845 Forward chaining with an empty list of theorems is the same as not chaining at
846 all. Thus ``$\FROM{nothing}$'' has no effect apart from entering
847 $prove(chain)$ mode, since $nothing$\indexisarthm{nothing} is bound to the
848 empty list of theorems.
850 Basic proof methods (such as $rule$) expect multiple facts to be given in
851 their proper order, corresponding to a prefix of the premises of the rule
852 involved. Note that positions may be easily skipped using something like
853 $\FROM{\Text{\texttt{_}}~a~b}$, for example. This involves the trivial rule
854 $\PROP\psi \Imp \PROP\psi$, which happens to be bound in Isabelle/Pure as
855 ``\texttt{_}'' (underscore).\indexisarthm{_@\texttt{_}}
857 Automated methods (such as $simp$ or $auto$) just insert any given facts
858 before their usual operation. Depending on the kind of procedure involved,
859 the order of facts is less significant here.
862 \subsection{Goal statements}\label{sec:goals}
864 \indexisarcmd{lemma}\indexisarcmd{theorem}\indexisarcmd{corollary}
865 \indexisarcmd{have}\indexisarcmd{show}\indexisarcmd{hence}\indexisarcmd{thus}
866 \indexisarcmd{print-statement}
867 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
868 \isarcmd{lemma} & : & \isartrans{local{\dsh}theory}{proof(prove)} \\
869 \isarcmd{theorem} & : & \isartrans{local{\dsh}theory}{proof(prove)} \\
870 \isarcmd{corollary} & : & \isartrans{local{\dsh}theory}{proof(prove)} \\
871 \isarcmd{have} & : & \isartrans{proof(state) ~|~ proof(chain)}{proof(prove)} \\
872 \isarcmd{show} & : & \isartrans{proof(state) ~|~ proof(chain)}{proof(prove)} \\
873 \isarcmd{hence} & : & \isartrans{proof(state)}{proof(prove)} \\
874 \isarcmd{thus} & : & \isartrans{proof(state)}{proof(prove)} \\
875 \isarcmd{print_statement}^* & : & \isarkeep{theory~|~proof} \\
878 From a theory context, proof mode is entered by an initial goal command such
879 as $\LEMMANAME$, $\THEOREMNAME$, or $\COROLLARYNAME$. Within a proof, new
880 claims may be introduced locally as well; four variants are available here to
881 indicate whether forward chaining of facts should be performed initially (via
882 $\THEN$), and whether the final result is meant to solve some pending goal.
884 Goals may consist of multiple statements, resulting in a list of facts
885 eventually. A pending multi-goal is internally represented as a meta-level
886 conjunction (printed as \verb,&&,), which is usually split into the
887 corresponding number of sub-goals prior to an initial method application, via
888 $\PROOFNAME$ (\S\ref{sec:proof-steps}) or $\APPLYNAME$
889 (\S\ref{sec:tactic-commands}). The $induct$ method covered in
890 \S\ref{sec:cases-induct} acts on multiple claims simultaneously.
892 Claims at the theory level may be either in short or long form. A
893 short goal merely consists of several simultaneous propositions (often
894 just one). A long goal includes an explicit context specification for
895 the subsequent conclusion, involving local parameters and assumptions.
896 Here the role of each part of the statement is explicitly marked by
897 separate keywords (see also \S\ref{sec:locale}); the local assumptions
898 being introduced here are available as $assms$\indexisarthm{assms} in
899 the proof. \indexisarelem{shows}\indexisarelem{obtains}Moreover,
900 there are two kinds of conclusions: $\isarkeyword{shows}$ states
901 several simultaneous propositions (essentially a big conjunction),
902 while $\isarkeyword{obtains}$ claims several simultaneous simultaneous
903 contexts of (essentially a big disjunction of eliminated parameters
904 and assumptions, cf.\ \S\ref{sec:obtain}).
907 ('lemma' | 'theorem' | 'corollary') target? (goal | longgoal)
909 ('have' | 'show' | 'hence' | 'thus') goal
911 'print\_statement' modes? thmrefs
914 goal: (props + 'and')
916 longgoal: thmdecl? (contextelem *) conclusion
918 conclusion: 'shows' goal | 'obtains' (parname? case + '|')
920 case: (vars + 'and') 'where' (props + 'and')
926 \item [$\LEMMA{a}{\vec\phi}$] enters proof mode with $\vec\phi$ as main goal,
927 eventually resulting in some fact $\turn \vec\phi$ to be put back into the
928 theory context, or into the specified locale (cf.\ \S\ref{sec:locale}). An
929 additional \railnonterm{context} specification may build up an initial proof
930 context for the subsequent claim; this includes local definitions and syntax
931 as well, see the definition of $contextelem$ in \S\ref{sec:locale}.
933 \item [$\THEOREM{a}{\vec\phi}$ and $\COROLLARY{a}{\vec\phi}$] are essentially
934 the same as $\LEMMA{a}{\vec\phi}$, but the facts are internally marked as
935 being of a different kind. This discrimination acts like a formal comment.
