1 Isabelle NEWS -- history user-relevant changes
2 ==============================================
4 New in this Isabelle version
5 ----------------------------
9 * Simplified main Isabelle executables, with less surprises on
10 case-insensitive file-systems (such as Mac OS).
12 - The main Isabelle tool wrapper is now called "isabelle" instead of
15 - The former "isabelle" alias for "isabelle-process" has been
16 removed (should rarely occur to regular users).
18 - The "Isabelle" alias for "isabelle-interface" has been removed.
20 Within scripts and make files, the Isabelle environment variables
21 ISABELLE_TOOL and ISABELLE_PROCESS replace old ISATOOL and ISABELLE,
22 respectively. (The latter are still available as legacy feature.)
24 Also note that user interfaces are now better wrapped as regular
25 Isabelle tools instead of using the special isabelle-interface wrapper
26 (which can be confusing if the interface is uninstalled or changed
27 otherwise). See "isabelle tty" and "isabelle emacs" for contemporary
30 INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt derivative scripts. Users may need to
31 purge installed copies of Isabelle executables and re-run "isabelle
32 install -p ...", or use symlinks.
34 * The Isabelle System Manual (system) has been updated, with formally
35 checked references as hyperlinks.
37 * Generalized Isar history, with support for linear undo, direct state
40 * Recovered hiding of consts, which was accidentally broken in
41 Isabelle2007. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY, ``hide const c'' really
42 makes c inaccessible; consider using ``hide (open) const c'' instead.
44 * Removed exotic 'token_translation' command. INCOMPATIBILITY, use ML
50 * Goal-directed proof now enforces strict proof irrelevance wrt. sort
51 hypotheses. Sorts required in the course of reasoning need to be
52 covered by the constraints in the initial statement, completed by the
53 type instance information of the background theory. Non-trivial sort
54 hypotheses, which rarely occur in practice, may be specified via
55 vacuous propositions of the form SORT_CONSTRAIN('a::c). For example:
57 lemma assumes "SORT_CONSTRAINT('a::empty)" shows False ...
59 The result contains an implicit sort hypotheses as before --
60 SORT_CONSTRAINT premises are eliminated as part of the canonical rule
63 * Changed defaults for unify configuration options:
65 unify_trace_bound = 50 (formerly 25)
66 unify_search_bound = 60 (formerly 30)
68 * Different bookkeeping for code equations:
69 a) On theory merge, the last set of code equations for a particular constant
70 is taken (in accordance with the policy applied by other parts of the
71 code generator framework).
72 b) Code equations stemming from explicit declarations (e.g. code attribute)
73 gain priority over default code equations stemming from definition, primrec,
77 * Global versions of theorems stemming from classes do not carry
78 a parameter prefix any longer. INCOMPATIBILITY.
80 * Dropped "locale (open)". INCOMPATBILITY.
82 * Interpretation commands no longer attempt to simplify goal.
83 INCOMPATIBILITY: in rare situations the generated goal differs. Use
84 methods intro_locales and unfold_locales to clarify.
86 * Interpretation commands no longer accept interpretation attributes.
89 * Command 'instance': attached definitions no longer accepted.
90 INCOMPATIBILITY, use proper 'instantiation' target.
92 * Keyword 'code_exception' now named 'code_abort'. INCOMPATIBILITY.
94 * The 'axiomatization' command now only works within a global theory
95 context. INCOMPATIBILITY.
98 *** Document preparation ***
100 * Antiquotation @{lemma} now imitates a regular terminal proof,
101 demanding keyword 'by' and supporting the full method expression
102 syntax just like the Isar command 'by'.
107 * Unified theorem tables for both code code generators. Thus
108 [code func] has disappeared and only [code] remains. INCOMPATIBILITY.
110 * Constant "undefined" replaces "arbitrary" in most occurences.
112 * Generic ATP manager for Sledgehammer, based on ML threads instead of
113 Posix processes. Avoids potentially expensive forking of the ML
114 process. New thread-based implementation also works on non-Unix
115 platforms (Cygwin). Provers are no longer hardwired, but defined
116 within the theory via plain ML wrapper functions. Basic Sledgehammer
117 commands are covered in the isar-ref manual
119 * Wrapper scripts for remote SystemOnTPTP service allows to use
120 sledgehammer without local ATP installation (Vampire etc.). See also
121 ISABELLE_HOME/contrib/SystemOnTPTP and the VAMPIRE_HOME setting
122 variable. Other provers may be included via suitable ML wrappers, see
123 also src/HOL/ATP_Linkup.thy.
125 * Normalization by evaluation now allows non-leftlinear equations.
126 Declare with attribute [code nbe].
128 * Command "value" now integrates different evaluation
129 mechanisms. The result of the first successful evaluation mechanism
130 is printed. In square brackets a particular named evaluation
131 mechanisms may be specified (currently, [SML], [code] or [nbe]). See
132 further src/HOL/ex/Eval_Examples.thy.
134 * HOL/Orderings: class "wellorder" moved here, with explicit induction
135 rule "less_induct" as assumption. For instantiation of "wellorder" by
136 means of predicate "wf", use rule wf_wellorderI. INCOMPATIBILITY.
138 * HOL/Orderings: added class "preorder" as superclass of "order".
139 INCOMPATIBILITY: Instantiation proofs for order, linorder
140 etc. slightly changed. Some theorems named order_class.* now named
143 * HOL/Ring_and_Field and HOL/Divides: Definition of "op dvd" has been
144 moved to separate class dvd in Ring_and_Field; a couple of lemmas on
145 dvd has been generalized to class comm_semiring_1. Likewise a bunch
146 of lemmas from Divides has been generalized from nat to class
147 semiring_div. INCOMPATIBILITY. This involves the following theorem
148 renames resulting from duplicate elimination:
150 dvd_def_mod ~> dvd_eq_mod_eq_0
151 zero_dvd_iff ~> dvd_0_left_iff
153 DIVISION_BY_ZERO_DIV ~> div_by_0
154 DIVISION_BY_ZERO_MOD ~> mod_by_0
155 mult_div ~> div_mult_self2_is_id
156 mult_mod ~> mod_mult_self2_is_0
158 * HOL/Library/GCD: Curried operations gcd, lcm (for nat) and zgcd,
159 zlcm (for int); carried together from various gcd/lcm developements in
160 the HOL Distribution. zgcd and zlcm replace former igcd and ilcm;
161 corresponding theorems renamed accordingly. INCOMPATIBILY. To
162 recover tupled syntax, use syntax declarations like:
164 hide (open) const gcd
165 abbreviation gcd where
166 "gcd == (%(a, b). GCD.gcd a b)"
168 GCD.gcd ("gcd '(_, _')")
170 (analogously for lcm, zgcd, zlcm).
172 * HOL/Real/Rational: 'Fract k 0' now equals '0'. INCOMPATIBILITY.
174 * New ML antiquotation @{code}: takes constant as argument, generates
175 corresponding code in background and inserts name of the corresponding
176 resulting ML value/function/datatype constructor binding in place.
177 All occurrences of @{code} with a single ML block are generated
178 simultaneously. Provides a generic and safe interface for
179 instrumentalizing code generation. See HOL/ex/Code_Antiq for a toy
180 example, or HOL/Complex/ex/ReflectedFerrack for a more ambitious
181 application. In future you ought refrain from ad-hoc compiling
182 generated SML code on the ML toplevel. Note that (for technical
183 reasons) @{code} cannot refer to constants for which user-defined
184 serializations are set. Refer to the corresponding ML counterpart
185 directly in that cases.
187 * Integrated image HOL-Complex with HOL. Entry points Main.thy and
188 Complex_Main.thy remain as they are.
190 * New image HOL-Plain provides a minimal HOL with the most important
191 tools available (inductive, datatype, primrec, ...). By convention
192 the corresponding theory Plain should be ancestor of every further
193 (library) theory. Some library theories now have ancestor Plain
194 (instead of Main), thus theory Main occasionally has to be imported
197 * The metis method now fails in the usual manner, rather than raising
198 an exception, if it determines that it cannot prove the theorem.
200 * Methods "case_tac" and "induct_tac" now refer to the very same rules
201 as the structured Isar versions "cases" and "induct", cf. the
202 corresponding "cases" and "induct" attributes. Mutual induction rules
203 are now presented as a list of individual projections
204 (e.g. foo_bar.inducts for types foo and bar); the old format with
205 explicit HOL conjunction is no longer supported. INCOMPATIBILITY, in
206 rare situations a different rule is selected --- notably nested tuple
207 elimination instead of former prod.exhaust: use explicit (case_tac t
208 rule: prod.exhaust) here.
210 * Attributes "cases", "induct", "coinduct" support "del" option.
212 * Removed fact "case_split_thm", which duplicates "case_split".
214 * Command 'rep_datatype': instead of theorem names the command now
215 takes a list of terms denoting the constructors of the type to be
216 represented as datatype. The characteristic theorems have to be
217 proven. INCOMPATIBILITY. Also observe that the following theorems
218 have disappeared in favour of existing ones:
220 unit_induct ~> unit.induct
221 prod_induct ~> prod.induct
222 sum_induct ~> sum.induct
223 Suc_Suc_eq ~> nat.inject
224 Suc_not_Zero Zero_not_Suc ~> nat.distinct
226 * Library/Nat_Infinity: added addition, numeral syntax and more
227 instantiations for algebraic structures. Removed some duplicate
228 theorems. Changes in simp rules. INCOMPATIBILITY.
230 * ATP selection (E/Vampire/Spass) is now via Proof General's settings
236 * New locales for orders and lattices where the equivalence relation
237 is not restricted to equality. INCOMPATIBILITY: all order and
238 lattice locales use a record structure with field eq for the
241 * New theory of factorial domains.
243 * Units_l_inv and Units_r_inv are now simprules by default.
244 INCOMPATIBILITY. Simplifier proof that require deletion of l_inv
245 and/or r_inv will now also require deletion of these lemmas.
247 * Renamed the following theorems. INCOMPATIBILITY.
250 least_carrier ~> least_closed
251 greatest_carrier ~> greatest_closed
252 greatest_Lower_above ~> greatest_Lower_below
253 one_zero ~> carrier_one_zero
254 one_not_zero ~> carrier_one_not_zero (collision with assumption)
259 * Created new image HOL-NSA, containing theories of nonstandard
260 analysis which were previously part of HOL-Complex. Entry point
261 Hyperreal.thy remains valid, but theories formerly using
262 Complex_Main.thy should now use new entry point Hypercomplex.thy.
267 * Proof of Zorn's Lemma for partial orders.
272 * Simplified ML oracle interface Thm.add_oracle promotes 'a -> cterm
273 to 'a -> thm, while results are always tagged with an authentic oracle
274 name. The Isar command 'oracle' is now polymorphic, no argument type
275 is specified. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to simplify existing oracle code
276 accordingly. Note that extra performance may be gained by producing
277 the cterm carefully, avoiding slow Thm.cterm_of.
279 * ML bindings produced via Isar commands are stored within the Isar
280 context (theory or proof). Consequently, commands like 'use' and 'ML'
281 become thread-safe and work with undo as expected (concerning
282 top-level bindings, not side-effects on global references).
283 INCOMPATIBILITY, need to provide proper Isar context when invoking the
284 compiler at runtime; really global bindings need to be given outside a
285 theory. [Poly/ML 5.2 or later]
287 * Command 'ML_prf' is analogous to 'ML' but works within a proof
288 context. Top-level ML bindings are stored within the proof context in
289 a purely sequential fashion, disregarding the nested proof structure.
290 ML bindings introduced by 'ML_prf' are discarded at the end of the
291 proof. [Poly/ML 5.2 or later]
293 * Generic Toplevel.add_hook interface allows to analyze the result of
294 transactions. E.g. see src/Pure/ProofGeneral/proof_general_pgip.ML
295 for theorem dependency output of transactions resulting in a new
298 * Name bindings in higher specification mechanisms (notably
299 LocalTheory.define, LocalTheory.note, and derived packages) are now
300 formalized as type Name.binding, replacing old bstring.
301 INCOMPATIBILITY, need to wrap strings via Name.binding function, see
302 also Name.name_of. Packages should pass name bindings given by the
303 user to underlying specification mechanisms; this enables precise
304 tracking of source positions, for example.
306 * Result facts (from PureThy.note_thms, ProofContext.note_thms,
307 LocalTheory.note etc.) now refer to the *full* internal name, not the
308 bstring as before. INCOMPATIBILITY, not detected by ML type-checking!
310 * Rules and tactics that read instantiations (read_instantiate,
311 res_inst_tac, thin_tac, subgoal_tac etc.) now demand a proper proof
312 context, which is required for parsing and type-checking. Moreover,
313 the variables are specified as plain indexnames, not string encodings
314 thereof. INCOMPATIBILITY.
316 * Disposed old type and term read functions (Sign.read_def_typ,
317 Sign.read_typ, Sign.read_def_terms, Sign.read_term,
318 Thm.read_def_cterms, Thm.read_cterm etc.). INCOMPATIBILITY, should
319 use regular Syntax.read_typ, Syntax.read_term, Syntax.read_typ_global,
320 Syntax.read_term_global etc.; see also OldGoals.read_term as last
321 resort for legacy applications.
323 * Antiquotations: block-structured compilation context indicated by
324 \<lbrace> ... \<rbrace>; additional antiquotation forms:
326 @{let ?pat = term} - term abbreviation (HO matching)
327 @{note name = fact} - fact abbreviation
328 @{thm fact} - singleton fact (with attributes)
329 @{thms fact} - general fact (with attributes)
330 @{lemma prop by method} - singleton goal
331 @{lemma prop by meth1 meth2} - singleton goal
332 @{lemma prop1 ... propN by method} - general goal
333 @{lemma prop1 ... propN by meth1 meth2} - general goal
334 @{lemma (open) ...} - open derivation
339 * Multithreading for Poly/ML 5.1 is no longer supported, only for
340 Poly/ML 5.2 or later.
342 * The Isabelle "emacs" tool provides a specific interface to invoke
343 Proof General / Emacs, with more explicit failure if that is not
344 installed (the old isabelle-interface script silently falls back on
345 isabelle-process). The PROOFGENERAL_HOME setting determines the
346 installation location of the Proof General distribution.
348 * Isabelle/lib/classes/Pure.jar provides basic support to integrate
349 the Isabelle process into a JVM/Scala application. See
350 Isabelle/lib/jedit/plugin for a minimal example. (The obsolete Java
351 process wrapper has been discontinued.)
353 * Status messages (with exact source position information) are
354 emitted, if proper markup print mode is enabled. This allows
355 user-interface components to provide detailed feedback on internal
358 * Homegrown Isabelle font with unicode layout, see Isabelle/lib/fonts.
362 New in Isabelle2008 (June 2008)
363 -------------------------------
367 * The Isabelle/Isar Reference Manual (isar-ref) has been reorganized
368 and updated, with formally checked references as hyperlinks.
370 * Theory loader: use_thy (and similar operations) no longer set the
371 implicit ML context, which was occasionally hard to predict and in
372 conflict with concurrency. INCOMPATIBILITY, use ML within Isar which
373 provides a proper context already.
375 * Theory loader: old-style ML proof scripts being *attached* to a thy
376 file are no longer supported. INCOMPATIBILITY, regular 'uses' and
377 'use' within a theory file will do the job.
379 * Name space merge now observes canonical order, i.e. the second space
380 is inserted into the first one, while existing entries in the first
381 space take precedence. INCOMPATIBILITY in rare situations, may try to
384 * Syntax: symbol \<chi> is now considered a letter. Potential
385 INCOMPATIBILITY in identifier syntax etc.
387 * Outer syntax: string tokens no longer admit escaped white space,
388 which was an accidental (undocumented) feature. INCOMPATIBILITY, use
389 white space without escapes.
391 * Outer syntax: string tokens may contain arbitrary character codes
392 specified via 3 decimal digits (as in SML). E.g. "foo\095bar" for
398 * Context-dependent token translations. Default setup reverts locally
399 fixed variables, and adds hilite markup for undeclared frees.
401 * Unused theorems can be found using the new command 'unused_thms'.
402 There are three ways of invoking it:
405 Only finds unused theorems in the current theory.
407 (2) unused_thms thy_1 ... thy_n -
408 Finds unused theorems in the current theory and all of its ancestors,
409 excluding the theories thy_1 ... thy_n and all of their ancestors.
411 (3) unused_thms thy_1 ... thy_n - thy'_1 ... thy'_m
412 Finds unused theorems in the theories thy'_1 ... thy'_m and all of
413 their ancestors, excluding the theories thy_1 ... thy_n and all of
416 In order to increase the readability of the list produced by
417 unused_thms, theorems that have been created by a particular instance
418 of a theory command such as 'inductive' or 'function' are considered
419 to belong to the same "group", meaning that if at least one theorem in
420 this group is used, the other theorems in the same group are no longer
421 reported as unused. Moreover, if all theorems in the group are
422 unused, only one theorem in the group is displayed.
424 Note that proof objects have to be switched on in order for
425 unused_thms to work properly (i.e. !proofs must be >= 1, which is
426 usually the case when using Proof General with the default settings).
428 * Authentic naming of facts disallows ad-hoc overwriting of previous
429 theorems within the same name space. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to remove
430 duplicate fact bindings, or even accidental fact duplications. Note
431 that tools may maintain dynamically scoped facts systematically, using
432 PureThy.add_thms_dynamic.
434 * Command 'hide' now allows to hide from "fact" name space as well.
436 * Eliminated destructive theorem database, simpset, claset, and
437 clasimpset. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY, really need to observe linear
438 update of theories within ML code.