937 \item [$\HAVE{a}{\vec\phi}$] claims a local goal, eventually resulting in a
938 fact within the current logical context. This operation is completely
939 independent of any pending sub-goals of an enclosing goal statements, so
940 $\HAVENAME$ may be freely used for experimental exploration of potential
941 results within a proof body.
943 \item [$\SHOW{a}{\vec\phi}$] is like $\HAVE{a}{\vec\phi}$ plus a second stage
944 to refine some pending sub-goal for each one of the finished result, after
945 having been exported into the corresponding context (at the head of the
946 sub-proof of this $\SHOWNAME$ command).
948 To accommodate interactive debugging, resulting rules are printed before
949 being applied internally. Even more, interactive execution of $\SHOWNAME$
950 predicts potential failure and displays the resulting error as a warning
951 beforehand. Watch out for the following message:
954 Problem! Local statement will fail to solve any pending goal
957 \item [$\HENCENAME$] abbreviates ``$\THEN~\HAVENAME$'', i.e.\ claims a local
958 goal to be proven by forward chaining the current facts. Note that
959 $\HENCENAME$ is also equivalent to ``$\FROM{this}~\HAVENAME$''.
961 \item [$\THUSNAME$] abbreviates ``$\THEN~\SHOWNAME$''. Note that $\THUSNAME$
962 is also equivalent to ``$\FROM{this}~\SHOWNAME$''.
964 \item [$\isarkeyword{print_statement}~\vec a$] prints theorems from
965 the current theory or proof context in long statement form,
966 according to the syntax for $\isarkeyword{lemma}$ given above.
970 Any goal statement causes some term abbreviations (such as $\Var{thesis}$) to
971 be bound automatically, see also \S\ref{sec:term-abbrev}. Furthermore, the
972 local context of a (non-atomic) goal is provided via the
973 $rule_context$\indexisarcase{rule-context} case.
975 The optional case names of $\isarkeyword{obtains}$ have a twofold
976 meaning: (1) during the of this claim they refer to the the local
977 context introductions, (2) the resulting rule is annotated accordingly
978 to support symbolic case splits when used with the $cases$ method (cf.
979 \S\ref{sec:cases-induct}).
984 Isabelle/Isar suffers theory-level goal statements to contain \emph{unbound
985 schematic variables}, although this does not conform to the aim of
986 human-readable proof documents! The main problem with schematic goals is
987 that the actual outcome is usually hard to predict, depending on the
988 behavior of the proof methods applied during the course of reasoning. Note
989 that most semi-automated methods heavily depend on several kinds of implicit
990 rule declarations within the current theory context. As this would also
991 result in non-compositional checking of sub-proofs, \emph{local goals} are
992 not allowed to be schematic at all. Nevertheless, schematic goals do have
993 their use in Prolog-style interactive synthesis of proven results, usually
994 by stepwise refinement via emulation of traditional Isabelle tactic scripts
995 (see also \S\ref{sec:tactic-commands}). In any case, users should know what
1000 \subsection{Initial and terminal proof steps}\label{sec:proof-steps}
1002 \indexisarcmd{proof}\indexisarcmd{qed}\indexisarcmd{by}
1003 \indexisarcmd{.}\indexisarcmd{..}\indexisarcmd{sorry}
1004 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
1005 \isarcmd{proof} & : & \isartrans{proof(prove)}{proof(state)} \\
1006 \isarcmd{qed} & : & \isartrans{proof(state)}{proof(state) ~|~ theory} \\
1007 \isarcmd{by} & : & \isartrans{proof(prove)}{proof(state) ~|~ theory} \\
1008 \isarcmd{.\,.} & : & \isartrans{proof(prove)}{proof(state) ~|~ theory} \\
1009 \isarcmd{.} & : & \isartrans{proof(prove)}{proof(state) ~|~ theory} \\
1010 \isarcmd{sorry} & : & \isartrans{proof(prove)}{proof(state) ~|~ theory} \\
1013 Arbitrary goal refinement via tactics is considered harmful. Properly, the
1014 Isar framework admits proof methods to be invoked in two places only.
1016 \item An \emph{initial} refinement step $\PROOF{m@1}$ reduces a newly stated
1017 goal to a number of sub-goals that are to be solved later. Facts are passed
1018 to $m@1$ for forward chaining, if so indicated by $proof(chain)$ mode.
1020 \item A \emph{terminal} conclusion step $\QED{m@2}$ is intended to solve
1021 remaining goals. No facts are passed to $m@2$.
1024 The only other (proper) way to affect pending goals in a proof body is by
1025 $\SHOWNAME$, which involves an explicit statement of what is to be solved
1026 eventually. Thus we avoid the fundamental problem of unstructured tactic
1027 scripts that consist of numerous consecutive goal transformations, with
1032 As a general rule of thumb for good proof style, initial proof methods should
1033 either solve the goal completely, or constitute some well-understood reduction
1034 to new sub-goals. Arbitrary automatic proof tools that are prone leave a
1035 large number of badly structured sub-goals are no help in continuing the proof
1036 document in an intelligible manner.
1038 Unless given explicitly by the user, the default initial method is ``$rule$'',
1039 which applies a single standard elimination or introduction rule according to
1040 the topmost symbol involved. There is no separate default terminal method.
1041 Any remaining goals are always solved by assumption in the very last step.
1050 ('.' | '..' | 'sorry')
1056 \item [$\PROOF{m@1}$] refines the goal by proof method $m@1$; facts for
1057 forward chaining are passed if so indicated by $proof(chain)$ mode.
1059 \item [$\QED{m@2}$] refines any remaining goals by proof method $m@2$ and
1060 concludes the sub-proof by assumption. If the goal had been $\SHOWNAME$ (or
1061 $\THUSNAME$), some pending sub-goal is solved as well by the rule resulting
1062 from the result \emph{exported} into the enclosing goal context. Thus
1063 $\QEDNAME$ may fail for two reasons: either $m@2$ fails, or the resulting
1064 rule does not fit to any pending goal\footnote{This includes any additional
1065 ``strong'' assumptions as introduced by $\ASSUMENAME$.} of the enclosing
1066 context. Debugging such a situation might involve temporarily changing
1067 $\SHOWNAME$ into $\HAVENAME$, or weakening the local context by replacing
1068 occurrences of $\ASSUMENAME$ by $\PRESUMENAME$.
1070 \item [$\BYY{m@1}{m@2}$] is a \emph{terminal proof}\index{proof!terminal}; it
1071 abbreviates $\PROOF{m@1}~\QED{m@2}$, but with backtracking across both
1072 methods. Debugging an unsuccessful $\BYY{m@1}{m@2}$ commands might be done
1073 by expanding its definition; in many cases $\PROOF{m@1}$ (or even
1074 $\APPLY{m@1}$) is already sufficient to see the problem.
1076 \item [``$\DDOT$''] is a \emph{default proof}\index{proof!default}; it
1077 abbreviates $\BY{rule}$.
1079 \item [``$\DOT$''] is a \emph{trivial proof}\index{proof!trivial}; it
1080 abbreviates $\BY{this}$.
1082 \item [$\SORRY$] is a \emph{fake proof}\index{proof!fake} pretending to solve
1083 the pending claim without further ado. This only works in interactive
1084 development, or if the \texttt{quick_and_dirty} flag is enabled. Facts
1085 emerging from fake proofs are not the real thing. Internally, each theorem
1086 container is tainted by an oracle invocation, which is indicated as
1087 ``$[!]$'' in the printed result.
1089 The most important application of $\SORRY$ is to support experimentation and
1090 top-down proof development.
1094 \subsection{Fundamental methods and attributes}\label{sec:pure-meth-att}
1096 The following proof methods and attributes refer to basic logical operations
1097 of Isar. Further methods and attributes are provided by several generic and
1098 object-logic specific tools and packages (see chapters \ref{ch:gen-tools} and
1101 \indexisarmeth{$-$}\indexisarmeth{fact}\indexisarmeth{assumption}
1102 \indexisarmeth{this}\indexisarmeth{rule}\indexisarmeth{iprover}
1103 \indexisarattof{Pure}{intro}\indexisarattof{Pure}{elim}
1104 \indexisarattof{Pure}{dest}\indexisarattof{Pure}{rule}
1105 \indexisaratt{OF}\indexisaratt{of}\indexisaratt{where}
1106 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
1107 - & : & \isarmeth \\
1108 fact & : & \isarmeth \\
1109 assumption & : & \isarmeth \\
1110 this & : & \isarmeth \\
1111 rule & : & \isarmeth \\
1112 iprover & : & \isarmeth \\[0.5ex]
1113 intro & : & \isaratt \\
1114 elim & : & \isaratt \\
1115 dest & : & \isaratt \\
1116 rule & : & \isaratt \\[0.5ex]
1117 OF & : & \isaratt \\
1118 of & : & \isaratt \\
1119 where & : & \isaratt \\
1127 'iprover' ('!' ?) (rulemod *)
1129 rulemod: ('intro' | 'elim' | 'dest') ((('!' | () | '?') nat?) | 'del') ':' thmrefs
1131 ('intro' | 'elim' | 'dest') ('!' | () | '?') nat?
1137 'of' insts ('concl' ':' insts)?
1139 'where' ((name | var | typefree | typevar) '=' (type | term) * 'and')
1145 \item [``$-$''] does nothing but insert the forward chaining facts as premises
1146 into the goal. Note that command $\PROOFNAME$ without any method actually
1147 performs a single reduction step using the $rule$ method; thus a plain
1148 \emph{do-nothing} proof step would be ``$\PROOF{-}$'' rather than
1151 \item [$fact~\vec a$] composes any previous fact from $\vec a$ (or implicitly
1152 from the current proof context) modulo matching of schematic type and term
1153 variables. The rule structure is not taken into account, i.e.\ meta-level
1154 implication is considered atomic. This is the same principle underlying
1155 literal facts (cf.\ \S\ref{sec:syn-att}): ``$\HAVE{}{\phi}~\BY{fact}$'' is
1156 equivalent to ``$\NOTE{}{\backquote\phi\backquote}$'' provided that $\edrv
1157 \phi$ is an instance of some known $\edrv \phi$ in the proof context.