440 * Eliminated theory ProtoPure and CPure, leaving just one Pure theory.
441 INCOMPATIBILITY, object-logics depending on former Pure require
442 additional setup PureThy.old_appl_syntax_setup; object-logics
443 depending on former CPure need to refer to Pure.
445 * Commands 'use' and 'ML' are now purely functional, operating on
446 theory/local_theory. Removed former 'ML_setup' (on theory), use 'ML'
447 instead. Added 'ML_val' as mere diagnostic replacement for 'ML'.
450 * Command 'setup': discontinued implicit version with ML reference.
452 * Instantiation target allows for simultaneous specification of class
453 instance operations together with an instantiation proof.
454 Type-checking phase allows to refer to class operations uniformly.
455 See src/HOL/Complex/Complex.thy for an Isar example and
456 src/HOL/Library/Eval.thy for an ML example.
458 * Indexing of literal facts: be more serious about including only
459 facts from the visible specification/proof context, but not the
460 background context (locale etc.). Affects `prop` notation and method
461 "fact". INCOMPATIBILITY: need to name facts explicitly in rare
464 * Method "cases", "induct", "coinduct": removed obsolete/undocumented
465 "(open)" option, which used to expose internal bound variables to the
468 * Isar statements: removed obsolete case "rule_context".
469 INCOMPATIBILITY, better use explicit fixes/assumes.
471 * Locale proofs: default proof step now includes 'unfold_locales';
472 hence 'proof' without argument may be used to unfold locale
476 *** Document preparation ***
478 * Simplified pdfsetup.sty: color/hyperref is used unconditionally for
479 both pdf and dvi (hyperlinks usually work in xdvi as well); removed
480 obsolete thumbpdf setup (contemporary PDF viewers do this on the
481 spot); renamed link color from "darkblue" to "linkcolor" (default
482 value unchanged, can be redefined via \definecolor); no longer sets
483 "a4paper" option (unnecessary or even intrusive).
485 * Antiquotation @{lemma A method} proves proposition A by the given
486 method (either a method name or a method name plus (optional) method
487 arguments in parentheses) and prints A just like @{prop A}.
492 * New primrec package. Specification syntax conforms in style to
493 definition/function/.... No separate induction rule is provided. The
494 "primrec" command distinguishes old-style and new-style specifications
495 by syntax. The former primrec package is now named OldPrimrecPackage.
496 When adjusting theories, beware: constants stemming from new-style
497 primrec specifications have authentic syntax.
499 * Metis prover is now an order of magnitude faster, and also works
502 * Metis: the maximum number of clauses that can be produced from a
503 theorem is now given by the attribute max_clauses. Theorems that
504 exceed this number are ignored, with a warning printed.
506 * Sledgehammer no longer produces structured proofs by default. To
507 enable, declare [[sledgehammer_full = true]]. Attributes
508 reconstruction_modulus, reconstruction_sorts renamed
509 sledgehammer_modulus, sledgehammer_sorts. INCOMPATIBILITY.
511 * Method "induct_scheme" derives user-specified induction rules
512 from well-founded induction and completeness of patterns. This factors
513 out some operations that are done internally by the function package
514 and makes them available separately. See
515 src/HOL/ex/Induction_Scheme.thy for examples.
517 * More flexible generation of measure functions for termination
518 proofs: Measure functions can be declared by proving a rule of the
519 form "is_measure f" and giving it the [measure_function] attribute.
520 The "is_measure" predicate is logically meaningless (always true), and
521 just guides the heuristic. To find suitable measure functions, the
522 termination prover sets up the goal "is_measure ?f" of the appropriate
523 type and generates all solutions by prolog-style backwards proof using
526 This setup also deals with rules like
528 "is_measure f ==> is_measure (list_size f)"
530 which accommodates nested datatypes that recurse through lists.
531 Similar rules are predeclared for products and option types.
533 * Turned the type of sets "'a set" into an abbreviation for "'a => bool"
537 - Definitions of overloaded constants on sets have to be replaced by
538 definitions on => and bool.
540 - Some definitions of overloaded operators on sets can now be proved
541 using the definitions of the operators on => and bool. Therefore,
542 the following theorems have been renamed:
544 subset_def -> subset_eq
545 psubset_def -> psubset_eq
546 set_diff_def -> set_diff_eq
547 Compl_def -> Compl_eq
548 Sup_set_def -> Sup_set_eq
549 Inf_set_def -> Inf_set_eq
550 sup_set_def -> sup_set_eq
551 inf_set_def -> inf_set_eq
553 - Due to the incompleteness of the HO unification algorithm, some
554 rules such as subst may require manual instantiation, if some of
555 the unknowns in the rule is a set.
557 - Higher order unification and forward proofs:
560 have "P (S::'a set)" <...>
561 then have "EX S. P S" ..
563 no longer works (due to the incompleteness of the HO unification
564 algorithm) and must be replaced by the pattern
571 - Calculational reasoning with subst (or similar rules):
574 have "P (S::'a set)" <...>
575 also have "S = T" <...>
578 no longer works (for similar reasons as the previous example) and
579 must be replaced by something like
581 have "P (S::'a set)" <...>
582 moreover have "S = T" <...>
583 ultimately have "P T" by simp
585 - Tactics or packages written in ML code:
586 Code performing pattern matching on types via
588 Type ("set", [T]) => ...
590 must be rewritten. Moreover, functions like strip_type or
591 binder_types no longer return the right value when applied to a
594 T1 => ... => Tn => U => bool
598 T1 => ... => Tn => U set
600 * Merged theories Wellfounded_Recursion, Accessible_Part and
601 Wellfounded_Relations to theory Wellfounded.
603 * Explicit class "eq" for executable equality. INCOMPATIBILITY.
605 * Class finite no longer treats UNIV as class parameter. Use class
606 enum from theory Library/Enum instead to achieve a similar effect.
609 * Theory List: rule list_induct2 now has explicitly named cases "Nil"
610 and "Cons". INCOMPATIBILITY.
612 * HOL (and FOL): renamed variables in rules imp_elim and swap.
613 Potential INCOMPATIBILITY.
615 * Theory Product_Type: duplicated lemmas split_Pair_apply and
616 injective_fst_snd removed, use split_eta and prod_eqI instead.
617 Renamed upd_fst to apfst and upd_snd to apsnd. INCOMPATIBILITY.
619 * Theory Nat: removed redundant lemmas that merely duplicate lemmas of
620 the same name in theory Orderings:
630 Renamed less_imp_le to less_imp_le_nat, and less_irrefl to
631 less_irrefl_nat. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY due to more general types
632 and different variable names.
634 * Library/Option_ord.thy: Canonical order on option type.
636 * Library/RBT.thy: Red-black trees, an efficient implementation of
639 * Library/Countable.thy: Type class for countable types.
641 * Theory Int: The representation of numerals has changed. The infix
642 operator BIT and the bit datatype with constructors B0 and B1 have
643 disappeared. INCOMPATIBILITY, use "Int.Bit0 x" and "Int.Bit1 y" in
644 place of "x BIT bit.B0" and "y BIT bit.B1", respectively. Theorems
645 involving BIT, B0, or B1 have been renamed with "Bit0" or "Bit1"
648 * Theory Nat: definition of <= and < on natural numbers no longer
649 depend on well-founded relations. INCOMPATIBILITY. Definitions
650 le_def and less_def have disappeared. Consider lemmas not_less
651 [symmetric, where ?'a = nat] and less_eq [symmetric] instead.
653 * Theory Finite_Set: locales ACf, ACe, ACIf, ACIfSL and ACIfSLlin
654 (whose purpose mainly is for various fold_set functionals) have been
655 abandoned in favor of the existing algebraic classes
656 ab_semigroup_mult, comm_monoid_mult, ab_semigroup_idem_mult,
657 lower_semilattice (resp. upper_semilattice) and linorder.
660 * Theory Transitive_Closure: induct and cases rules now declare proper
661 case_names ("base" and "step"). INCOMPATIBILITY.
663 * Theorem Inductive.lfp_ordinal_induct generalized to complete
664 lattices. The form set-specific version is available as
665 Inductive.lfp_ordinal_induct_set.
667 * Renamed theorems "power.simps" to "power_int.simps".
670 * Class semiring_div provides basic abstract properties of semirings
671 with division and modulo operations. Subsumes former class dvd_mod.
673 * Merged theories IntDef, Numeral and IntArith into unified theory
674 Int. INCOMPATIBILITY.
676 * Theory Library/Code_Index: type "index" now represents natural
677 numbers rather than integers. INCOMPATIBILITY.
679 * New class "uminus" with operation "uminus" (split of from class
680 "minus" which now only has operation "minus", binary).
683 * Constants "card", "internal_split", "option_map" now with authentic
684 syntax. INCOMPATIBILITY.
686 * Definitions subset_def, psubset_def, set_diff_def, Compl_def,
687 le_bool_def, less_bool_def, le_fun_def, less_fun_def, inf_bool_def,
688 sup_bool_def, Inf_bool_def, Sup_bool_def, inf_fun_def, sup_fun_def,
689 Inf_fun_def, Sup_fun_def, inf_set_def, sup_set_def, Inf_set_def,
690 Sup_set_def, le_def, less_def, option_map_def now with object
691 equality. INCOMPATIBILITY.
693 * Records. Removed K_record, and replaced it by pure lambda term
694 %x. c. The simplifier setup is now more robust against eta expansion.
695 INCOMPATIBILITY: in cases explicitly referring to K_record.
697 * Library/Multiset: {#a, b, c#} abbreviates {#a#} + {#b#} + {#c#}.
699 * Library/ListVector: new theory of arithmetic vector operations.
701 * Library/Order_Relation: new theory of various orderings as sets of
702 pairs. Defines preorders, partial orders, linear orders and
703 well-orders on sets and on types.
708 * Renamed some theories to allow to loading both ZF and HOL in the
711 Datatype -> Datatype_ZF
712 Inductive -> Inductive_ZF
719 INCOMPATIBILITY: ZF theories that import individual theories below
720 Main might need to be adapted. Regular theory Main is still
721 available, as trivial extension of Main_ZF.
726 * ML within Isar: antiquotation @{const name} or @{const
727 name(typargs)} produces statically-checked Const term.
729 * Functor NamedThmsFun: data is available to the user as dynamic fact
730 (of the same name). Removed obsolete print command.
732 * Removed obsolete "use_legacy_bindings" function.
734 * The ``print mode'' is now a thread-local value derived from a global
735 template (the former print_mode reference), thus access becomes
736 non-critical. The global print_mode reference is for session
737 management only; user-code should use print_mode_value,
738 print_mode_active, PrintMode.setmp etc. INCOMPATIBILITY.
740 * Functions system/system_out provide a robust way to invoke external
741 shell commands, with propagation of interrupts (requires Poly/ML 5.2).
742 Do not use OS.Process.system etc. from the basis library!
747 * Default settings: PROOFGENERAL_OPTIONS no longer impose xemacs ---
748 in accordance with Proof General 3.7, which prefers GNU emacs.
750 * isatool tty runs Isabelle process with plain tty interaction;
751 optional line editor may be specified via ISABELLE_LINE_EDITOR
752 setting, the default settings attempt to locate "ledit" and "rlwrap".
754 * isatool browser now works with Cygwin as well, using general
755 "javapath" function defined in Isabelle process environment.
757 * YXML notation provides a simple and efficient alternative to
758 standard XML transfer syntax. See src/Pure/General/yxml.ML and
759 isatool yxml as described in the Isabelle system manual.
761 * JVM class isabelle.IsabelleProcess (located in Isabelle/lib/classes)
762 provides general wrapper for managing an Isabelle process in a robust
763 fashion, with ``cooked'' output from stdin/stderr.
765 * Rudimentary Isabelle plugin for jEdit (see Isabelle/lib/jedit),
766 based on Isabelle/JVM process wrapper (see Isabelle/lib/classes).
768 * Removed obsolete THIS_IS_ISABELLE_BUILD feature. NB: the documented
769 way of changing the user's settings is via
770 ISABELLE_HOME_USER/etc/settings, which is a fully featured bash
773 * Multithreading.max_threads := 0 refers to the number of actual CPU
774 cores of the underlying machine, which is a good starting point for
775 optimal performance tuning. The corresponding usedir option -M allows
776 "max" as an alias for "0". WARNING: does not work on certain versions
777 of Mac OS (with Poly/ML 5.1).
779 * isabelle-process: non-ML sessions are run with "nice", to reduce the
780 adverse effect of Isabelle flooding interactive front-ends (notably
781 ProofGeneral / XEmacs).
785 New in Isabelle2007 (November 2007)
786 -----------------------------------
790 * More uniform information about legacy features, notably a
791 warning/error of "Legacy feature: ...", depending on the state of the
792 tolerate_legacy_features flag (default true). FUTURE INCOMPATIBILITY:
793 legacy features will disappear eventually.
795 * Theory syntax: the header format ``theory A = B + C:'' has been
796 discontinued in favour of ``theory A imports B C begin''. Use isatool
797 fixheaders to convert existing theory files. INCOMPATIBILITY.
799 * Theory syntax: the old non-Isar theory file format has been
800 discontinued altogether. Note that ML proof scripts may still be used
801 with Isar theories; migration is usually quite simple with the ML
802 function use_legacy_bindings. INCOMPATIBILITY.
804 * Theory syntax: some popular names (e.g. 'class', 'declaration',
805 'fun', 'help', 'if') are now keywords. INCOMPATIBILITY, use double
808 * Theory loader: be more serious about observing the static theory
809 header specifications (including optional directories), but not the
810 accidental file locations of previously successful loads. The strict
811 update policy of former update_thy is now already performed by
812 use_thy, so the former has been removed; use_thys updates several
813 theories simultaneously, just as 'imports' within a theory header
814 specification, but without merging the results. Potential
815 INCOMPATIBILITY: may need to refine theory headers and commands
816 ROOT.ML which depend on load order.
818 * Theory loader: optional support for content-based file
819 identification, instead of the traditional scheme of full physical
820 path plus date stamp; configured by the ISABELLE_FILE_IDENT setting
821 (cf. the system manual). The new scheme allows to work with
822 non-finished theories in persistent session images, such that source
823 files may be moved later on without requiring reloads.
825 * Theory loader: old-style ML proof scripts being *attached* to a thy
826 file (with the same base name as the theory) are considered a legacy
827 feature, which will disappear eventually. Even now, the theory loader
828 no longer maintains dependencies on such files.
830 * Syntax: the scope for resolving ambiguities via type-inference is
831 now limited to individual terms, instead of whole simultaneous
832 specifications as before. This greatly reduces the complexity of the
833 syntax module and improves flexibility by separating parsing and
834 type-checking. INCOMPATIBILITY: additional type-constraints (explicit
835 'fixes' etc.) are required in rare situations.
837 * Syntax: constants introduced by new-style packages ('definition',
838 'abbreviation' etc.) are passed through the syntax module in
839 ``authentic mode''. This means that associated mixfix annotations
840 really stick to such constants, independently of potential name space
841 ambiguities introduced later on. INCOMPATIBILITY: constants in parse
842 trees are represented slightly differently, may need to adapt syntax
843 translations accordingly. Use CONST marker in 'translations' and
844 @{const_syntax} antiquotation in 'parse_translation' etc.
846 * Legacy goal package: reduced interface to the bare minimum required
847 to keep existing proof scripts running. Most other user-level
848 functions are now part of the OldGoals structure, which is *not* open
849 by default (consider isatool expandshort before open OldGoals).
850 Removed top_sg, prin, printyp, pprint_term/typ altogether, because
851 these tend to cause confusion about the actual goal (!) context being
852 used here, which is not necessarily the same as the_context().
854 * Command 'find_theorems': supports "*" wild-card in "name:"
855 criterion; "with_dups" option. Certain ProofGeneral versions might
856 support a specific search form (see ProofGeneral/CHANGES).
858 * The ``prems limit'' option (cf. ProofContext.prems_limit) is now -1
859 by default, which means that "prems" (and also "fixed variables") are
860 suppressed from proof state output. Note that the ProofGeneral
861 settings mechanism allows to change and save options persistently, but
862 older versions of Isabelle will fail to start up if a negative prems
865 * Local theory targets may be specified by non-nested blocks of
866 ``context/locale/class ... begin'' followed by ``end''. The body may
867 contain definitions, theorems etc., including any derived mechanism
868 that has been implemented on top of these primitives. This concept
869 generalizes the existing ``theorem (in ...)'' towards more versatility
872 * Proof General interface: proper undo of final 'end' command;
873 discontinued Isabelle/classic mode (ML proof scripts).
876 *** Document preparation ***
878 * Added antiquotation @{theory name} which prints the given name,
879 after checking that it refers to a valid ancestor theory in the
882 * Added antiquotations @{ML_type text} and @{ML_struct text} which
883 check the given source text as ML type/structure, printing verbatim.
885 * Added antiquotation @{abbrev "c args"} which prints the abbreviation
886 "c args == rhs" given in the current context. (Any number of
887 arguments may be given on the LHS.)
892 * The 'class' package offers a combination of axclass and locale to
893 achieve Haskell-like type classes in Isabelle. Definitions and
894 theorems within a class context produce both relative results (with
895 implicit parameters according to the locale context), and polymorphic
896 constants with qualified polymorphism (according to the class
897 context). Within the body context of a 'class' target, a separate
898 syntax layer ("user space type system") takes care of converting
899 between global polymorphic consts and internal locale representation.
900 See src/HOL/ex/Classpackage.thy for examples (as well as main HOL).
901 "isatool doc classes" provides a tutorial.
903 * Generic code generator framework allows to generate executable
904 code for ML and Haskell (including Isabelle classes). A short usage
907 internal compilation:
908 export_code <list of constants (term syntax)> in SML
909 writing SML code to a file:
910 export_code <list of constants (term syntax)> in SML <filename>
911 writing OCaml code to a file:
912 export_code <list of constants (term syntax)> in OCaml <filename>
913 writing Haskell code to a bunch of files:
914 export_code <list of constants (term syntax)> in Haskell <filename>
916 evaluating closed propositions to True/False using code generation:
919 Reasonable default setup of framework in HOL.
921 Theorem attributs for selecting and transforming function equations theorems:
923 [code fun]: select a theorem as function equation for a specific constant
924 [code fun del]: deselect a theorem as function equation for a specific constant
925 [code inline]: select an equation theorem for unfolding (inlining) in place
926 [code inline del]: deselect an equation theorem for unfolding (inlining) in place
928 User-defined serializations (target in {SML, OCaml, Haskell}):
930 code_const <and-list of constants (term syntax)>
931 {(target) <and-list of const target syntax>}+
933 code_type <and-list of type constructors>
934 {(target) <and-list of type target syntax>}+
936 code_instance <and-list of instances>
938 where instance ::= <type constructor> :: <class>
940 code_class <and_list of classes>
941 {(target) <and-list of class target syntax>}+
942 where class target syntax ::= <class name> {where {<classop> == <target syntax>}+}?
944 code_instance and code_class only are effective to target Haskell.
946 For example usage see src/HOL/ex/Codegenerator.thy and
947 src/HOL/ex/Codegenerator_Pretty.thy. A separate tutorial on code
948 generation from Isabelle/HOL theories is available via "isatool doc
951 * Code generator: consts in 'consts_code' Isar commands are now
952 referred to by usual term syntax (including optional type
955 * Command 'no_translations' removes translation rules from theory
958 * Overloaded definitions are now actually checked for acyclic
959 dependencies. The overloading scheme is slightly more general than
960 that of Haskell98, although Isabelle does not demand an exact
961 correspondence to type class and instance declarations.
962 INCOMPATIBILITY, use ``defs (unchecked overloaded)'' to admit more
963 exotic versions of overloading -- at the discretion of the user!
965 Polymorphic constants are represented via type arguments, i.e. the
966 instantiation that matches an instance against the most general
967 declaration given in the signature. For example, with the declaration
968 c :: 'a => 'a => 'a, an instance c :: nat => nat => nat is represented
969 as c(nat). Overloading is essentially simultaneous structural
970 recursion over such type arguments. Incomplete specification patterns
971 impose global constraints on all occurrences, e.g. c('a * 'a) on the
972 LHS means that more general c('a * 'b) will be disallowed on any RHS.
973 Command 'print_theory' outputs the normalized system of recursive
974 equations, see section "definitions".
976 * Configuration options are maintained within the theory or proof
977 context (with name and type bool/int/string), providing a very simple
978 interface to a poor-man's version of general context data. Tools may
979 declare options in ML (e.g. using Attrib.config_int) and then refer to
980 these values using Config.get etc. Users may change options via an
981 associated attribute of the same name. This form of context
982 declaration works particularly well with commands 'declare' or
983 'using', for example ``declare [[foo = 42]]''. Thus it has become
984 very easy to avoid global references, which would not observe Isar
985 toplevel undo/redo and fail to work with multithreading.
987 Various global ML references of Pure and HOL have been turned into
988 configuration options:
990 Unify.search_bound unify_search_bound
991 Unify.trace_bound unify_trace_bound
992 Unify.trace_simp unify_trace_simp
993 Unify.trace_types unify_trace_types
994 Simplifier.simp_depth_limit simp_depth_limit
995 Blast.depth_limit blast_depth_limit
996 DatatypeProp.dtK datatype_distinctness_limit
997 fast_arith_neq_limit fast_arith_neq_limit
998 fast_arith_split_limit fast_arith_split_limit
1000 * Named collections of theorems may be easily installed as context
1001 data using the functor NamedThmsFun (see also
1002 src/Pure/Tools/named_thms.ML). The user may add or delete facts via
1003 attributes; there is also a toplevel print command. This facility is
1004 just a common case of general context data, which is the preferred way
1005 for anything more complex than just a list of facts in canonical
1008 * Isar: command 'declaration' augments a local theory by generic
1009 declaration functions written in ML. This enables arbitrary content
1010 being added to the context, depending on a morphism that tells the
1011 difference of the original declaration context wrt. the application
1012 context encountered later on.
1014 * Isar: proper interfaces for simplification procedures. Command
1015 'simproc_setup' declares named simprocs (with match patterns, and body
1016 text in ML). Attribute "simproc" adds/deletes simprocs in the current
1017 context. ML antiquotation @{simproc name} retrieves named simprocs.
1019 * Isar: an extra pair of brackets around attribute declarations
1020 abbreviates a theorem reference involving an internal dummy fact,
1021 which will be ignored later --- only the effect of the attribute on
1022 the background context will persist. This form of in-place
1023 declarations is particularly useful with commands like 'declare' and
1024 'using', for example ``have A using [[simproc a]] by simp''.
1026 * Isar: method "assumption" (and implicit closing of subproofs) now
1027 takes simple non-atomic goal assumptions into account: after applying
1028 an assumption as a rule the resulting subgoals are solved by atomic
1029 assumption steps. This is particularly useful to finish 'obtain'
1030 goals, such as "!!x. (!!x. P x ==> thesis) ==> P x ==> thesis",
1031 without referring to the original premise "!!x. P x ==> thesis" in the
1032 Isar proof context. POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY: method "assumption" is
1035 * Isar: implicit use of prems from the Isar proof context is
1036 considered a legacy feature. Common applications like ``have A .''
1037 may be replaced by ``have A by fact'' or ``note `A`''. In general,
1038 referencing facts explicitly here improves readability and
1039 maintainability of proof texts.
1041 * Isar: improper proof element 'guess' is like 'obtain', but derives
1042 the obtained context from the course of reasoning! For example:
1044 assume "EX x y. A x & B y" -- "any previous fact"
1045 then guess x and y by clarify
1047 This technique is potentially adventurous, depending on the facts and
1048 proof tools being involved here.
1050 * Isar: known facts from the proof context may be specified as literal
1051 propositions, using ASCII back-quote syntax. This works wherever
1052 named facts used to be allowed so far, in proof commands, proof
1053 methods, attributes etc. Literal facts are retrieved from the context
1054 according to unification of type and term parameters. For example,
1055 provided that "A" and "A ==> B" and "!!x. P x ==> Q x" are known
1056 theorems in the current context, then these are valid literal facts:
1057 `A` and `A ==> B` and `!!x. P x ==> Q x" as well as `P a ==> Q a` etc.
1059 There is also a proof method "fact" which does the same composition
1060 for explicit goal states, e.g. the following proof texts coincide with
1061 certain special cases of literal facts:
1063 have "A" by fact == note `A`
1064 have "A ==> B" by fact == note `A ==> B`
1065 have "!!x. P x ==> Q x" by fact == note `!!x. P x ==> Q x`
1066 have "P a ==> Q a" by fact == note `P a ==> Q a`
1068 * Isar: ":" (colon) is no longer a symbolic identifier character in
1069 outer syntax. Thus symbolic identifiers may be used without
1070 additional white space in declarations like this: ``assume *: A''.
1072 * Isar: 'print_facts' prints all local facts of the current context,
1073 both named and unnamed ones.
1075 * Isar: 'def' now admits simultaneous definitions, e.g.:
1077 def x == "t" and y == "u"
1079 * Isar: added command 'unfolding', which is structurally similar to
1080 'using', but affects both the goal state and facts by unfolding given
1081 rewrite rules. Thus many occurrences of the 'unfold' method or
1082 'unfolded' attribute may be replaced by first-class proof text.
1084 * Isar: methods 'unfold' / 'fold', attributes 'unfolded' / 'folded',
1085 and command 'unfolding' now all support object-level equalities
1086 (potentially conditional). The underlying notion of rewrite rule is
1087 analogous to the 'rule_format' attribute, but *not* that of the
1088 Simplifier (which is usually more generous).
1090 * Isar: the new attribute [rotated n] (default n = 1) rotates the
1091 premises of a theorem by n. Useful in conjunction with drule.
1093 * Isar: the goal restriction operator [N] (default N = 1) evaluates a
1094 method expression within a sandbox consisting of the first N
1095 sub-goals, which need to exist. For example, ``simp_all [3]''
1096 simplifies the first three sub-goals, while (rule foo, simp_all)[]
1097 simplifies all new goals that emerge from applying rule foo to the
1098 originally first one.
1100 * Isar: schematic goals are no longer restricted to higher-order
1101 patterns; e.g. ``lemma "?P(?x)" by (rule TrueI)'' now works as
1104 * Isar: the conclusion of a long theorem statement is now either
1105 'shows' (a simultaneous conjunction, as before), or 'obtains'
1106 (essentially a disjunction of cases with local parameters and
1107 assumptions). The latter allows to express general elimination rules
1108 adequately; in this notation common elimination rules look like this:
1110 lemma exE: -- "EX x. P x ==> (!!x. P x ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
1112 obtains x where "P x"
1114 lemma conjE: -- "A & B ==> (A ==> B ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
1118 lemma disjE: -- "A | B ==> (A ==> thesis) ==> (B ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
1124 The subsequent classical rules even refer to the formal "thesis"
1127 lemma classical: -- "(~ thesis ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
1130 lemma Peirce's_Law: -- "((thesis ==> something) ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
1131 obtains "thesis ==> something"
1133 The actual proof of an 'obtains' statement is analogous to that of the
1134 Isar proof element 'obtain', only that there may be several cases.
1135 Optional case names may be specified in parentheses; these will be
1136 available both in the present proof and as annotations in the
1137 resulting rule, for later use with the 'cases' method (cf. attribute
1140 * Isar: the assumptions of a long theorem statement are available as
1141 "assms" fact in the proof context. This is more appropriate than the
1142 (historical) "prems", which refers to all assumptions of the current
1143 context, including those from the target locale, proof body etc.
1145 * Isar: 'print_statement' prints theorems from the current theory or
1146 proof context in long statement form, according to the syntax of a
1149 * Isar: 'obtain' takes an optional case name for the local context
1150 introduction rule (default "that").
1152 * Isar: removed obsolete 'concl is' patterns. INCOMPATIBILITY, use
1153 explicit (is "_ ==> ?foo") in the rare cases where this still happens
1156 * Pure: syntax "CONST name" produces a fully internalized constant
1157 according to the current context. This is particularly useful for
1158 syntax translations that should refer to internal constant
1159 representations independently of name spaces.
1161 * Pure: syntax constant for foo (binder "FOO ") is called "foo_binder"
1162 instead of "FOO ". This allows multiple binder declarations to coexist
1163 in the same context. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1165 * Isar/locales: 'notation' provides a robust interface to the 'syntax'
1166 primitive that also works in a locale context (both for constants and
1167 fixed variables). Type declaration and internal syntactic representation
1168 of given constants retrieved from the context. Likewise, the
1169 'no_notation' command allows to remove given syntax annotations from the
1172 * Isar/locales: new derived specification elements 'axiomatization',
1173 'definition', 'abbreviation', which support type-inference, admit
1174 object-level specifications (equality, equivalence). See also the
1175 isar-ref manual. Examples:
1178 eq (infix "===" 50) where
1179 eq_refl: "x === x" and eq_subst: "x === y ==> P x ==> P y"
1181 definition "f x y = x + y + 1"
1182 definition g where "g x = f x x"
1185 neq (infix "=!=" 50) where
1186 "x =!= y == ~ (x === y)"
1188 These specifications may be also used in a locale context. Then the
1189 constants being introduced depend on certain fixed parameters, and the
1190 constant name is qualified by the locale base name. An internal
1191 abbreviation takes care for convenient input and output, making the
1192 parameters implicit and using the original short name. See also
1193 src/HOL/ex/Abstract_NAT.thy for an example of deriving polymorphic
1194 entities from a monomorphic theory.
1196 Presently, abbreviations are only available 'in' a target locale, but
1197 not inherited by general import expressions. Also note that
1198 'abbreviation' may be used as a type-safe replacement for 'syntax' +
1199 'translations' in common applications. The "no_abbrevs" print mode
1200 prevents folding of abbreviations in term output.
1202 Concrete syntax is attached to specified constants in internal form,
1203 independently of name spaces. The parse tree representation is
1204 slightly different -- use 'notation' instead of raw 'syntax', and
1205 'translations' with explicit "CONST" markup to accommodate this.
1207 * Pure/Isar: unified syntax for new-style specification mechanisms
1208 (e.g. 'definition', 'abbreviation', or 'inductive' in HOL) admits
1209 full type inference and dummy patterns ("_"). For example:
1211 definition "K x _ = x"
1213 inductive conj for A B
1214 where "A ==> B ==> conj A B"
1216 * Pure: command 'print_abbrevs' prints all constant abbreviations of
1217 the current context. Print mode "no_abbrevs" prevents inversion of
1218 abbreviations on output.
1220 * Isar/locales: improved parameter handling: use of locales "var" and
1221 "struct" no longer necessary; - parameter renamings are no longer
1222 required to be injective. For example, this allows to define
1223 endomorphisms as locale endom = homom mult mult h.
1225 * Isar/locales: changed the way locales with predicates are defined.
1226 Instead of accumulating the specification, the imported expression is
1227 now an interpretation. INCOMPATIBILITY: different normal form of
1228 locale expressions. In particular, in interpretations of locales with
1229 predicates, goals repesenting already interpreted fragments are not
1230 removed automatically. Use methods `intro_locales' and
1231 `unfold_locales'; see below.
1233 * Isar/locales: new methods `intro_locales' and `unfold_locales'
1234 provide backward reasoning on locales predicates. The methods are
1235 aware of interpretations and discharge corresponding goals.
1236 `intro_locales' is less aggressive then `unfold_locales' and does not
1237 unfold predicates to assumptions.
1239 * Isar/locales: the order in which locale fragments are accumulated
1240 has changed. This enables to override declarations from fragments due
1241 to interpretations -- for example, unwanted simp rules.
1243 * Isar/locales: interpretation in theories and proof contexts has been
1244 extended. One may now specify (and prove) equations, which are
1245 unfolded in interpreted theorems. This is useful for replacing
1246 defined concepts (constants depending on locale parameters) by
1247 concepts already existing in the target context. Example:
1249 interpretation partial_order ["op <= :: [int, int] => bool"]
1250 where "partial_order.less (op <=) (x::int) y = (x < y)"
1252 Typically, the constant `partial_order.less' is created by a
1253 definition specification element in the context of locale
1256 * Method "induct": improved internal context management to support
1257 local fixes and defines on-the-fly. Thus explicit meta-level
1258 connectives !! and ==> are rarely required anymore in inductive goals
1259 (using object-logic connectives for this purpose has been long
1260 obsolete anyway). Common proof patterns are explained in
1261 src/HOL/Induct/Common_Patterns.thy, see also
1262 src/HOL/Isar_examples/Puzzle.thy and src/HOL/Lambda for realistic
1265 * Method "induct": improved handling of simultaneous goals. Instead of
1266 introducing object-level conjunction, the statement is now split into
1267 several conclusions, while the corresponding symbolic cases are nested
1268 accordingly. INCOMPATIBILITY, proofs need to be structured explicitly,
1269 see src/HOL/Induct/Common_Patterns.thy, for example.
1271 * Method "induct": mutual induction rules are now specified as a list
1272 of rule sharing the same induction cases. HOL packages usually provide
1273 foo_bar.inducts for mutually defined items foo and bar (e.g. inductive
1274 predicates/sets or datatypes). INCOMPATIBILITY, users need to specify
1275 mutual induction rules differently, i.e. like this:
1277 (induct rule: foo_bar.inducts)
1278 (induct set: foo bar)
1279 (induct pred: foo bar)
1280 (induct type: foo bar)
1282 The ML function ProjectRule.projections turns old-style rules into the
1285 * Method "coinduct": dual of induction, see
1286 src/HOL/Library/Coinductive_List.thy for various examples.
1288 * Method "cases", "induct", "coinduct": the ``(open)'' option is
1289 considered a legacy feature.
1291 * Attribute "symmetric" produces result with standardized schematic
1292 variables (index 0). Potential INCOMPATIBILITY.
1294 * Simplifier: by default the simplifier trace only shows top level
1295 rewrites now. That is, trace_simp_depth_limit is set to 1 by
1296 default. Thus there is less danger of being flooded by the trace. The
1297 trace indicates where parts have been suppressed.
1299 * Provers/classical: removed obsolete classical version of elim_format
1300 attribute; classical elim/dest rules are now treated uniformly when
1301 manipulating the claset.
1303 * Provers/classical: stricter checks to ensure that supplied intro,
1304 dest and elim rules are well-formed; dest and elim rules must have at
1307 * Provers/classical: attributes dest/elim/intro take an optional
1308 weight argument for the rule (just as the Pure versions). Weights are
1309 ignored by automated tools, but determine the search order of single
1312 * Syntax: input syntax now supports dummy variable binding "%_. b",
1313 where the body does not mention the bound variable. Note that dummy
1314 patterns implicitly depend on their context of bounds, which makes
1315 "{_. _}" match any set comprehension as expected. Potential
1316 INCOMPATIBILITY -- parse translations need to cope with syntactic
1317 constant "_idtdummy" in the binding position.
1319 * Syntax: removed obsolete syntactic constant "_K" and its associated
1320 parse translation. INCOMPATIBILITY -- use dummy abstraction instead,
1321 for example "A -> B" => "Pi A (%_. B)".