1159 \item [$assumption$] solves some goal by a single assumption step. All given
1160 facts are guaranteed to participate in the refinement; this means there may
1161 be only $0$ or $1$ in the first place. Recall that $\QEDNAME$ (see
1162 \S\ref{sec:proof-steps}) already concludes any remaining sub-goals by
1163 assumption, so structured proofs usually need not quote the $assumption$
1166 \item [$this$] applies all of the current facts directly as rules. Recall
1167 that ``$\DOT$'' (dot) abbreviates ``$\BY{this}$''.
1169 \item [$rule~\vec a$] applies some rule given as argument in backward manner;
1170 facts are used to reduce the rule before applying it to the goal. Thus
1171 $rule$ without facts is plain introduction, while with facts it becomes
1174 When no arguments are given, the $rule$ method tries to pick appropriate
1175 rules automatically, as declared in the current context using the $intro$,
1176 $elim$, $dest$ attributes (see below). This is the default behavior of
1177 $\PROOFNAME$ and ``$\DDOT$'' (double-dot) steps (see
1178 \S\ref{sec:proof-steps}).
1180 \item [$iprover$] performs intuitionistic proof search, depending on
1181 specifically declared rules from the context, or given as explicit
1182 arguments. Chained facts are inserted into the goal before commencing proof
1183 search; ``$iprover!$'' means to include the current $prems$ as well.
1185 Rules need to be classified as $intro$, $elim$, or $dest$; here the ``$!$''
1186 indicator refers to ``safe'' rules, which may be applied aggressively
1187 (without considering back-tracking later). Rules declared with ``$?$'' are
1188 ignored in proof search (the single-step $rule$ method still observes
1189 these). An explicit weight annotation may be given as well; otherwise the
1190 number of rule premises will be taken into account here.
1192 \item [$intro$, $elim$, and $dest$] declare introduction, elimination, and
1193 destruct rules, to be used with the $rule$ and $iprover$ methods. Note that
1194 the latter will ignore rules declared with ``$?$'', while ``$!$'' are used
1197 The classical reasoner (see \S\ref{sec:classical}) introduces its own
1198 variants of these attributes; use qualified names to access the present
1199 versions of Isabelle/Pure, i.e.\ $Pure{\dtt}intro$ or $CPure{\dtt}intro$.
1201 \item [$rule~del$] undeclares introduction, elimination, or destruct rules.
1203 \item [$OF~\vec a$] applies some theorem to given rules $\vec a$ (in
1204 parallel). This corresponds to the \texttt{MRS} operator in ML
1205 \cite[\S5]{isabelle-ref}, but note the reversed order. Positions may be
1206 effectively skipped by including ``$\_$'' (underscore) as argument.
1208 \item [$of~\vec t$] performs positional instantiation of term variables. The
1209 terms $\vec t$ are substituted for any schematic variables occurring in a
1210 theorem from left to right; ``\texttt{_}'' (underscore) indicates to skip a
1211 position. Arguments following a ``$concl\colon$'' specification refer to
1212 positions of the conclusion of a rule.
1214 \item [$where~\vec x = \vec t$] performs named instantiation of schematic type
1215 and term variables occurring in a theorem. Schematic variables have to be
1216 specified on the left-hand side (e.g.\ $?x1\!.\!3$). The question mark may
1217 be omitted if the variable name is a plain identifier without index. As
1218 type instantiations are inferred from term instantiations, explicit type
1219 instantiations are seldom necessary.
1224 \subsection{Term abbreviations}\label{sec:term-abbrev}
1227 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
1228 \isarcmd{let} & : & \isartrans{proof(state)}{proof(state)} \\
1229 \isarkeyword{is} & : & syntax \\
1232 Abbreviations may be either bound by explicit $\LET{p \equiv t}$ statements,
1233 or by annotating assumptions or goal statements with a list of patterns
1234 ``$\ISS{p@1\;\dots}{p@n}$''. In both cases, higher-order matching is invoked
1235 to bind extra-logical term variables, which may be either named schematic
1236 variables of the form $\Var{x}$, or nameless dummies ``\texttt{_}''
1237 (underscore).\indexisarvar{_@\texttt{_}} Note that in the $\LETNAME$ form the
1238 patterns occur on the left-hand side, while the $\ISNAME$ patterns are in
1241 Polymorphism of term bindings is handled in Hindley-Milner style, similar to
1242 ML. Type variables referring to local assumptions or open goal statements are
1243 \emph{fixed}, while those of finished results or bound by $\LETNAME$ may occur
1244 in \emph{arbitrary} instances later. Even though actual polymorphism should
1245 be rarely used in practice, this mechanism is essential to achieve proper
1246 incremental type-inference, as the user proceeds to build up the Isar proof
1247 text from left to right.