1323 * Pure: 'class_deps' command visualizes the subclass relation, using
1324 the graph browser tool.
1326 * Pure: 'print_theory' now suppresses certain internal declarations by
1327 default; use '!' option for full details.
1332 * Method "metis" proves goals by applying the Metis general-purpose
1333 resolution prover (see also http://gilith.com/software/metis/).
1334 Examples are in the directory MetisExamples. WARNING: the
1335 Isabelle/HOL-Metis integration does not yet work properly with
1338 * Command 'sledgehammer' invokes external automatic theorem provers as
1339 background processes. It generates calls to the "metis" method if
1340 successful. These can be pasted into the proof. Users do not have to
1341 wait for the automatic provers to return. WARNING: does not really
1342 work with multi-threading.
1344 * New "auto_quickcheck" feature tests outermost goal statements for
1345 potential counter-examples. Controlled by ML references
1346 auto_quickcheck (default true) and auto_quickcheck_time_limit (default
1347 5000 milliseconds). Fails silently if statements is outside of
1348 executable fragment, or any other codgenerator problem occurs.
1350 * New constant "undefined" with axiom "undefined x = undefined".
1352 * Added class "HOL.eq", allowing for code generation with polymorphic
1355 * Some renaming of class constants due to canonical name prefixing in
1356 the new 'class' package:
1358 HOL.abs ~> HOL.abs_class.abs
1359 HOL.divide ~> HOL.divide_class.divide
1360 0 ~> HOL.zero_class.zero
1361 1 ~> HOL.one_class.one
1362 op + ~> HOL.plus_class.plus
1363 op - ~> HOL.minus_class.minus
1364 uminus ~> HOL.minus_class.uminus
1365 op * ~> HOL.times_class.times
1366 op < ~> HOL.ord_class.less
1367 op <= > HOL.ord_class.less_eq
1368 Nat.power ~> Power.power_class.power
1369 Nat.size ~> Nat.size_class.size
1370 Numeral.number_of ~> Numeral.number_class.number_of
1371 FixedPoint.Inf ~> Lattices.complete_lattice_class.Inf
1372 FixedPoint.Sup ~> Lattices.complete_lattice_class.Sup
1373 Orderings.min ~> Orderings.ord_class.min
1374 Orderings.max ~> Orderings.ord_class.max
1375 Divides.op div ~> Divides.div_class.div
1376 Divides.op mod ~> Divides.div_class.mod
1377 Divides.op dvd ~> Divides.div_class.dvd
1379 INCOMPATIBILITY. Adaptions may be required in the following cases:
1381 a) User-defined constants using any of the names "plus", "minus",
1382 "times", "less" or "less_eq". The standard syntax translations for
1383 "+", "-" and "*" may go wrong. INCOMPATIBILITY: use more specific
1386 b) Variables named "plus", "minus", "times", "less", "less_eq"
1387 INCOMPATIBILITY: use more specific names.
1389 c) Permutative equations (e.g. "a + b = b + a")
1390 Since the change of names also changes the order of terms, permutative
1391 rewrite rules may get applied in a different order. Experience shows
1392 that this is rarely the case (only two adaptions in the whole Isabelle
1393 distribution). INCOMPATIBILITY: rewrite proofs
1395 d) ML code directly refering to constant names
1396 This in general only affects hand-written proof tactics, simprocs and
1397 so on. INCOMPATIBILITY: grep your sourcecode and replace names.
1398 Consider using @{const_name} antiquotation.
1400 * New class "default" with associated constant "default".
1402 * Function "sgn" is now overloaded and available on int, real, complex
1403 (and other numeric types), using class "sgn". Two possible defs of
1404 sgn are given as equational assumptions in the classes sgn_if and
1405 sgn_div_norm; ordered_idom now also inherits from sgn_if.
1408 * Locale "partial_order" now unified with class "order" (cf. theory
1409 Orderings), added parameter "less". INCOMPATIBILITY.
1411 * Renamings in classes "order" and "linorder": facts "refl", "trans" and
1412 "cases" to "order_refl", "order_trans" and "linorder_cases", to avoid
1413 clashes with HOL "refl" and "trans". INCOMPATIBILITY.
1415 * Classes "order" and "linorder": potential INCOMPATIBILITY due to
1416 changed order of proof goals in instance proofs.
1418 * The transitivity reasoner for partial and linear orders is set up
1419 for classes "order" and "linorder". Instances of the reasoner are available
1420 in all contexts importing or interpreting the corresponding locales.
1421 Method "order" invokes the reasoner separately; the reasoner
1422 is also integrated with the Simplifier as a solver. Diagnostic
1423 command 'print_orders' shows the available instances of the reasoner
1424 in the current context.
1426 * Localized monotonicity predicate in theory "Orderings"; integrated
1427 lemmas max_of_mono and min_of_mono with this predicate.
1430 * Formulation of theorem "dense" changed slightly due to integration
1431 with new class dense_linear_order.
1433 * Uniform lattice theory development in HOL.
1435 constants "meet" and "join" now named "inf" and "sup"
1436 constant "Meet" now named "Inf"
1438 classes "meet_semilorder" and "join_semilorder" now named
1439 "lower_semilattice" and "upper_semilattice"
1440 class "lorder" now named "lattice"
1441 class "comp_lat" now named "complete_lattice"
1443 Instantiation of lattice classes allows explicit definitions
1444 for "inf" and "sup" operations (or "Inf" and "Sup" for complete lattices).
1446 INCOMPATIBILITY. Theorem renames:
1448 meet_left_le ~> inf_le1
1449 meet_right_le ~> inf_le2
1450 join_left_le ~> sup_ge1
1451 join_right_le ~> sup_ge2
1452 meet_join_le ~> inf_sup_ord
1455 le_meet ~> le_inf_iff
1456 le_join ~> ge_sup_conv
1457 meet_idempotent ~> inf_idem
1458 join_idempotent ~> sup_idem
1459 meet_comm ~> inf_commute
1460 join_comm ~> sup_commute
1461 meet_leI1 ~> le_infI1
1462 meet_leI2 ~> le_infI2
1463 le_joinI1 ~> le_supI1
1464 le_joinI2 ~> le_supI2
1465 meet_assoc ~> inf_assoc
1466 join_assoc ~> sup_assoc
1467 meet_left_comm ~> inf_left_commute
1468 meet_left_idempotent ~> inf_left_idem
1469 join_left_comm ~> sup_left_commute
1470 join_left_idempotent ~> sup_left_idem
1473 le_def_meet ~> le_iff_inf
1474 le_def_join ~> le_iff_sup
1475 join_absorp2 ~> sup_absorb2
1476 join_absorp1 ~> sup_absorb1
1477 meet_absorp1 ~> inf_absorb1
1478 meet_absorp2 ~> inf_absorb2
1479 meet_join_absorp ~> inf_sup_absorb
1480 join_meet_absorp ~> sup_inf_absorb
1481 distrib_join_le ~> distrib_sup_le
1482 distrib_meet_le ~> distrib_inf_le
1484 add_meet_distrib_left ~> add_inf_distrib_left
1485 add_join_distrib_left ~> add_sup_distrib_left
1486 is_join_neg_meet ~> is_join_neg_inf
1487 is_meet_neg_join ~> is_meet_neg_sup
1488 add_meet_distrib_right ~> add_inf_distrib_right
1489 add_join_distrib_right ~> add_sup_distrib_right
1490 add_meet_join_distribs ~> add_sup_inf_distribs
1491 join_eq_neg_meet ~> sup_eq_neg_inf
1492 meet_eq_neg_join ~> inf_eq_neg_sup
1493 add_eq_meet_join ~> add_eq_inf_sup
1494 meet_0_imp_0 ~> inf_0_imp_0
1495 join_0_imp_0 ~> sup_0_imp_0
1496 meet_0_eq_0 ~> inf_0_eq_0
1497 join_0_eq_0 ~> sup_0_eq_0
1498 neg_meet_eq_join ~> neg_inf_eq_sup
1499 neg_join_eq_meet ~> neg_sup_eq_inf
1500 join_eq_if ~> sup_eq_if
1502 mono_meet ~> mono_inf
1503 mono_join ~> mono_sup
1504 meet_bool_eq ~> inf_bool_eq
1505 join_bool_eq ~> sup_bool_eq
1506 meet_fun_eq ~> inf_fun_eq
1507 join_fun_eq ~> sup_fun_eq
1508 meet_set_eq ~> inf_set_eq
1509 join_set_eq ~> sup_set_eq
1510 meet1_iff ~> inf1_iff
1511 meet2_iff ~> inf2_iff
1520 join1_iff ~> sup1_iff
1521 join2_iff ~> sup2_iff
1531 is_meet_Meet ~> is_meet_Inf
1532 Meet_bool_def ~> Inf_bool_def
1533 Meet_fun_def ~> Inf_fun_def
1534 Meet_greatest ~> Inf_greatest
1535 Meet_lower ~> Inf_lower
1536 Meet_set_def ~> Inf_set_def
1539 Sup_bool_eq ~> Sup_bool_def
1540 Sup_fun_eq ~> Sup_fun_def
1541 Sup_set_eq ~> Sup_set_def
1543 listsp_meetI ~> listsp_infI
1544 listsp_meet_eq ~> listsp_inf_eq
1549 * Added syntactic class "size"; overloaded constant "size" now has
1550 type "'a::size ==> bool"
1552 * Internal reorganisation of `size' of datatypes: size theorems
1553 "foo.size" are no longer subsumed by "foo.simps" (but are still
1554 simplification rules by default!); theorems "prod.size" now named
1557 * Class "div" now inherits from class "times" rather than "type".
1560 * HOL/Finite_Set: "name-space" locales Lattice, Distrib_lattice,
1561 Linorder etc. have disappeared; operations defined in terms of
1562 fold_set now are named Inf_fin, Sup_fin. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1564 * HOL/Nat: neq0_conv no longer declared as iff. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1566 * HOL-Word: New extensive library and type for generic, fixed size
1567 machine words, with arithemtic, bit-wise, shifting and rotating
1568 operations, reflection into int, nat, and bool lists, automation for
1569 linear arithmetic (by automatic reflection into nat or int), including
1570 lemmas on overflow and monotonicity. Instantiated to all appropriate
1571 arithmetic type classes, supporting automatic simplification of
1572 numerals on all operations.
1574 * Library/Boolean_Algebra: locales for abstract boolean algebras.
1576 * Library/Numeral_Type: numbers as types, e.g. TYPE(32).
1578 * Code generator library theories:
1579 - Code_Integer represents HOL integers by big integer literals in target
1581 - Code_Char represents HOL characters by character literals in target
1583 - Code_Char_chr like Code_Char, but also offers treatment of character
1584 codes; includes Code_Integer.
1585 - Executable_Set allows to generate code for finite sets using lists.
1586 - Executable_Rat implements rational numbers as triples (sign, enumerator,
1588 - Executable_Real implements a subset of real numbers, namly those
1589 representable by rational numbers.
1590 - Efficient_Nat implements natural numbers by integers, which in general will
1591 result in higher efficency; pattern matching with 0/Suc is eliminated;
1592 includes Code_Integer.
1593 - Code_Index provides an additional datatype index which is mapped to
1594 target-language built-in integers.
1595 - Code_Message provides an additional datatype message_string which is isomorphic to
1596 strings; messages are mapped to target-language strings.
1598 * New package for inductive predicates
1600 An n-ary predicate p with m parameters z_1, ..., z_m can now be defined via
1603 p :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => T_1 => ... => T_n => bool"
1604 for z_1 :: U_1 and ... and z_n :: U_m
1606 rule_1: "... ==> p z_1 ... z_m t_1_1 ... t_1_n"
1609 with full support for type-inference, rather than
1611 consts s :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => (T_1 * ... * T_n) set"
1613 abbreviation p :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => T_1 => ... => T_n => bool"
1614 where "p z_1 ... z_m x_1 ... x_n == (x_1, ..., x_n) : s z_1 ... z_m"
1616 inductive "s z_1 ... z_m"
1618 rule_1: "... ==> (t_1_1, ..., t_1_n) : s z_1 ... z_m"
1621 For backward compatibility, there is a wrapper allowing inductive
1622 sets to be defined with the new package via
1625 s :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => (T_1 * ... * T_n) set"
1626 for z_1 :: U_1 and ... and z_n :: U_m
1628 rule_1: "... ==> (t_1_1, ..., t_1_n) : s z_1 ... z_m"
1634 s :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => (T_1 * ... * T_n) set"
1635 and p :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => T_1 => ... => T_n => bool"
1636 for z_1 :: U_1 and ... and z_n :: U_m
1638 "p z_1 ... z_m x_1 ... x_n == (x_1, ..., x_n) : s z_1 ... z_m"
1639 | rule_1: "... ==> p z_1 ... z_m t_1_1 ... t_1_n"
1642 if the additional syntax "p ..." is required.
1644 Numerous examples can be found in the subdirectories src/HOL/Auth,
1645 src/HOL/Bali, src/HOL/Induct, and src/HOL/MicroJava.
1649 - Since declaration and definition of inductive sets or predicates
1650 is no longer separated, abbreviations involving the newly
1651 introduced sets or predicates must be specified together with the
1652 introduction rules after the 'where' keyword (see above), rather
1653 than before the actual inductive definition.
1655 - The variables in induction and elimination rules are now
1656 quantified in the order of their occurrence in the introduction
1657 rules, rather than in alphabetical order. Since this may break
1658 some proofs, these proofs either have to be repaired, e.g. by
1659 reordering the variables a_i_1 ... a_i_{k_i} in Isar 'case'
1660 statements of the form
1662 case (rule_i a_i_1 ... a_i_{k_i})
1664 or the old order of quantification has to be restored by explicitly adding
1665 meta-level quantifiers in the introduction rules, i.e.
1667 | rule_i: "!!a_i_1 ... a_i_{k_i}. ... ==> p z_1 ... z_m t_i_1 ... t_i_n"
1669 - The format of the elimination rules is now
1671 p z_1 ... z_m x_1 ... x_n ==>
1672 (!!a_1_1 ... a_1_{k_1}. x_1 = t_1_1 ==> ... ==> x_n = t_1_n ==> ... ==> P)
1677 (x_1, ..., x_n) : s z_1 ... z_m ==>
1678 (!!a_1_1 ... a_1_{k_1}. x_1 = t_1_1 ==> ... ==> x_n = t_1_n ==> ... ==> P)
1681 for sets rather than
1683 x : s z_1 ... z_m ==>
1684 (!!a_1_1 ... a_1_{k_1}. x = (t_1_1, ..., t_1_n) ==> ... ==> P)
1687 This may require terms in goals to be expanded to n-tuples
1688 (e.g. using case_tac or simplification with the split_paired_all
1689 rule) before the above elimination rule is applicable.
1691 - The elimination or case analysis rules for (mutually) inductive
1692 sets or predicates are now called "p_1.cases" ... "p_k.cases". The
1693 list of rules "p_1_..._p_k.elims" is no longer available.
1695 * New package "function"/"fun" for general recursive functions,
1696 supporting mutual and nested recursion, definitions in local contexts,
1697 more general pattern matching and partiality. See HOL/ex/Fundefs.thy
1698 for small examples, and the separate tutorial on the function
1699 package. The old recdef "package" is still available as before, but
1700 users are encouraged to use the new package.
1702 * Method "lexicographic_order" automatically synthesizes termination
1703 relations as lexicographic combinations of size measures.
1705 * Case-expressions allow arbitrary constructor-patterns (including
1706 "_") and take their order into account, like in functional
1707 programming. Internally, this is translated into nested
1708 case-expressions; missing cases are added and mapped to the predefined
1709 constant "undefined". In complicated cases printing may no longer show
1710 the original input but the internal form. Lambda-abstractions allow
1711 the same form of pattern matching: "% pat1 => e1 | ..." is an
1712 abbreviation for "%x. case x of pat1 => e1 | ..." where x is a new
1715 * IntDef: The constant "int :: nat => int" has been removed; now "int"
1716 is an abbreviation for "of_nat :: nat => int". The simplification
1717 rules for "of_nat" have been changed to work like "int" did
1718 previously. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY:
1719 - "of_nat (Suc m)" simplifies to "1 + of_nat m" instead of "of_nat m + 1"
1720 - of_nat_diff and of_nat_mult are no longer default simp rules
1722 * Method "algebra" solves polynomial equations over (semi)rings using
1723 Groebner bases. The (semi)ring structure is defined by locales and the
1724 tool setup depends on that generic context. Installing the method for
1725 a specific type involves instantiating the locale and possibly adding
1726 declarations for computation on the coefficients. The method is
1727 already instantiated for natural numbers and for the axiomatic class
1728 of idoms with numerals. See also the paper by Chaieb and Wenzel at
1729 CALCULEMUS 2007 for the general principles underlying this
1730 architecture of context-aware proof-tools.
1732 * Method "ferrack" implements quantifier elimination over
1733 special-purpose dense linear orders using locales (analogous to
1734 "algebra"). The method is already installed for class
1735 {ordered_field,recpower,number_ring} which subsumes real, hyperreal,
1738 * Former constant "List.op @" now named "List.append". Use ML
1739 antiquotations @{const_name List.append} or @{term " ... @ ... "} to
1740 circumvent possible incompatibilities when working on ML level.
1742 * primrec: missing cases mapped to "undefined" instead of "arbitrary".
1744 * New function listsum :: 'a list => 'a for arbitrary monoids.
1745 Special syntax: "SUM x <- xs. f x" (and latex variants)
1747 * New syntax for Haskell-like list comprehension (input only), eg.