1251 Term abbreviations are quite different from local definitions as introduced
1252 via $\DEFNAME$ (see \S\ref{sec:proof-context}). The latter are visible within
1253 the logic as actual equations, while abbreviations disappear during the input
1254 process just after type checking. Also note that $\DEFNAME$ does not support
1258 'let' ((term + 'and') '=' term + 'and')
1262 The syntax of $\ISNAME$ patterns follows \railnonterm{termpat} or
1263 \railnonterm{proppat} (see \S\ref{sec:term-decls}).
1266 \item [$\LET{\vec p = \vec t}$] binds any text variables in patters $\vec p$
1267 by simultaneous higher-order matching against terms $\vec t$.
1268 \item [$\IS{\vec p}$] resembles $\LETNAME$, but matches $\vec p$ against the
1269 preceding statement. Also note that $\ISNAME$ is not a separate command,
1270 but part of others (such as $\ASSUMENAME$, $\HAVENAME$ etc.).
1273 Some \emph{automatic} term abbreviations\index{term abbreviations} for goals
1274 and facts are available as well. For any open goal,
1275 $\Var{thesis}$\indexisarvar{thesis} refers to its object-level statement,
1276 abstracted over any meta-level parameters (if present). Likewise,
1277 $\Var{this}$\indexisarvar{this} is bound for fact statements resulting from
1278 assumptions or finished goals. In case $\Var{this}$ refers to an object-logic
1279 statement that is an application $f(t)$, then $t$ is bound to the special text
1280 variable ``$\dots$''\indexisarvar{\dots} (three dots). The canonical
1281 application of the latter are calculational proofs (see
1282 \S\ref{sec:calculation}).
1285 \subsection{Block structure}
1287 \indexisarcmd{next}\indexisarcmd{\{}\indexisarcmd{\}}
1288 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
1289 \NEXT & : & \isartrans{proof(state)}{proof(state)} \\
1290 \BG & : & \isartrans{proof(state)}{proof(state)} \\
1291 \EN & : & \isartrans{proof(state)}{proof(state)} \\
1294 While Isar is inherently block-structured, opening and closing blocks is
1295 mostly handled rather casually, with little explicit user-intervention. Any
1296 local goal statement automatically opens \emph{two} blocks, which are closed
1297 again when concluding the sub-proof (by $\QEDNAME$ etc.). Sections of
1298 different context within a sub-proof may be switched via $\NEXT$, which is
1299 just a single block-close followed by block-open again. The effect of $\NEXT$
1300 is to reset the local proof context; there is no goal focus involved here!
1302 For slightly more advanced applications, there are explicit block parentheses
1303 as well. These typically achieve a stronger forward style of reasoning.
1306 \item [$\NEXT$] switches to a fresh block within a sub-proof, resetting the
1307 local context to the initial one.
1308 \item [$\BG$ and $\EN$] explicitly open and close blocks. Any current facts
1309 pass through ``$\BG$'' unchanged, while ``$\EN$'' causes any result to be
1310 \emph{exported} into the enclosing context. Thus fixed variables are
1311 generalized, assumptions discharged, and local definitions unfolded (cf.\
1312 \S\ref{sec:proof-context}). There is no difference of $\ASSUMENAME$ and
1313 $\PRESUMENAME$ in this mode of forward reasoning --- in contrast to plain
1314 backward reasoning with the result exported at $\SHOWNAME$ time.
1318 \subsection{Emulating tactic scripts}\label{sec:tactic-commands}
1320 The Isar provides separate commands to accommodate tactic-style proof scripts
1321 within the same system. While being outside the orthodox Isar proof language,
1322 these might come in handy for interactive exploration and debugging, or even
1323 actual tactical proof within new-style theories (to benefit from document
1324 preparation, for example). See also \S\ref{sec:tactics} for actual tactics,
1325 that have been encapsulated as proof methods. Proper proof methods may be
1326 used in scripts, too.
1328 \indexisarcmd{apply}\indexisarcmd{apply-end}\indexisarcmd{done}
1329 \indexisarcmd{defer}\indexisarcmd{prefer}\indexisarcmd{back}
1330 \indexisarcmd{declare}
1331 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
1332 \isarcmd{apply}^* & : & \isartrans{proof(prove)}{proof(prove)} \\
1333 \isarcmd{apply_end}^* & : & \isartrans{proof(state)}{proof(state)} \\
1334 \isarcmd{done}^* & : & \isartrans{proof(prove)}{proof(state)} \\
1335 \isarcmd{defer}^* & : & \isartrans{proof}{proof} \\
1336 \isarcmd{prefer}^* & : & \isartrans{proof}{proof} \\
1337 \isarcmd{back}^* & : & \isartrans{proof}{proof} \\
1338 \isarcmd{declare}^* & : & \isarkeep{local{\dsh}theory} \\
1341 \railalias{applyend}{apply\_end}
1345 ( 'apply' | applyend ) method
1351 'declare' target? (thmrefs + 'and')
1357 \item [$\APPLY{m}$] applies proof method $m$ in initial position, but unlike
1358 $\PROOFNAME$ it retains ``$proof(prove)$'' mode. Thus consecutive method
1359 applications may be given just as in tactic scripts.
1361 Facts are passed to $m$ as indicated by the goal's forward-chain mode, and
1362 are \emph{consumed} afterwards. Thus any further $\APPLYNAME$ command would
1363 always work in a purely backward manner.
1365 \item [$\isarkeyword{apply_end}~(m)$] applies proof method $m$ as if in
1366 terminal position. Basically, this simulates a multi-step tactic script for
1367 $\QEDNAME$, but may be given anywhere within the proof body.
1369 No facts are passed to $m$. Furthermore, the static context is that of the
1370 enclosing goal (as for actual $\QEDNAME$). Thus the proof method may not
1371 refer to any assumptions introduced in the current body, for example.
1373 \item [$\isarkeyword{done}$] completes a proof script, provided that the
1374 current goal state is solved completely. Note that actual structured proof
1375 commands (e.g.\ ``$\DOT$'' or $\SORRY$) may be used to conclude proof
1378 \item [$\isarkeyword{defer}~n$ and $\isarkeyword{prefer}~n$] shuffle the list
1379 of pending goals: $defer$ puts off goal $n$ to the end of the list ($n = 1$
1380 by default), while $prefer$ brings goal $n$ to the top.
1382 \item [$\isarkeyword{back}$] does back-tracking over the result sequence of
1383 the latest proof command. Basically, any proof command may return multiple
1386 \item [$\isarkeyword{declare}~thms$] declares theorems to the current
1387 theory context (or the specified target context, see also
1388 \S\ref{sec:target}). No theorem binding is involved here, unlike
1389 $\isarkeyword{theorems}$ or $\isarkeyword{lemmas}$ (cf.\
1390 \S\ref{sec:axms-thms}), so $\isarkeyword{declare}$ only has the
1391 effect of applying attributes as included in the theorem
1396 Any proper Isar proof method may be used with tactic script commands such as
1397 $\APPLYNAME$. A few additional emulations of actual tactics are provided as
1398 well; these would be never used in actual structured proofs, of course.
1401 \subsection{Meta-linguistic features}
1404 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
1405 \isarcmd{oops} & : & \isartrans{proof}{theory} \\
1408 The $\OOPS$ command discontinues the current proof attempt, while considering
1409 the partial proof text as properly processed. This is conceptually quite
1410 different from ``faking'' actual proofs via $\SORRY$ (see
1411 \S\ref{sec:proof-steps}): $\OOPS$ does not observe the proof structure at all,
1412 but goes back right to the theory level. Furthermore, $\OOPS$ does not
1413 produce any result theorem --- there is no intended claim to be able to
1414 complete the proof anyhow.
1416 A typical application of $\OOPS$ is to explain Isar proofs \emph{within} the
1417 system itself, in conjunction with the document preparation tools of Isabelle
1418 described in \cite{isabelle-sys}. Thus partial or even wrong proof attempts
1419 can be discussed in a logically sound manner. Note that the Isabelle {\LaTeX}
1420 macros can be easily adapted to print something like ``$\dots$'' instead of an
1421 ``$\OOPS$'' keyword.
1423 \medskip The $\OOPS$ command is undo-able, unlike $\isarkeyword{kill}$ (see
1424 \S\ref{sec:history}). The effect is to get back to the theory just before the
1425 opening of the proof.
1428 \section{Other commands}
1430 \subsection{Diagnostics}
1432 \indexisarcmd{pr}\indexisarcmd{thm}\indexisarcmd{term}
1433 \indexisarcmd{prop}\indexisarcmd{typ}
1434 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
1435 \isarcmd{pr}^* & : & \isarkeep{\cdot} \\
1436 \isarcmd{thm}^* & : & \isarkeep{theory~|~proof} \\
1437 \isarcmd{term}^* & : & \isarkeep{theory~|~proof} \\
1438 \isarcmd{prop}^* & : & \isarkeep{theory~|~proof} \\
1439 \isarcmd{typ}^* & : & \isarkeep{theory~|~proof} \\
1440 \isarcmd{prf}^* & : & \isarkeep{theory~|~proof} \\
1441 \isarcmd{full_prf}^* & : & \isarkeep{theory~|~proof} \\
1444 These diagnostic commands assist interactive development. Note that $undo$
1445 does not apply here, the theory or proof configuration is not changed.
1448 'pr' modes? nat? (',' nat)?
1450 'thm' modes? thmrefs
1458 'prf' modes? thmrefs?
1460 'full\_prf' modes? thmrefs?
1463 modes: '(' (name + ) ')'
1468 \item [$\isarkeyword{pr}~goals, prems$] prints the current proof state (if
1469 present), including the proof context, current facts and goals. The
1470 optional limit arguments affect the number of goals and premises to be
1471 displayed, which is initially 10 for both. Omitting limit values leaves the
1472 current setting unchanged.
1473 \item [$\isarkeyword{thm}~\vec a$] retrieves theorems from the current theory
1474 or proof context. Note that any attributes included in the theorem
1475 specifications are applied to a temporary context derived from the current
1476 theory or proof; the result is discarded, i.e.\ attributes involved in $\vec
1477 a$ do not have any permanent effect.