1748 [(x,y). x <- xs, y <- ys, x ~= y], see also src/HOL/List.thy.
1750 * The special syntax for function "filter" has changed from [x :
1751 xs. P] to [x <- xs. P] to avoid an ambiguity caused by list
1752 comprehension syntax, and for uniformity. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1754 * [a..b] is now defined for arbitrary linear orders. It used to be
1755 defined on nat only, as an abbreviation for [a..<Suc b]
1758 * Renamed lemma "set_take_whileD" to "set_takeWhileD".
1760 * New functions "sorted" and "sort" in src/HOL/List.thy.
1762 * New lemma collection field_simps (an extension of ring_simps) for
1763 manipulating (in)equations involving division. Multiplies with all
1764 denominators that can be proved to be non-zero (in equations) or
1765 positive/negative (in inequations).
1767 * Lemma collections ring_eq_simps, group_eq_simps and ring_distrib
1768 have been improved and renamed to ring_simps, group_simps and
1769 ring_distribs. Removed lemmas field_xyz in theory Ring_and_Field
1770 because they were subsumed by lemmas xyz. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1772 * Theory Library/Commutative_Ring: switched from recdef to function
1773 package; constants add, mul, pow now curried. Infix syntax for
1774 algebraic operations.
1776 * Dropped redundant lemma def_imp_eq in favor of meta_eq_to_obj_eq.
1779 * Dropped redundant lemma if_def2 in favor of if_bool_eq_conj.
1782 * HOL/records: generalised field-update to take a function on the
1783 field rather than the new value: r(|A := x|) is translated to A_update
1784 (K x) r The K-combinator that is internally used is called K_record.
1785 INCOMPATIBILITY: Usage of the plain update functions has to be
1788 * Class "semiring_0" now contains annihilation axioms x * 0 = 0 and 0
1789 * x = 0, which are required for a semiring. Richer structures do not
1790 inherit from semiring_0 anymore, because this property is a theorem
1791 there, not an axiom. INCOMPATIBILITY: In instances of semiring_0,
1792 there is more to prove, but this is mostly trivial.
1794 * Class "recpower" is generalized to arbitrary monoids, not just
1795 commutative semirings. INCOMPATIBILITY: may need to incorporate
1796 commutativity or semiring properties additionally.
1798 * Constant "List.list_all2" in List.thy now uses authentic syntax.
1799 INCOMPATIBILITY: translations containing list_all2 may go wrong,
1800 better use 'abbreviation'.
1802 * Renamed constant "List.op mem" to "List.member". INCOMPATIBILITY.
1804 * Numeral syntax: type 'bin' which was a mere type copy of 'int' has
1805 been abandoned in favour of plain 'int'. INCOMPATIBILITY --
1806 significant changes for setting up numeral syntax for types:
1807 - New constants Numeral.pred and Numeral.succ instead
1808 of former Numeral.bin_pred and Numeral.bin_succ.
1809 - Use integer operations instead of bin_add, bin_mult and so on.
1810 - Numeral simplification theorems named Numeral.numeral_simps instead of Bin_simps.
1811 - ML structure Bin_Simprocs now named Int_Numeral_Base_Simprocs.
1813 See src/HOL/Integ/IntArith.thy for an example setup.
1815 * Command 'normal_form' computes the normal form of a term that may
1816 contain free variables. For example ``normal_form "rev [a, b, c]"''
1817 produces ``[b, c, a]'' (without proof). This command is suitable for
1818 heavy-duty computations because the functions are compiled to ML
1819 first. Correspondingly, a method "normalization" is provided. See
1820 further src/HOL/ex/NormalForm.thy and src/Tools/nbe.ML.
1822 * Alternative iff syntax "A <-> B" for equality on bool (with priority
1823 25 like -->); output depends on the "iff" print_mode, the default is
1824 "A = B" (with priority 50).
1826 * Relations less (<) and less_eq (<=) are also available on type bool.
1827 Modified syntax to disallow nesting without explicit parentheses,
1828 e.g. "(x < y) < z" or "x < (y < z)", but NOT "x < y < z". Potential
1831 * "LEAST x:A. P" expands to "LEAST x. x:A & P" (input only).
1833 * Relation composition operator "op O" now has precedence 75 and binds
1834 stronger than union and intersection. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1836 * The old set interval syntax "{m..n(}" (and relatives) has been
1837 removed. Use "{m..<n}" (and relatives) instead.
1839 * In the context of the assumption "~(s = t)" the Simplifier rewrites
1840 "t = s" to False (by simproc "neq"). INCOMPATIBILITY, consider using
1841 ``declare [[simproc del: neq]]''.
1843 * Simplifier: "m dvd n" where m and n are numbers is evaluated to
1846 * Theorem Cons_eq_map_conv no longer declared as "simp".
1848 * Theorem setsum_mult renamed to setsum_right_distrib.
1850 * Prefer ex1I over ex_ex1I in single-step reasoning, e.g. by the
1853 * Reimplemented methods "sat" and "satx", with several improvements:
1854 goals no longer need to be stated as "<prems> ==> False", equivalences
1855 (i.e. "=" on type bool) are handled, variable names of the form
1856 "lit_<n>" are no longer reserved, significant speedup.
1858 * Methods "sat" and "satx" can now replay MiniSat proof traces.
1859 zChaff is still supported as well.
1861 * 'inductive' and 'datatype': provide projections of mutual rules,
1862 bundled as foo_bar.inducts;
1864 * Library: moved theories Parity, GCD, Binomial, Infinite_Set to
1867 * Library: moved theory Accessible_Part to main HOL.
1869 * Library: added theory Coinductive_List of potentially infinite lists
1870 as greatest fixed-point.
1872 * Library: added theory AssocList which implements (finite) maps as
1875 * Method "evaluation" solves goals (i.e. a boolean expression)
1876 efficiently by compiling it to ML. The goal is "proved" (via an
1877 oracle) if it evaluates to True.
1879 * Linear arithmetic now splits certain operators (e.g. min, max, abs)
1880 also when invoked by the simplifier. This results in the Simplifier
1881 being more powerful on arithmetic goals. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1882 Configuration option fast_arith_split_limit=0 recovers the old
1885 * Support for hex (0x20) and binary (0b1001) numerals.
1887 * New method: reify eqs (t), where eqs are equations for an
1888 interpretation I :: 'a list => 'b => 'c and t::'c is an optional
1889 parameter, computes a term s::'b and a list xs::'a list and proves the
1890 theorem I xs s = t. This is also known as reification or quoting. The
1891 resulting theorem is applied to the subgoal to substitute t with I xs
1892 s. If t is omitted, the subgoal itself is reified.
1894 * New method: reflection corr_thm eqs (t). The parameters eqs and (t)
1895 are as explained above. corr_thm is a theorem for I vs (f t) = I vs t,
1896 where f is supposed to be a computable function (in the sense of code
1897 generattion). The method uses reify to compute s and xs as above then
1898 applies corr_thm and uses normalization by evaluation to "prove" f s =
1899 r and finally gets the theorem t = r, which is again applied to the
1900 subgoal. An Example is available in src/HOL/ex/ReflectionEx.thy.
1902 * Reflection: Automatic reification now handels binding, an example is
1903 available in src/HOL/ex/ReflectionEx.thy
1905 * HOL-Statespace: ``State Spaces: The Locale Way'' introduces a
1906 command 'statespace' that is similar to 'record', but introduces an
1907 abstract specification based on the locale infrastructure instead of
1908 HOL types. This leads to extra flexibility in composing state spaces,
1909 in particular multiple inheritance and renaming of components.
1914 * Hyperreal: Functions root and sqrt are now defined on negative real
1915 inputs so that root n (- x) = - root n x and sqrt (- x) = - sqrt x.
1916 Nonnegativity side conditions have been removed from many lemmas, so
1917 that more subgoals may now be solved by simplification; potential
1920 * Real: new type classes formalize real normed vector spaces and
1921 algebras, using new overloaded constants scaleR :: real => 'a => 'a
1922 and norm :: 'a => real.
1924 * Real: constant of_real :: real => 'a::real_algebra_1 injects from
1925 reals into other types. The overloaded constant Reals :: 'a set is now
1926 defined as range of_real; potential INCOMPATIBILITY.
1928 * Real: proper support for ML code generation, including 'quickcheck'.
1929 Reals are implemented as arbitrary precision rationals.
1931 * Hyperreal: Several constants that previously worked only for the
1932 reals have been generalized, so they now work over arbitrary vector
1933 spaces. Type annotations may need to be added in some cases; potential
1936 Infinitesimal :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star set
1937 HFinite :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star set
1938 HInfinite :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star set
1939 approx :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star => 'a star => bool
1940 monad :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star => 'a star set
1941 galaxy :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star => 'a star set
1942 (NS)LIMSEQ :: [nat => 'a::real_normed_vector, 'a] => bool
1943 (NS)convergent :: (nat => 'a::real_normed_vector) => bool
1944 (NS)Bseq :: (nat => 'a::real_normed_vector) => bool
1945 (NS)Cauchy :: (nat => 'a::real_normed_vector) => bool
1946 (NS)LIM :: ['a::real_normed_vector => 'b::real_normed_vector, 'a, 'b] => bool
1947 is(NS)Cont :: ['a::real_normed_vector => 'b::real_normed_vector, 'a] => bool
1948 deriv :: ['a::real_normed_field => 'a, 'a, 'a] => bool
1949 sgn :: 'a::real_normed_vector => 'a
1950 exp :: 'a::{recpower,real_normed_field,banach} => 'a
1952 * Complex: Some complex-specific constants are now abbreviations for
1953 overloaded ones: complex_of_real = of_real, cmod = norm, hcmod =
1954 hnorm. Other constants have been entirely removed in favor of the
1955 polymorphic versions (INCOMPATIBILITY):
1959 HInfinite <-- CInfinite
1960 Infinitesimal <-- CInfinitesimal
1963 (NS)LIM <-- (NS)CLIM, (NS)CRLIM
1964 is(NS)Cont <-- is(NS)Contc, is(NS)contCR
1965 (ns)deriv <-- (ns)cderiv
1970 * Formalisation of ideals and the quotient construction over rings.
1972 * Order and lattice theory no longer based on records.
1975 * Renamed lemmas least_carrier -> least_closed and greatest_carrier ->
1976 greatest_closed. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1978 * Method algebra is now set up via an attribute. For examples see
1979 Ring.thy. INCOMPATIBILITY: the method is now weaker on combinations
1980 of algebraic structures.
1982 * Renamed theory CRing to Ring.
1987 * Substantial, yet incomplete support for nominal datatypes (binding
1988 structures) based on HOL-Nominal logic. See src/HOL/Nominal and
1989 src/HOL/Nominal/Examples. Prospective users should consult
1990 http://isabelle.in.tum.de/nominal/
1995 * ML basics: just one true type int, which coincides with IntInf.int
1998 * ML within Isar: antiquotations allow to embed statically-checked
1999 formal entities in the source, referring to the context available at
2000 compile-time. For example:
2002 ML {* @{sort "{zero,one}"} *}
2003 ML {* @{typ "'a => 'b"} *}
2004 ML {* @{term "%x. x"} *}
2005 ML {* @{prop "x == y"} *}
2006 ML {* @{ctyp "'a => 'b"} *}
2007 ML {* @{cterm "%x. x"} *}
2008 ML {* @{cprop "x == y"} *}
2009 ML {* @{thm asm_rl} *}
2010 ML {* @{thms asm_rl} *}
2011 ML {* @{type_name c} *}
2012 ML {* @{type_syntax c} *}
2013 ML {* @{const_name c} *}
2014 ML {* @{const_syntax c} *}
2017 ML {* @{theory Pure} *}
2018 ML {* @{theory_ref} *}
2019 ML {* @{theory_ref Pure} *}
2022 ML {* @{clasimpset} *}
2024 The same works for sources being ``used'' within an Isar context.
2026 * ML in Isar: improved error reporting; extra verbosity with
2027 ML_Context.trace enabled.
2029 * Pure/General/table.ML: the join operations now works via exceptions
2030 DUP/SAME instead of type option. This is simpler in simple cases, and
2031 admits slightly more efficient complex applications.
2033 * Pure: 'advanced' translation functions (parse_translation etc.) now
2034 use Context.generic instead of just theory.
2036 * Pure: datatype Context.generic joins theory/Proof.context and
2037 provides some facilities for code that works in either kind of
2038 context, notably GenericDataFun for uniform theory and proof data.
2040 * Pure: simplified internal attribute type, which is now always
2041 Context.generic * thm -> Context.generic * thm. Global (theory) vs.
2042 local (Proof.context) attributes have been discontinued, while
2043 minimizing code duplication. Thm.rule_attribute and
2044 Thm.declaration_attribute build canonical attributes; see also structure
2045 Context for further operations on Context.generic, notably
2046 GenericDataFun. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt attribute type
2047 declarations and definitions.
2049 * Context data interfaces (Theory/Proof/GenericDataFun): removed
2050 name/print, uninitialized data defaults to ad-hoc copy of empty value,
2051 init only required for impure data. INCOMPATIBILITY: empty really need
2052 to be empty (no dependencies on theory content!)
2054 * Pure/kernel: consts certification ignores sort constraints given in
2055 signature declarations. (This information is not relevant to the
2056 logic, but only for type inference.) SIGNIFICANT INTERNAL CHANGE,
2057 potential INCOMPATIBILITY.
2059 * Pure: axiomatic type classes are now purely definitional, with
2060 explicit proofs of class axioms and super class relations performed
2061 internally. See Pure/axclass.ML for the main internal interfaces --
2062 notably AxClass.define_class supercedes AxClass.add_axclass, and
2063 AxClass.axiomatize_class/classrel/arity supersede
2064 Sign.add_classes/classrel/arities.
2066 * Pure/Isar: Args/Attrib parsers operate on Context.generic --
2067 global/local versions on theory vs. Proof.context have been
2068 discontinued; Attrib.syntax and Method.syntax have been adapted
2069 accordingly. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt parser expressions for
2070 attributes, methods, etc.
2072 * Pure: several functions of signature "... -> theory -> theory * ..."
2073 have been reoriented to "... -> theory -> ... * theory" in order to
2074 allow natural usage in combination with the ||>, ||>>, |-> and
2075 fold_map combinators.
2077 * Pure: official theorem names (closed derivations) and additional
2078 comments (tags) are now strictly separate. Name hints -- which are
2079 maintained as tags -- may be attached any time without affecting the
2082 * Pure: primitive rule lift_rule now takes goal cterm instead of an
2083 actual goal state (thm). Use Thm.lift_rule (Thm.cprem_of st i) to
2084 achieve the old behaviour.
2086 * Pure: the "Goal" constant is now called "prop", supporting a
2087 slightly more general idea of ``protecting'' meta-level rule
2090 * Pure: Logic.(un)varify only works in a global context, which is now
2091 enforced instead of silently assumed. INCOMPATIBILITY, may use
2092 Logic.legacy_(un)varify as temporary workaround.
2094 * Pure: structure Name provides scalable operations for generating
2095 internal variable names, notably Name.variants etc. This replaces
2096 some popular functions from term.ML:
2098 Term.variant -> Name.variant
2099 Term.variantlist -> Name.variant_list
2100 Term.invent_names -> Name.invent_list
2102 Note that low-level renaming rarely occurs in new code -- operations
2103 from structure Variable are used instead (see below).
2105 * Pure: structure Variable provides fundamental operations for proper
2106 treatment of fixed/schematic variables in a context. For example,
2107 Variable.import introduces fixes for schematics of given facts and
2108 Variable.export reverses the effect (up to renaming) -- this replaces
2109 various freeze_thaw operations.
2111 * Pure: structure Goal provides simple interfaces for
2112 init/conclude/finish and tactical prove operations (replacing former
2113 Tactic.prove). Goal.prove is the canonical way to prove results
2114 within a given context; Goal.prove_global is a degraded version for
2115 theory level goals, including a global Drule.standard. Note that
2116 OldGoals.prove_goalw_cterm has long been obsolete, since it is
2117 ill-behaved in a local proof context (e.g. with local fixes/assumes or
2118 in a locale context).
2120 * Pure/Syntax: generic interfaces for parsing (Syntax.parse_term etc.)
2121 and type checking (Syntax.check_term etc.), with common combinations
2122 (Syntax.read_term etc.). These supersede former Sign.read_term etc.
2123 which are considered legacy and await removal.
2125 * Pure/Syntax: generic interfaces for type unchecking
2126 (Syntax.uncheck_terms etc.) and unparsing (Syntax.unparse_term etc.),
2127 with common combinations (Syntax.pretty_term, Syntax.string_of_term
2128 etc.). Former Sign.pretty_term, Sign.string_of_term etc. are still
2129 available for convenience, but refer to the very same operations using
2130 a mere theory instead of a full context.
2132 * Isar: simplified treatment of user-level errors, using exception
2133 ERROR of string uniformly. Function error now merely raises ERROR,
2134 without any side effect on output channels. The Isar toplevel takes
2135 care of proper display of ERROR exceptions. ML code may use plain
2136 handle/can/try; cat_error may be used to concatenate errors like this:
2138 ... handle ERROR msg => cat_error msg "..."
2140 Toplevel ML code (run directly or through the Isar toplevel) may be
2141 embedded into the Isar toplevel with exception display/debug like
2144 Isar.toplevel (fn () => ...)
2146 INCOMPATIBILITY, removed special transform_error facilities, removed
2147 obsolete variants of user-level exceptions (ERROR_MESSAGE,
2148 Context.PROOF, ProofContext.CONTEXT, Proof.STATE, ProofHistory.FAIL)
2149 -- use plain ERROR instead.