1478 \item [$\isarkeyword{term}~t$ and $\isarkeyword{prop}~\phi$] read, type-check
1479 and print terms or propositions according to the current theory or proof
1480 context; the inferred type of $t$ is output as well. Note that these
1481 commands are also useful in inspecting the current environment of term
1483 \item [$\isarkeyword{typ}~\tau$] reads and prints types of the meta-logic
1484 according to the current theory or proof context.
1485 \item [$\isarkeyword{prf}$] displays the (compact) proof term of the current
1486 proof state (if present), or of the given theorems. Note that this
1487 requires proof terms to be switched on for the current object logic
1488 (see the ``Proof terms'' section of the Isabelle reference manual
1489 for information on how to do this).
1490 \item [$\isarkeyword{full_prf}$] is like $\isarkeyword{prf}$, but displays
1491 the full proof term, i.e.\ also displays information omitted in
1492 the compact proof term, which is denoted by ``$_$'' placeholders there.
1495 All of the diagnostic commands above admit a list of $modes$ to be specified,
1496 which is appended to the current print mode (see also \cite{isabelle-ref}).
1497 Thus the output behavior may be modified according particular print mode
1498 features. For example, $\isarkeyword{pr}~(latex~xsymbols~symbols)$ would
1499 print the current proof state with mathematical symbols and special characters
1500 represented in {\LaTeX} source, according to the Isabelle style
1501 \cite{isabelle-sys}.
1503 Note that antiquotations (cf.\ \S\ref{sec:antiq}) provide a more systematic
1504 way to include formal items into the printed text document.
1507 \subsection{Inspecting the context}
1509 \indexisarcmd{print-facts}\indexisarcmd{print-binds}
1510 \indexisarcmd{print-commands}\indexisarcmd{print-syntax}
1511 \indexisarcmd{print-methods}\indexisarcmd{print-attributes}
1512 \indexisarcmd{find-theorems}\indexisarcmd{thm-deps}
1513 \indexisarcmd{print-theorems}\indexisarcmd{print-theory}
1514 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
1515 \isarcmd{print_commands}^* & : & \isarkeep{\cdot} \\
1516 \isarcmd{print_theory}^* & : & \isarkeep{theory~|~proof} \\
1517 \isarcmd{print_syntax}^* & : & \isarkeep{theory~|~proof} \\
1518 \isarcmd{print_methods}^* & : & \isarkeep{theory~|~proof} \\
1519 \isarcmd{print_attributes}^* & : & \isarkeep{theory~|~proof} \\
1520 \isarcmd{print_theorems}^* & : & \isarkeep{theory~|~proof} \\
1521 \isarcmd{find_theorems}^* & : & \isarkeep{theory~|~proof} \\
1522 \isarcmd{thms_deps}^* & : & \isarkeep{theory~|~proof} \\
1523 \isarcmd{print_facts}^* & : & \isarkeep{proof} \\
1524 \isarcmd{print_binds}^* & : & \isarkeep{proof} \\
1528 'print\_theory' ( '!'?)
1531 'find\_theorems' (('(' nat ')')?) ('with_dups')? (criterion *)
1533 criterion: ('-'?) ('name' ':' nameref | 'intro' | 'elim' | 'dest' |
1534 'simp' ':' term | term)
1540 These commands print certain parts of the theory and proof context. Note that
1541 there are some further ones available, such as for the set of rules declared
1542 for simplifications.
1546 \item [$\isarkeyword{print_commands}$] prints Isabelle's outer theory syntax,
1547 including keywords and command.
1549 \item [$\isarkeyword{print_theory}$] prints the main logical content
1550 of the theory context; the ``$!$'' option indicates extra verbosity.
1552 \item [$\isarkeyword{print_syntax}$] prints the inner syntax of types and
1553 terms, depending on the current context. The output can be very verbose,
1554 including grammar tables and syntax translation rules. See \cite[\S7,
1555 \S8]{isabelle-ref} for further information on Isabelle's inner syntax.
1557 \item [$\isarkeyword{print_methods}$] prints all proof methods available in
1558 the current theory context.
1560 \item [$\isarkeyword{print_attributes}$] prints all attributes available in
1561 the current theory context.
1563 \item [$\isarkeyword{print_theorems}$] prints theorems available in the
1564 current theory context.
1566 In interactive mode this actually refers to the theorems left by the last
1567 transaction; this allows to inspect the result of advanced definitional
1568 packages, such as $\isarkeyword{datatype}$.
1570 \item [$\isarkeyword{find_theorems}~\vec c$] retrieves facts from the theory
1571 or proof context matching all of the search criteria $\vec c$. The
1572 criterion $name: p$ selects all theorems whose fully qualified name matches
1573 pattern $p$, which may contain ``$*$'' wildcards. The criteria $intro$,
1574 $elim$, and $dest$ select theorems that match the current goal as
1575 introduction, elimination or destruction rules, respectively. The criterion
1576 $simp: t$ selects all rewrite rules whose left-hand side matches the given
1577 term. The criterion term $t$ selects all theorems that contain the pattern
1578 $t$ -- as usual, patterns may contain occurrences of the dummy ``$\_$'',
1579 schematic variables, and type constraints.