2151 * Isar: theory setup now has type (theory -> theory), instead of a
2152 list. INCOMPATIBILITY, may use #> to compose setup functions.
2154 * Isar: ML toplevel pretty printer for type Proof.context, subject to
2155 ProofContext.debug/verbose flags.
2157 * Isar: Toplevel.theory_to_proof admits transactions that modify the
2158 theory before entering a proof state. Transactions now always see a
2159 quasi-functional intermediate checkpoint, both in interactive and
2162 * Isar: simplified interfaces for outer syntax. Renamed
2163 OuterSyntax.add_keywords to OuterSyntax.keywords. Removed
2164 OuterSyntax.add_parsers -- this functionality is now included in
2165 OuterSyntax.command etc. INCOMPATIBILITY.
2167 * Simplifier: the simpset of a running simplification process now
2168 contains a proof context (cf. Simplifier.the_context), which is the
2169 very context that the initial simpset has been retrieved from (by
2170 simpset_of/local_simpset_of). Consequently, all plug-in components
2171 (solver, looper etc.) may depend on arbitrary proof data.
2173 * Simplifier.inherit_context inherits the proof context (plus the
2174 local bounds) of the current simplification process; any simproc
2175 etc. that calls the Simplifier recursively should do this! Removed
2176 former Simplifier.inherit_bounds, which is already included here --
2177 INCOMPATIBILITY. Tools based on low-level rewriting may even have to
2178 specify an explicit context using Simplifier.context/theory_context.
2180 * Simplifier/Classical Reasoner: more abstract interfaces
2181 change_simpset/claset for modifying the simpset/claset reference of a
2182 theory; raw versions simpset/claset_ref etc. have been discontinued --
2185 * Provers: more generic wrt. syntax of object-logics, avoid hardwired
2191 * settings: the default heap location within ISABELLE_HOME_USER now
2192 includes ISABELLE_IDENTIFIER. This simplifies use of multiple
2193 Isabelle installations.
2195 * isabelle-process: option -S (secure mode) disables some critical
2196 operations, notably runtime compilation and evaluation of ML source
2199 * Basic Isabelle mode for jEdit, see Isabelle/lib/jedit/.
2201 * Support for parallel execution, using native multicore support of
2202 Poly/ML 5.1. The theory loader exploits parallelism when processing
2203 independent theories, according to the given theory header
2204 specifications. The maximum number of worker threads is specified via
2205 usedir option -M or the "max-threads" setting in Proof General. A
2206 speedup factor of 1.5--3.5 can be expected on a 4-core machine, and up
2207 to 6 on a 8-core machine. User-code needs to observe certain
2208 guidelines for thread-safe programming, see appendix A in the Isar
2209 Implementation manual.
2213 New in Isabelle2005 (October 2005)
2214 ----------------------------------
2218 * Theory headers: the new header syntax for Isar theories is
2221 imports <theory1> ... <theoryN>
2222 uses <file1> ... <fileM>
2225 where the 'uses' part is optional. The previous syntax
2227 theory <name> = <theory1> + ... + <theoryN>:
2229 will disappear in the next release. Use isatool fixheaders to convert
2230 existing theory files. Note that there is no change in ancient
2231 non-Isar theories now, but these will disappear soon.
2233 * Theory loader: parent theories can now also be referred to via
2234 relative and absolute paths.
2236 * Command 'find_theorems' searches for a list of criteria instead of a
2237 list of constants. Known criteria are: intro, elim, dest, name:string,
2238 simp:term, and any term. Criteria can be preceded by '-' to select
2239 theorems that do not match. Intro, elim, dest select theorems that
2240 match the current goal, name:s selects theorems whose fully qualified
2241 name contain s, and simp:term selects all simplification rules whose
2242 lhs match term. Any other term is interpreted as pattern and selects
2243 all theorems matching the pattern. Available in ProofGeneral under
2244 'ProofGeneral -> Find Theorems' or C-c C-f. Example:
2246 C-c C-f (100) "(_::nat) + _ + _" intro -name: "HOL."
2248 prints the last 100 theorems matching the pattern "(_::nat) + _ + _",
2249 matching the current goal as introduction rule and not having "HOL."
2250 in their name (i.e. not being defined in theory HOL).
2252 * Command 'thms_containing' has been discontinued in favour of
2253 'find_theorems'; INCOMPATIBILITY.
2255 * Communication with Proof General is now 8bit clean, which means that
2256 Unicode text in UTF-8 encoding may be used within theory texts (both
2257 formal and informal parts). Cf. option -U of the Isabelle Proof
2258 General interface. Here are some simple examples (cf. src/HOL/ex):
2260 http://isabelle.in.tum.de/library/HOL/ex/Hebrew.html
2261 http://isabelle.in.tum.de/library/HOL/ex/Chinese.html
2263 * Improved efficiency of the Simplifier and, to a lesser degree, the
2264 Classical Reasoner. Typical big applications run around 2 times
2268 *** Document preparation ***
2270 * Commands 'display_drafts' and 'print_drafts' perform simple output
2271 of raw sources. Only those symbols that do not require additional
2272 LaTeX packages (depending on comments in isabellesym.sty) are
2273 displayed properly, everything else is left verbatim. isatool display
2274 and isatool print are used as front ends (these are subject to the
2275 DVI/PDF_VIEWER and PRINT_COMMAND settings, respectively).
2277 * Command tags control specific markup of certain regions of text,
2278 notably folding and hiding. Predefined tags include "theory" (for
2279 theory begin and end), "proof" for proof commands, and "ML" for
2280 commands involving ML code; the additional tags "visible" and
2281 "invisible" are unused by default. Users may give explicit tag
2282 specifications in the text, e.g. ''by %invisible (auto)''. The
2283 interpretation of tags is determined by the LaTeX job during document
2284 preparation: see option -V of isatool usedir, or options -n and -t of
2285 isatool document, or even the LaTeX macros \isakeeptag, \isafoldtag,
2288 Several document versions may be produced at the same time via isatool
2289 usedir (the generated index.html will link all of them). Typical
2290 specifications include ''-V document=theory,proof,ML'' to present
2291 theory/proof/ML parts faithfully, ''-V outline=/proof,/ML'' to fold
2292 proof and ML commands, and ''-V mutilated=-theory,-proof,-ML'' to omit
2293 these parts without any formal replacement text. The Isabelle site
2294 default settings produce ''document'' and ''outline'' versions as
2297 * Several new antiquotations:
2299 @{term_type term} prints a term with its type annotated;
2301 @{typeof term} prints the type of a term;
2303 @{const const} is the same as @{term const}, but checks that the
2304 argument is a known logical constant;
2306 @{term_style style term} and @{thm_style style thm} print a term or
2307 theorem applying a "style" to it
2311 Predefined styles are 'lhs' and 'rhs' printing the lhs/rhs of
2312 definitions, equations, inequations etc., 'concl' printing only the
2313 conclusion of a meta-logical statement theorem, and 'prem1' .. 'prem19'
2314 to print the specified premise. TermStyle.add_style provides an ML
2315 interface for introducing further styles. See also the "LaTeX Sugar"
2316 document practical applications. The ML antiquotation prints
2317 type-checked ML expressions verbatim.
2319 * Markup commands 'chapter', 'section', 'subsection', 'subsubsection',
2320 and 'text' support optional locale specification '(in loc)', which
2321 specifies the default context for interpreting antiquotations. For
2322 example: 'text (in lattice) {* @{thm inf_assoc}*}'.
2324 * Option 'locale=NAME' of antiquotations specifies an alternative
2325 context interpreting the subsequent argument. For example: @{thm
2326 [locale=lattice] inf_assoc}.
2328 * Proper output of proof terms (@{prf ...} and @{full_prf ...}) within
2331 * Proper output of antiquotations for theory commands involving a
2332 proof context (such as 'locale' or 'theorem (in loc) ...').
2334 * Delimiters of outer tokens (string etc.) now produce separate LaTeX
2335 macros (\isachardoublequoteopen, isachardoublequoteclose etc.).
2337 * isatool usedir: new option -C (default true) controls whether option
2338 -D should include a copy of the original document directory; -C false
2339 prevents unwanted effects such as copying of administrative CVS data.
2344 * Considerably improved version of 'constdefs' command. Now performs
2345 automatic type-inference of declared constants; additional support for
2346 local structure declarations (cf. locales and HOL records), see also
2347 isar-ref manual. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY: need to observe strictly
2348 sequential dependencies of definitions within a single 'constdefs'
2349 section; moreover, the declared name needs to be an identifier. If
2350 all fails, consider to fall back on 'consts' and 'defs' separately.
2352 * Improved indexed syntax and implicit structures. First of all,
2353 indexed syntax provides a notational device for subscripted
2354 application, using the new syntax \<^bsub>term\<^esub> for arbitrary
2355 expressions. Secondly, in a local context with structure
2356 declarations, number indexes \<^sub>n or the empty index (default
2357 number 1) refer to a certain fixed variable implicitly; option
2358 show_structs controls printing of implicit structures. Typical
2359 applications of these concepts involve record types and locales.
2361 * New command 'no_syntax' removes grammar declarations (and
2362 translations) resulting from the given syntax specification, which is
2363 interpreted in the same manner as for the 'syntax' command.
2365 * 'Advanced' translation functions (parse_translation etc.) may depend
2366 on the signature of the theory context being presently used for
2367 parsing/printing, see also isar-ref manual.
2369 * Improved 'oracle' command provides a type-safe interface to turn an
2370 ML expression of type theory -> T -> term into a primitive rule of
2371 type theory -> T -> thm (i.e. the functionality of Thm.invoke_oracle
2372 is already included here); see also FOL/ex/IffExample.thy;
2375 * axclass: name space prefix for class "c" is now "c_class" (was "c"
2376 before); "cI" is no longer bound, use "c.intro" instead.
2377 INCOMPATIBILITY. This change avoids clashes of fact bindings for
2378 axclasses vs. locales.
2380 * Improved internal renaming of symbolic identifiers -- attach primes
2381 instead of base 26 numbers.
2383 * New flag show_question_marks controls printing of leading question
2384 marks in schematic variable names.
2386 * In schematic variable names, *any* symbol following \<^isub> or
2387 \<^isup> is now treated as part of the base name. For example, the
2388 following works without printing of awkward ".0" indexes:
2390 lemma "x\<^isub>1 = x\<^isub>2 ==> x\<^isub>2 = x\<^isub>1"
2393 * Inner syntax includes (*(*nested*) comments*).
2395 * Pretty printer now supports unbreakable blocks, specified in mixfix
2396 annotations as "(00...)".
2398 * Clear separation of logical types and nonterminals, where the latter
2399 may only occur in 'syntax' specifications or type abbreviations.
2400 Before that distinction was only partially implemented via type class
2401 "logic" vs. "{}". Potential INCOMPATIBILITY in rare cases of improper
2402 use of 'types'/'consts' instead of 'nonterminals'/'syntax'. Some very
2403 exotic syntax specifications may require further adaption
2404 (e.g. Cube/Cube.thy).
2406 * Removed obsolete type class "logic", use the top sort {} instead.
2407 Note that non-logical types should be declared as 'nonterminals'
2408 rather than 'types'. INCOMPATIBILITY for new object-logic
2411 * Attributes 'induct' and 'cases': type or set names may now be
2412 locally fixed variables as well.
2414 * Simplifier: can now control the depth to which conditional rewriting
2415 is traced via the PG menu Isabelle -> Settings -> Trace Simp Depth
2418 * Simplifier: simplification procedures may now take the current
2419 simpset into account (cf. Simplifier.simproc(_i) / mk_simproc
2420 interface), which is very useful for calling the Simplifier
2421 recursively. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY: the 'prems' argument of simprocs
2422 is gone -- use prems_of_ss on the simpset instead. Moreover, the
2423 low-level mk_simproc no longer applies Logic.varify internally, to
2424 allow for use in a context of fixed variables.
2426 * thin_tac now works even if the assumption being deleted contains !!
2427 or ==>. More generally, erule now works even if the major premise of
2428 the elimination rule contains !! or ==>.
2430 * Method 'rules' has been renamed to 'iprover'. INCOMPATIBILITY.
2432 * Reorganized bootstrapping of the Pure theories; CPure is now derived
2433 from Pure, which contains all common declarations already. Both
2434 theories are defined via plain Isabelle/Isar .thy files.
2435 INCOMPATIBILITY: elements of CPure (such as the CPure.intro /
2436 CPure.elim / CPure.dest attributes) now appear in the Pure name space;
2437 use isatool fixcpure to adapt your theory and ML sources.
2439 * New syntax 'name(i-j, i-, i, ...)' for referring to specific
2440 selections of theorems in named facts via index ranges.
2442 * 'print_theorems': in theory mode, really print the difference
2443 wrt. the last state (works for interactive theory development only),
2444 in proof mode print all local facts (cf. 'print_facts');
2446 * 'hide': option '(open)' hides only base names.
2448 * More efficient treatment of intermediate checkpoints in interactive
2451 * Code generator is now invoked via code_module (incremental code
2452 generation) and code_library (modular code generation, ML structures
2453 for each theory). INCOMPATIBILITY: new keywords 'file' and 'contains'
2454 must be quoted when used as identifiers.
2456 * New 'value' command for reading, evaluating and printing terms using
2457 the code generator. INCOMPATIBILITY: command keyword 'value' must be
2458 quoted when used as identifier.
2463 * New commands for the interpretation of locale expressions in
2464 theories (1), locales (2) and proof contexts (3). These generate
2465 proof obligations from the expression specification. After the
2466 obligations have been discharged, theorems of the expression are added
2467 to the theory, target locale or proof context. The synopsis of the
2468 commands is a follows:
2470 (1) interpretation expr inst
2471 (2) interpretation target < expr
2472 (3) interpret expr inst
2474 Interpretation in theories and proof contexts require a parameter
2475 instantiation of terms from the current context. This is applied to
2476 specifications and theorems of the interpreted expression.
2477 Interpretation in locales only permits parameter renaming through the
2478 locale expression. Interpretation is smart in that interpretations
2479 that are active already do not occur in proof obligations, neither are
2480 instantiated theorems stored in duplicate. Use 'print_interps' to
2481 inspect active interpretations of a particular locale. For details,
2482 see the Isar Reference manual. Examples can be found in
2483 HOL/Finite_Set.thy and HOL/Algebra/UnivPoly.thy.
2485 INCOMPATIBILITY: former 'instantiate' has been withdrawn, use
2486 'interpret' instead.
2488 * New context element 'constrains' for adding type constraints to
2491 * Context expressions: renaming of parameters with syntax
2494 * Locale declaration: 'includes' disallowed.
2496 * Proper static binding of attribute syntax -- i.e. types / terms /
2497 facts mentioned as arguments are always those of the locale definition
2498 context, independently of the context of later invocations. Moreover,
2499 locale operations (renaming and type / term instantiation) are applied
2500 to attribute arguments as expected.
2502 INCOMPATIBILITY of the ML interface: always pass Attrib.src instead of
2503 actual attributes; rare situations may require Attrib.attribute to
2504 embed those attributes into Attrib.src that lack concrete syntax.
2505 Attribute implementations need to cooperate properly with the static
2506 binding mechanism. Basic parsers Args.XXX_typ/term/prop and
2507 Attrib.XXX_thm etc. already do the right thing without further
2508 intervention. Only unusual applications -- such as "where" or "of"
2509 (cf. src/Pure/Isar/attrib.ML), which process arguments depending both
2510 on the context and the facts involved -- may have to assign parsed
2511 values to argument tokens explicitly.
2513 * Changed parameter management in theorem generation for long goal
2514 statements with 'includes'. INCOMPATIBILITY: produces a different
2515 theorem statement in rare situations.
2517 * Locale inspection command 'print_locale' omits notes elements. Use
2518 'print_locale!' to have them included in the output.
2523 * Provers/hypsubst.ML: improved version of the subst method, for
2524 single-step rewriting: it now works in bound variable contexts. New is
2525 'subst (asm)', for rewriting an assumption. INCOMPATIBILITY: may
2526 rewrite a different subterm than the original subst method, which is
2527 still available as 'simplesubst'.
2529 * Provers/quasi.ML: new transitivity reasoners for transitivity only
2532 * Provers/trancl.ML: new transitivity reasoner for transitive and
2533 reflexive-transitive closure of relations.
2535 * Provers/blast.ML: new reference depth_limit to make blast's depth
2536 limit (previously hard-coded with a value of 20) user-definable.
2538 * Provers/simplifier.ML has been moved to Pure, where Simplifier.setup
2539 is peformed already. Object-logics merely need to finish their
2540 initial simpset configuration as before. INCOMPATIBILITY.
2545 * Symbolic syntax of Hilbert Choice Operator is now as follows:
2548 "_Eps" :: "[pttrn, bool] => 'a" ("(3\<some>_./ _)" [0, 10] 10)
2550 The symbol \<some> is displayed as the alternative epsilon of LaTeX
2551 and x-symbol; use option '-m epsilon' to get it actually printed.
2552 Moreover, the mathematically important symbolic identifier \<epsilon>
2553 becomes available as variable, constant etc. INCOMPATIBILITY,
2555 * "x > y" abbreviates "y < x" and "x >= y" abbreviates "y <= x".
2556 Similarly for all quantifiers: "ALL x > y" etc. The x-symbol for >=
2557 is \<ge>. New transitivity rules have been added to HOL/Orderings.thy to
2558 support corresponding Isar calculations.
2560 * "{x:A. P}" abbreviates "{x. x:A & P}", and similarly for "\<in>"
2563 * theory SetInterval: changed the syntax for open intervals:
2572 The old syntax is still supported but will disappear in the next
2573 release. For conversion use the following Emacs search and replace
2574 patterns (these are not perfect but work quite well):
2576 {)\([^\.]*\)\.\. -> {\1<\.\.}
2577 \.\.\([^(}]*\)(} -> \.\.<\1}
2579 * Theory Commutative_Ring (in Library): method comm_ring for proving
2580 equalities in commutative rings; method 'algebra' provides a generic
2583 * Theory Finite_Set: changed the syntax for 'setsum', summation over
2584 finite sets: "setsum (%x. e) A", which used to be "\<Sum>x:A. e", is
2585 now either "SUM x:A. e" or "\<Sum>x \<in> A. e". The bound variable can
2588 Some new syntax forms are available:
2590 "\<Sum>x | P. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {x. P}"
2591 "\<Sum>x = a..b. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {a..b}"
2592 "\<Sum>x = a..<b. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {a..<b}"
2593 "\<Sum>x < k. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {..<k}"
2595 The latter form "\<Sum>x < k. e" used to be based on a separate
2596 function "Summation", which has been discontinued.
2598 * theory Finite_Set: in structured induction proofs, the insert case
2599 is now 'case (insert x F)' instead of the old counterintuitive 'case
2602 * The 'refute' command has been extended to support a much larger
2603 fragment of HOL, including axiomatic type classes, constdefs and
2604 typedefs, inductive datatypes and recursion.
2606 * New tactics 'sat' and 'satx' to prove propositional tautologies.
2607 Requires zChaff with proof generation to be installed. See
2608 HOL/ex/SAT_Examples.thy for examples.
2610 * Datatype induction via method 'induct' now preserves the name of the
2611 induction variable. For example, when proving P(xs::'a list) by
2612 induction on xs, the induction step is now P(xs) ==> P(a#xs) rather
2613 than P(list) ==> P(a#list) as previously. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY
2614 in unstructured proof scripts.
2616 * Reworked implementation of records. Improved scalability for
2617 records with many fields, avoiding performance problems for type
2618 inference. Records are no longer composed of nested field types, but
2619 of nested extension types. Therefore the record type only grows linear
2620 in the number of extensions and not in the number of fields. The
2621 top-level (users) view on records is preserved. Potential
2622 INCOMPATIBILITY only in strange cases, where the theory depends on the
2623 old record representation. The type generated for a record is called
2624 <record_name>_ext_type.
2626 Flag record_quick_and_dirty_sensitive can be enabled to skip the
2627 proofs triggered by a record definition or a simproc (if
2628 quick_and_dirty is enabled). Definitions of large records can take
2631 New simproc record_upd_simproc for simplification of multiple record
2632 updates enabled by default. Moreover, trivial updates are also
2633 removed: r(|x := x r|) = r. INCOMPATIBILITY: old proofs break
2634 occasionally, since simplification is more powerful by default.
2636 * typedef: proper support for polymorphic sets, which contain extra
2637 type-variables in the term.
2639 * Simplifier: automatically reasons about transitivity chains
2640 involving "trancl" (r^+) and "rtrancl" (r^*) by setting up tactics
2641 provided by Provers/trancl.ML as additional solvers. INCOMPATIBILITY:
2642 old proofs break occasionally as simplification may now solve more
2643 goals than previously.
2645 * Simplifier: converts x <= y into x = y if assumption y <= x is
2646 present. Works for all partial orders (class "order"), in particular
2647 numbers and sets. For linear orders (e.g. numbers) it treats ~ x < y
2650 * Simplifier: new simproc for "let x = a in f x". If a is a free or
2651 bound variable or a constant then the let is unfolded. Otherwise
2652 first a is simplified to b, and then f b is simplified to g. If
2653 possible we abstract b from g arriving at "let x = b in h x",
2654 otherwise we unfold the let and arrive at g. The simproc can be
2655 enabled/disabled by the reference use_let_simproc. Potential
2656 INCOMPATIBILITY since simplification is more powerful by default.
2658 * Classical reasoning: the meson method now accepts theorems as arguments.
2660 * Prover support: pre-release of the Isabelle-ATP linkup, which runs background
2661 jobs to provide advice on the provability of subgoals.
2663 * Theory OrderedGroup and Ring_and_Field: various additions and
2664 improvements to faciliate calculations involving equalities and
2667 The following theorems have been eliminated or modified
2670 abs_eq now named abs_of_nonneg
2671 abs_of_ge_0 now named abs_of_nonneg
2672 abs_minus_eq now named abs_of_nonpos
2673 imp_abs_id now named abs_of_nonneg
2674 imp_abs_neg_id now named abs_of_nonpos
2675 mult_pos now named mult_pos_pos
2676 mult_pos_le now named mult_nonneg_nonneg
2677 mult_pos_neg_le now named mult_nonneg_nonpos
2678 mult_pos_neg2_le now named mult_nonneg_nonpos2
2679 mult_neg now named mult_neg_neg
2680 mult_neg_le now named mult_nonpos_nonpos
2682 * The following lemmas in Ring_and_Field have been added to the simplifier:
2685 not_square_less_zero
2687 The following lemmas have been deleted from Real/RealPow:
2697 * Theory Parity: added rules for simplifying exponents.
2701 The following theorems have been eliminated or modified
2704 list_all_Nil now named list_all.simps(1)
2705 list_all_Cons now named list_all.simps(2)
2706 list_all_conv now named list_all_iff
2707 set_mem_eq now named mem_iff
2709 * Theories SetsAndFunctions and BigO (see HOL/Library) support
2710 asymptotic "big O" calculations. See the notes in BigO.thy.
2715 * Theory RealDef: better support for embedding natural numbers and
2716 integers in the reals.
2718 The following theorems have been eliminated or modified
2721 exp_ge_add_one_self now requires no hypotheses
2722 real_of_int_add reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric])
2723 real_of_int_minus reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric])
2724 real_of_int_diff reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric])
2725 real_of_int_mult reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric])
2727 * Theory RComplete: expanded support for floor and ceiling functions.
2729 * Theory Ln is new, with properties of the natural logarithm
2731 * Hyperreal: There is a new type constructor "star" for making
2732 nonstandard types. The old type names are now type synonyms:
2736 hcomplex = complex star
2738 * Hyperreal: Many groups of similarly-defined constants have been
2739 replaced by polymorphic versions (INCOMPATIBILITY):
2741 star_of <-- hypreal_of_real, hypnat_of_nat, hcomplex_of_complex
2743 starset <-- starsetNat, starsetC
2744 *s* <-- *sNat*, *sc*
2745 starset_n <-- starsetNat_n, starsetC_n
2746 *sn* <-- *sNatn*, *scn*
2747 InternalSets <-- InternalNatSets, InternalCSets
2749 starfun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}
2750 *f* <-- *fNat*, *fNat2*, *fc*, *fRc*, *fcR*
2751 starfun_n <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_n
2752 *fn* <-- *fNatn*, *fNat2n*, *fcn*, *fRcn*, *fcRn*
2753 InternalFuns <-- InternalNatFuns, InternalNatFuns2, Internal{C,RC,CR}Funs
2755 * Hyperreal: Many type-specific theorems have been removed in favor of
2756 theorems specific to various axiomatic type classes (INCOMPATIBILITY):
2758 add_commute <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_commute
2759 add_assoc <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_assocs
2760 OrderedGroup.add_0 <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_zero_left
2761 OrderedGroup.add_0_right <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_add_zero_right
2762 right_minus <-- hypreal_add_minus
2763 left_minus <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_add_minus_left
2764 mult_commute <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_mult_commute
2765 mult_assoc <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_mult_assoc
2766 mult_1_left <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_mult_1, hcomplex_mult_one_left
2767 mult_1_right <-- hcomplex_mult_one_right
2768 mult_zero_left <-- hcomplex_mult_zero_left
2769 left_distrib <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_mult_distrib
2770 right_distrib <-- hypnat_add_mult_distrib2
2771 zero_neq_one <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_zero_not_eq_one
2772 right_inverse <-- hypreal_mult_inverse
2773 left_inverse <-- hypreal_mult_inverse_left, hcomplex_mult_inv_left
2774 order_refl <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_refl
2775 order_trans <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_trans
2776 order_antisym <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_anti_sym
2777 order_less_le <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_less_le
2778 linorder_linear <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_linear
2779 add_left_mono <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_add_left_mono
2780 mult_strict_left_mono <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_mult_less_mono2
2781 add_nonneg_nonneg <-- hypreal_le_add_order
2783 * Hyperreal: Separate theorems having to do with type-specific
2784 versions of constants have been merged into theorems that apply to the
2785 new polymorphic constants (INCOMPATIBILITY):
2787 STAR_UNIV_set <-- {STAR_real,NatStar_real,STARC_complex}_set
2788 STAR_empty_set <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_empty_set
2789 STAR_Un <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_Un
2790 STAR_Int <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_Int
2791 STAR_Compl <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_Compl
2792 STAR_subset <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_subset
2793 STAR_mem <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_mem
2794 STAR_mem_Compl <-- {STAR,STARC}_mem_Compl
2795 STAR_diff <-- {STAR,STARC}_diff
2796 STAR_star_of_image_subset <-- {STAR_hypreal_of_real, NatStar_hypreal_of_real,
2797 STARC_hcomplex_of_complex}_image_subset
2798 starset_n_Un <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_Un
2799 starset_n_Int <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_Int
2800 starset_n_Compl <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_Compl
2801 starset_n_diff <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_diff
2802 InternalSets_Un <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_Un
2803 InternalSets_Int <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_Int
2804 InternalSets_Compl <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_Compl
2805 InternalSets_diff <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_diff
2806 InternalSets_UNIV_diff <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_UNIV_diff
2807 InternalSets_starset_n <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_starset{Nat,C}_n
2808 starset_starset_n_eq <-- starset{Nat,C}_starset{Nat,C}_n_eq
2809 starset_n_starset <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_starset{Nat,C}
2810 starfun_n_starfun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_n_starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}
2811 starfun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}
2812 starfun_mult <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_mult
2813 starfun_add <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_add
2814 starfun_minus <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_minus
2815 starfun_diff <-- starfun{C,RC,CR}_diff
2816 starfun_o <-- starfun{NatNat2,Nat2,_stafunNat,C,C_starfunRC,_starfunCR}_o
2817 starfun_o2 <-- starfun{NatNat2,_stafunNat,C,C_starfunRC,_starfunCR}_o2
2818 starfun_const_fun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_const_fun
2819 starfun_inverse <-- starfun{Nat,C,RC,CR}_inverse
2820 starfun_eq <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_eq
2821 starfun_eq_iff <-- starfun{C,RC,CR}_eq_iff
2822 starfun_Id <-- starfunC_Id
2823 starfun_approx <-- starfun{Nat,CR}_approx
2824 starfun_capprox <-- starfun{C,RC}_capprox
2825 starfun_abs <-- starfunNat_rabs
2826 starfun_lambda_cancel <-- starfun{C,CR,RC}_lambda_cancel
2827 starfun_lambda_cancel2 <-- starfun{C,CR,RC}_lambda_cancel2
2828 starfun_mult_HFinite_approx <-- starfunCR_mult_HFinite_capprox
2829 starfun_mult_CFinite_capprox <-- starfun{C,RC}_mult_CFinite_capprox
2830 starfun_add_capprox <-- starfun{C,RC}_add_capprox
2831 starfun_add_approx <-- starfunCR_add_approx
2832 starfun_inverse_inverse <-- starfunC_inverse_inverse
2833 starfun_divide <-- starfun{C,CR,RC}_divide
2834 starfun_n <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n
2835 starfun_n_mult <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_mult
2836 starfun_n_add <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_add
2837 starfun_n_add_minus <-- starfunNat_n_add_minus
2838 starfun_n_const_fun <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_const_fun
2839 starfun_n_minus <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_minus
2840 starfun_n_eq <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_eq
2842 star_n_add <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add
2843 star_n_minus <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_minus
2844 star_n_diff <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_diff
2845 star_n_mult <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_mult
2846 star_n_inverse <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_inverse
2847 star_n_le <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le
2848 star_n_less <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_less
2849 star_n_zero_num <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_zero_num
2850 star_n_one_num <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_one_num
2851 star_n_abs <-- hypreal_hrabs
2852 star_n_divide <-- hcomplex_divide
2854 star_of_add <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_add
2855 star_of_minus <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_minus
2856 star_of_diff <-- hypreal_of_real_diff
2857 star_of_mult <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_mult
2858 star_of_one <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_one
2859 star_of_zero <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_zero
2860 star_of_le <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat}_le_iff
2861 star_of_less <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat}_less_iff
2862 star_of_eq <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_eq_iff
2863 star_of_inverse <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_inverse
2864 star_of_divide <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_divide
2865 star_of_of_nat <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_of_nat
2866 star_of_of_int <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_of_int
2867 star_of_number_of <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_number_of
2868 star_of_number_less <-- number_of_less_hypreal_of_real_iff
2869 star_of_number_le <-- number_of_le_hypreal_of_real_iff
2870 star_of_eq_number <-- hypreal_of_real_eq_number_of_iff
2871 star_of_less_number <-- hypreal_of_real_less_number_of_iff
2872 star_of_le_number <-- hypreal_of_real_le_number_of_iff
2873 star_of_power <-- hypreal_of_real_power
2874 star_of_eq_0 <-- hcomplex_of_complex_zero_iff
2876 * Hyperreal: new method "transfer" that implements the transfer
2877 principle of nonstandard analysis. With a subgoal that mentions
2878 nonstandard types like "'a star", the command "apply transfer"
2879 replaces it with an equivalent one that mentions only standard types.
2880 To be successful, all free variables must have standard types; non-
2881 standard variables must have explicit universal quantifiers.
2883 * Hyperreal: A theory of Taylor series.
2888 * Discontinued special version of 'constdefs' (which used to support
2889 continuous functions) in favor of the general Pure one with full
2892 * New simplification procedure for solving continuity conditions; it
2893 is much faster on terms with many nested lambda abstractions (cubic
2894 instead of exponential time).
2896 * New syntax for domain package: selector names are now optional.
2897 Parentheses should be omitted unless argument is lazy, for example:
2899 domain 'a stream = cons "'a" (lazy "'a stream")
2901 * New command 'fixrec' for defining recursive functions with pattern
2902 matching; defining multiple functions with mutual recursion is also
2903 supported. Patterns may include the constants cpair, spair, up, sinl,
2904 sinr, or any data constructor defined by the domain package. The given
2905 equations are proven as rewrite rules. See HOLCF/ex/Fixrec_ex.thy for
2906 syntax and examples.
2908 * New commands 'cpodef' and 'pcpodef' for defining predicate subtypes
2909 of cpo and pcpo types. Syntax is exactly like the 'typedef' command,
2910 but the proof obligation additionally includes an admissibility
2911 requirement. The packages generate instances of class cpo or pcpo,
2912 with continuity and strictness theorems for Rep and Abs.
2914 * HOLCF: Many theorems have been renamed according to a more standard naming
2915 scheme (INCOMPATIBILITY):
2917 foo_inject: "foo$x = foo$y ==> x = y"
2918 foo_eq: "(foo$x = foo$y) = (x = y)"
2919 foo_less: "(foo$x << foo$y) = (x << y)"
2920 foo_strict: "foo$UU = UU"
2921 foo_defined: "... ==> foo$x ~= UU"
2922 foo_defined_iff: "(foo$x = UU) = (x = UU)"
2927 * ZF/ex: theories Group and Ring provide examples in abstract algebra,
2928 including the First Isomorphism Theorem (on quotienting by the kernel
2931 * ZF/Simplifier: install second copy of type solver that actually
2932 makes use of TC rules declared to Isar proof contexts (or locales);
2933 the old version is still required for ML proof scripts.
2938 * Converted to Isar theory format; use locales instead of axiomatic
2944 * Pure/library.ML: added ##>, ##>>, #>> -- higher-order counterparts
2947 * Pure/library.ML no longer defines its own option datatype, but uses
2948 that of the SML basis, which has constructors NONE and SOME instead of
2949 None and Some, as well as exception Option.Option instead of OPTION.
2950 The functions the, if_none, is_some, is_none have been adapted
2951 accordingly, while Option.map replaces apsome.
2953 * Pure/library.ML: the exception LIST has been given up in favour of
2954 the standard exceptions Empty and Subscript, as well as
2955 Library.UnequalLengths. Function like Library.hd and Library.tl are
2956 superceded by the standard hd and tl functions etc.
2958 A number of basic list functions are no longer exported to the ML
2959 toplevel, as they are variants of predefined functions. The following
2960 suggests how one can translate existing code:
2962 rev_append xs ys = List.revAppend (xs, ys)
2963 nth_elem (i, xs) = List.nth (xs, i)
2964 last_elem xs = List.last xs
2965 flat xss = List.concat xss
2966 seq fs = List.app fs
2967 partition P xs = List.partition P xs
2968 mapfilter f xs = List.mapPartial f xs
2970 * Pure/library.ML: several combinators for linear functional
2971 transformations, notably reverse application and composition:
2974 (x, y) |-> f f #-> g
2976 * Pure/library.ML: introduced/changed precedence of infix operators:
2978 infix 1 |> |-> ||> ||>> |>> |>>> #> #->;
2980 infix 3 o oo ooo oooo;
2981 infix 4 ~~ upto downto;
2983 Maybe INCOMPATIBILITY when any of those is used in conjunction with other
2986 * Pure/library.ML: natural list combinators fold, fold_rev, and
2987 fold_map support linear functional transformations and nesting. For
2990 fold f [x1, ..., xN] y =
2991 y |> f x1 |> ... |> f xN
2993 (fold o fold) f [xs1, ..., xsN] y =
2994 y |> fold f xs1 |> ... |> fold f xsN
2996 fold f [x1, ..., xN] =
2999 (fold o fold) f [xs1, ..., xsN] =
3000 fold f xs1 #> ... #> fold f xsN
3002 * Pure/library.ML: the following selectors on type 'a option are
3005 the: 'a option -> 'a (*partial*)
3006 these: 'a option -> 'a where 'a = 'b list
3007 the_default: 'a -> 'a option -> 'a
3008 the_list: 'a option -> 'a list
3010 * Pure/General: structure AList (cf. Pure/General/alist.ML) provides
3011 basic operations for association lists, following natural argument
3012 order; moreover the explicit equality predicate passed here avoids
3013 potentially expensive polymorphic runtime equality checks.