1581 Criteria can be preceded by ``$-$'' to select theorems that do \emph{not}
1582 match. Note that giving the empty list of criteria yields \emph{all}
1583 currently known facts. An optional limit for the number of printed facts
1584 may be given; the default is 40. Per default, duplicates are removed from
1585 the search result. Use $\isarkeyword{with_dups}$ to display duplicates.
1587 \item [$\isarkeyword{thm_deps}~\vec a$] visualizes dependencies of facts,
1588 using Isabelle's graph browser tool (see also \cite{isabelle-sys}).
1590 \item [$\isarkeyword{print_facts}$] prints all local facts of the
1591 current context, both named and unnamed ones.
1593 \item [$\isarkeyword{print_binds}$] prints all term abbreviations present in
1599 \subsection{History commands}\label{sec:history}
1601 \indexisarcmd{undo}\indexisarcmd{redo}\indexisarcmd{kill}
1602 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
1603 \isarcmd{undo}^{{*}{*}} & : & \isarkeep{\cdot} \\
1604 \isarcmd{redo}^{{*}{*}} & : & \isarkeep{\cdot} \\
1605 \isarcmd{kill}^{{*}{*}} & : & \isarkeep{\cdot} \\
1608 The Isabelle/Isar top-level maintains a two-stage history, for theory and
1609 proof state transformation. Basically, any command can be undone using
1610 $\isarkeyword{undo}$, excluding mere diagnostic elements. Its effect may be
1611 revoked via $\isarkeyword{redo}$, unless the corresponding
1612 $\isarkeyword{undo}$ step has crossed the beginning of a proof or theory. The
1613 $\isarkeyword{kill}$ command aborts the current history node altogether,
1614 discontinuing a proof or even the whole theory. This operation is \emph{not}
1618 History commands should never be used with user interfaces such as
1619 Proof~General \cite{proofgeneral,Aspinall:TACAS:2000}, which takes care of
1620 stepping forth and back itself. Interfering by manual $\isarkeyword{undo}$,
1621 $\isarkeyword{redo}$, or even $\isarkeyword{kill}$ commands would quickly
1622 result in utter confusion.
1626 \subsection{System operations}
1628 \indexisarcmd{cd}\indexisarcmd{pwd}\indexisarcmd{use-thy}\indexisarcmd{use-thy-only}
1629 \indexisarcmd{update-thy}\indexisarcmd{update-thy-only}\indexisarcmd{display-drafts}
1630 \indexisarcmd{print-drafts}
1631 \begin{matharray}{rcl}
1632 \isarcmd{cd}^* & : & \isarkeep{\cdot} \\
1633 \isarcmd{pwd}^* & : & \isarkeep{\cdot} \\
1634 \isarcmd{use_thy}^* & : & \isarkeep{\cdot} \\
1635 \isarcmd{use_thy_only}^* & : & \isarkeep{\cdot} \\
1636 \isarcmd{update_thy}^* & : & \isarkeep{\cdot} \\
1637 \isarcmd{update_thy_only}^* & : & \isarkeep{\cdot} \\
1638 \isarcmd{display_drafts}^* & : & \isarkeep{\cdot} \\
1639 \isarcmd{print_drafts}^* & : & \isarkeep{\cdot} \\
1642 \railalias{usethy}{use\_thy}
1644 \railalias{usethyonly}{use\_thy\_only}
1645 \railterm{usethyonly}
1646 \railalias{updatethy}{update\_thy}
1647 \railterm{updatethy}
1648 \railalias{updatethyonly}{update\_thy\_only}
1649 \railterm{updatethyonly}
1650 \railalias{displaydrafts}{display\_drafts}
1651 \railterm{displaydrafts}
1652 \railalias{printdrafts}{print\_drafts}
1653 \railterm{printdrafts}
1656 ('cd' | usethy | usethyonly | updatethy | updatethyonly) name
1658 (displaydrafts | printdrafts) (name +)
1663 \item [$\isarkeyword{cd}~path$] changes the current directory of the Isabelle
1665 \item [$\isarkeyword{pwd}~$] prints the current working directory.
1666 \item [$\isarkeyword{use_thy}$, $\isarkeyword{use_thy_only}$,
1667 $\isarkeyword{update_thy}$, $\isarkeyword{update_thy_only}$] load some
1668 theory given as $name$ argument. These commands are basically the same as
1669 the corresponding ML functions\footnote{The ML versions also change the
1670 implicit theory context to that of the theory loaded.} (see also
1671 \cite[\S1,\S6]{isabelle-ref}). Note that both the ML and Isar versions may
1672 load new- and old-style theories alike.
1673 \item [$\isarkeyword{display_drafts}~paths$ and
1674 $\isarkeyword{print_drafts}~paths$] perform simple output of a given list of
1675 raw source files. Only those symbols that do not require additional
1676 {\LaTeX} packages are displayed properly, everything else is left verbatim.
1679 These system commands are scarcely used when working with the Proof~General
1680 interface, since loading of theories is done transparently.
1682 %%% Local Variables:
1684 %%% TeX-master: "isar-ref"