3014 The old functions may be expressed as follows:
3016 assoc = uncurry (AList.lookup (op =))
3017 assocs = these oo AList.lookup (op =)
3018 overwrite = uncurry (AList.update (op =)) o swap
3020 * Pure/General: structure AList (cf. Pure/General/alist.ML) provides
3022 val make: ('a -> 'b) -> 'a list -> ('a * 'b) list
3023 val find: ('a * 'b -> bool) -> ('c * 'b) list -> 'a -> 'c list
3025 replacing make_keylist and keyfilter (occassionally used)
3028 make_keylist = AList.make
3029 keyfilter = AList.find (op =)
3031 * eq_fst and eq_snd now take explicit equality parameter, thus
3032 avoiding eqtypes. Naive rewrites:
3034 eq_fst = eq_fst (op =)
3035 eq_snd = eq_snd (op =)
3037 * Removed deprecated apl and apr (rarely used).
3040 apl (n, op) =>>= curry op n
3041 apr (op, m) =>>= fn n => op (n, m)
3043 * Pure/General: structure OrdList (cf. Pure/General/ord_list.ML)
3044 provides a reasonably efficient light-weight implementation of sets as
3047 * Pure/General: generic tables (cf. Pure/General/table.ML) provide a
3048 few new operations; existing lookup and update are now curried to
3049 follow natural argument order (for use with fold etc.);
3050 INCOMPATIBILITY, use (uncurry Symtab.lookup) etc. as last resort.
3052 * Pure/General: output via the Isabelle channels of
3053 writeln/warning/error etc. is now passed through Output.output, with a
3054 hook for arbitrary transformations depending on the print_mode
3055 (cf. Output.add_mode -- the first active mode that provides a output
3056 function wins). Already formatted output may be embedded into further
3057 text via Output.raw; the result of Pretty.string_of/str_of and derived
3058 functions (string_of_term/cterm/thm etc.) is already marked raw to
3059 accommodate easy composition of diagnostic messages etc. Programmers
3060 rarely need to care about Output.output or Output.raw at all, with
3061 some notable exceptions: Output.output is required when bypassing the
3062 standard channels (writeln etc.), or in token translations to produce
3063 properly formatted results; Output.raw is required when capturing
3064 already output material that will eventually be presented to the user
3065 a second time. For the default print mode, both Output.output and
3066 Output.raw have no effect.
3068 * Pure/General: Output.time_accumulator NAME creates an operator ('a
3069 -> 'b) -> 'a -> 'b to measure runtime and count invocations; the
3070 cumulative results are displayed at the end of a batch session.
3072 * Pure/General: File.sysify_path and File.quote_sysify path have been
3073 replaced by File.platform_path and File.shell_path (with appropriate
3074 hooks). This provides a clean interface for unusual systems where the
3075 internal and external process view of file names are different.
3077 * Pure: more efficient orders for basic syntactic entities: added
3078 fast_string_ord, fast_indexname_ord, fast_term_ord; changed sort_ord
3079 and typ_ord to use fast_string_ord and fast_indexname_ord (term_ord is
3080 NOT affected); structures Symtab, Vartab, Typtab, Termtab use the fast
3081 orders now -- potential INCOMPATIBILITY for code that depends on a
3082 particular order for Symtab.keys, Symtab.dest, etc. (consider using
3083 Library.sort_strings on result).
3085 * Pure/term.ML: combinators fold_atyps, fold_aterms, fold_term_types,
3086 fold_types traverse types/terms from left to right, observing natural
3087 argument order. Supercedes previous foldl_XXX versions, add_frees,
3088 add_vars etc. have been adapted as well: INCOMPATIBILITY.
3090 * Pure: name spaces have been refined, with significant changes of the
3091 internal interfaces -- INCOMPATIBILITY. Renamed cond_extern(_table)
3092 to extern(_table). The plain name entry path is superceded by a
3093 general 'naming' context, which also includes the 'policy' to produce
3094 a fully qualified name and external accesses of a fully qualified
3095 name; NameSpace.extend is superceded by context dependent
3096 Sign.declare_name. Several theory and proof context operations modify
3097 the naming context. Especially note Theory.restore_naming and
3098 ProofContext.restore_naming to get back to a sane state; note that
3099 Theory.add_path is no longer sufficient to recover from
3100 Theory.absolute_path in particular.
3102 * Pure: new flags short_names (default false) and unique_names
3103 (default true) for controlling output of qualified names. If
3104 short_names is set, names are printed unqualified. If unique_names is
3105 reset, the name prefix is reduced to the minimum required to achieve
3106 the original result when interning again, even if there is an overlap
3107 with earlier declarations.
3109 * Pure/TheoryDataFun: change of the argument structure; 'prep_ext' is
3110 now 'extend', and 'merge' gets an additional Pretty.pp argument
3111 (useful for printing error messages). INCOMPATIBILITY.
3113 * Pure: major reorganization of the theory context. Type Sign.sg and
3114 Theory.theory are now identified, referring to the universal
3115 Context.theory (see Pure/context.ML). Actual signature and theory
3116 content is managed as theory data. The old code and interfaces were
3117 spread over many files and structures; the new arrangement introduces
3118 considerable INCOMPATIBILITY to gain more clarity:
3120 Context -- theory management operations (name, identity, inclusion,
3121 parents, ancestors, merge, etc.), plus generic theory data;
3123 Sign -- logical signature and syntax operations (declaring consts,
3124 types, etc.), plus certify/read for common entities;
3126 Theory -- logical theory operations (stating axioms, definitions,
3127 oracles), plus a copy of logical signature operations (consts,
3128 types, etc.); also a few basic management operations (Theory.copy,
3131 The most basic sign_of operations (Theory.sign_of, Thm.sign_of_thm
3132 etc.) as well as the sign field in Thm.rep_thm etc. have been retained
3133 for convenience -- they merely return the theory.
3135 * Pure: type Type.tsig is superceded by theory in most interfaces.
3137 * Pure: the Isar proof context type is already defined early in Pure
3138 as Context.proof (note that ProofContext.context and Proof.context are
3139 aliases, where the latter is the preferred name). This enables other
3140 Isabelle components to refer to that type even before Isar is present.
3142 * Pure/sign/theory: discontinued named name spaces (i.e. classK,
3143 typeK, constK, axiomK, oracleK), but provide explicit operations for
3144 any of these kinds. For example, Sign.intern typeK is now
3145 Sign.intern_type, Theory.hide_space Sign.typeK is now
3146 Theory.hide_types. Also note that former
3147 Theory.hide_classes/types/consts are now
3148 Theory.hide_classes_i/types_i/consts_i, while the non '_i' versions
3149 internalize their arguments! INCOMPATIBILITY.
3151 * Pure: get_thm interface (of PureThy and ProofContext) expects
3152 datatype thmref (with constructors Name and NameSelection) instead of
3153 plain string -- INCOMPATIBILITY;
3155 * Pure: cases produced by proof methods specify options, where NONE
3156 means to remove case bindings -- INCOMPATIBILITY in
3159 * Pure: the following operations retrieve axioms or theorems from a
3160 theory node or theory hierarchy, respectively:
3162 Theory.axioms_of: theory -> (string * term) list
3163 Theory.all_axioms_of: theory -> (string * term) list
3164 PureThy.thms_of: theory -> (string * thm) list
3165 PureThy.all_thms_of: theory -> (string * thm) list
3167 * Pure: print_tac now outputs the goal through the trace channel.
3169 * Isar toplevel: improved diagnostics, mostly for Poly/ML only.
3170 Reference Toplevel.debug (default false) controls detailed printing
3171 and tracing of low-level exceptions; Toplevel.profiling (default 0)
3172 controls execution profiling -- set to 1 for time and 2 for space
3173 (both increase the runtime).
3175 * Isar session: The initial use of ROOT.ML is now always timed,
3176 i.e. the log will show the actual process times, in contrast to the
3177 elapsed wall-clock time that the outer shell wrapper produces.
3179 * Simplifier: improved handling of bound variables (nameless
3180 representation, avoid allocating new strings). Simprocs that invoke
3181 the Simplifier recursively should use Simplifier.inherit_bounds to
3182 avoid local name clashes. Failure to do so produces warnings
3183 "Simplifier: renamed bound variable ..."; set Simplifier.debug_bounds
3184 for further details.
3186 * ML functions legacy_bindings and use_legacy_bindings produce ML fact
3187 bindings for all theorems stored within a given theory; this may help
3188 in porting non-Isar theories to Isar ones, while keeping ML proof
3189 scripts for the time being.
3191 * ML operator HTML.with_charset specifies the charset begin used for
3192 generated HTML files. For example:
3194 HTML.with_charset "utf-8" use_thy "Hebrew";
3195 HTML.with_charset "utf-8" use_thy "Chinese";
3200 * Allow symlinks to all proper Isabelle executables (Isabelle,
3201 isabelle, isatool etc.).
3203 * ISABELLE_DOC_FORMAT setting specifies preferred document format (for
3204 isatool doc, isatool mkdir, display_drafts etc.).
3206 * isatool usedir: option -f allows specification of the ML file to be
3207 used by Isabelle; default is ROOT.ML.
3209 * New isatool version outputs the version identifier of the Isabelle
3210 distribution being used.
3212 * HOL: new isatool dimacs2hol converts files in DIMACS CNF format
3213 (containing Boolean satisfiability problems) into Isabelle/HOL
3218 New in Isabelle2004 (April 2004)
3219 --------------------------------
3223 * Provers/order.ML: new efficient reasoner for partial and linear orders.
3224 Replaces linorder.ML.
3226 * Pure: Greek letters (except small lambda, \<lambda>), as well as Gothic
3227 (\<aa>...\<zz>\<AA>...\<ZZ>), calligraphic (\<A>...\<Z>), and Euler
3228 (\<a>...\<z>), are now considered normal letters, and can therefore
3229 be used anywhere where an ASCII letter (a...zA...Z) has until
3230 now. COMPATIBILITY: This obviously changes the parsing of some
3231 terms, especially where a symbol has been used as a binder, say
3232 '\<Pi>x. ...', which is now a type error since \<Pi>x will be parsed
3233 as an identifier. Fix it by inserting a space around former
3234 symbols. Call 'isatool fixgreek' to try to fix parsing errors in
3235 existing theory and ML files.
3237 * Pure: Macintosh and Windows line-breaks are now allowed in theory files.
3239 * Pure: single letter sub/superscripts (\<^isub> and \<^isup>) are now
3240 allowed in identifiers. Similar to Greek letters \<^isub> is now considered
3241 a normal (but invisible) letter. For multiple letter subscripts repeat
3242 \<^isub> like this: x\<^isub>1\<^isub>2.
3244 * Pure: There are now sub-/superscripts that can span more than one
3245 character. Text between \<^bsub> and \<^esub> is set in subscript in
3246 ProofGeneral and LaTeX, text between \<^bsup> and \<^esup> in
3247 superscript. The new control characters are not identifier parts.
3249 * Pure: Control-symbols of the form \<^raw:...> will literally print the
3250 content of "..." to the latex file instead of \isacntrl... . The "..."
3251 may consist of any printable characters excluding the end bracket >.
3253 * Pure: Using new Isar command "finalconsts" (or the ML functions
3254 Theory.add_finals or Theory.add_finals_i) it is now possible to
3255 declare constants "final", which prevents their being given a definition
3256 later. It is useful for constants whose behaviour is fixed axiomatically
3257 rather than definitionally, such as the meta-logic connectives.
3259 * Pure: 'instance' now handles general arities with general sorts
3260 (i.e. intersections of classes),
3262 * Presentation: generated HTML now uses a CSS style sheet to make layout
3263 (somewhat) independent of content. It is copied from lib/html/isabelle.css.
3264 It can be changed to alter the colors/layout of generated pages.
3269 * Tactic emulation methods rule_tac, erule_tac, drule_tac, frule_tac,
3270 cut_tac, subgoal_tac and thin_tac:
3271 - Now understand static (Isar) contexts. As a consequence, users of Isar
3272 locales are no longer forced to write Isar proof scripts.
3273 For details see Isar Reference Manual, paragraph 4.3.2: Further tactic
3275 - INCOMPATIBILITY: names of variables to be instantiated may no
3276 longer be enclosed in quotes. Instead, precede variable name with `?'.
3277 This is consistent with the instantiation attribute "where".
3279 * Attributes "where" and "of":
3280 - Now take type variables of instantiated theorem into account when reading
3281 the instantiation string. This fixes a bug that caused instantiated
3282 theorems to have too special types in some circumstances.
3283 - "where" permits explicit instantiations of type variables.
3285 * Calculation commands "moreover" and "also" no longer interfere with
3286 current facts ("this"), admitting arbitrary combinations with "then"
3290 - Goal statements involving the context element "includes" no longer
3291 generate theorems with internal delta predicates (those ending on
3292 "_axioms") in the premise.
3293 Resolve particular premise with <locale>.intro to obtain old form.
3294 - Fixed bug in type inference ("unify_frozen") that prevented mix of target
3295 specification and "includes" elements in goal statement.
3296 - Rule sets <locale>.intro and <locale>.axioms no longer declared as
3297 [intro?] and [elim?] (respectively) by default.
3298 - Experimental command for instantiation of locales in proof contexts:
3299 instantiate <label>[<attrs>]: <loc>
3300 Instantiates locale <loc> and adds all its theorems to the current context
3301 taking into account their attributes. Label and attrs are optional
3302 modifiers, like in theorem declarations. If present, names of
3303 instantiated theorems are qualified with <label>, and the attributes
3304 <attrs> are applied after any attributes these theorems might have already.
3305 If the locale has assumptions, a chained fact of the form
3306 "<loc> t1 ... tn" is expected from which instantiations of the parameters
3307 are derived. The command does not support old-style locales declared
3308 with "locale (open)".
3309 A few (very simple) examples can be found in FOL/ex/LocaleInst.thy.
3311 * HOL: Tactic emulation methods induct_tac and case_tac understand static
3317 * Proof import: new image HOL4 contains the imported library from
3318 the HOL4 system with about 2500 theorems. It is imported by
3319 replaying proof terms produced by HOL4 in Isabelle. The HOL4 image
3320 can be used like any other Isabelle image. See
3321 HOL/Import/HOL/README for more information.
3324 - Much improved handling of linear and partial orders.
3325 Reasoners for linear and partial orders are set up for type classes
3326 "linorder" and "order" respectively, and are added to the default simpset
3327 as solvers. This means that the simplifier can build transitivity chains
3328 to solve goals from the assumptions.
3329 - INCOMPATIBILITY: old proofs break occasionally. Typically, applications
3330 of blast or auto after simplification become unnecessary because the goal
3331 is solved by simplification already.
3333 * Numerics: new theory Ring_and_Field contains over 250 basic numerical laws,
3334 all proved in axiomatic type classes for semirings, rings and fields.
3337 - Numeric types (nat, int, and in HOL-Complex rat, real, complex, etc.) are
3338 now formalized using the Ring_and_Field theory mentioned above.
3339 - INCOMPATIBILITY: simplification and arithmetic behaves somewhat differently
3340 than before, because now they are set up once in a generic manner.
3341 - INCOMPATIBILITY: many type-specific arithmetic laws have gone.
3342 Look for the general versions in Ring_and_Field (and Power if they concern
3345 * Type "rat" of the rational numbers is now available in HOL-Complex.
3348 - Record types are now by default printed with their type abbreviation
3349 instead of the list of all field types. This can be configured via
3350 the reference "print_record_type_abbr".
3351 - Simproc "record_upd_simproc" for simplification of multiple updates added
3352 (not enabled by default).
3353 - Simproc "record_ex_sel_eq_simproc" to simplify EX x. sel r = x resp.
3354 EX x. x = sel r to True (not enabled by default).
3355 - Tactic "record_split_simp_tac" to split and simplify records added.
3357 * 'specification' command added, allowing for definition by
3358 specification. There is also an 'ax_specification' command that
3359 introduces the new constants axiomatically.
3361 * arith(_tac) is now able to generate counterexamples for reals as well.
3363 * HOL-Algebra: new locale "ring" for non-commutative rings.
3365 * HOL-ex: InductiveInvariant_examples illustrates advanced recursive function
3366 definitions, thanks to Sava Krsti\'{c} and John Matthews.
3368 * HOL-Matrix: a first theory for matrices in HOL with an application of
3369 matrix theory to linear programming.
3371 * Unions and Intersections:
3372 The latex output syntax of UN and INT has been changed
3373 from "\Union x \in A. B" to "\Union_{x \in A} B"
3374 i.e. the index formulae has become a subscript.
3375 Similarly for "\Union x. B", and for \Inter instead of \Union.
3377 * Unions and Intersections over Intervals:
3378 There is new short syntax "UN i<=n. A" for "UN i:{0..n}. A". There is
3379 also an x-symbol version with subscripts "\<Union>\<^bsub>i <= n\<^esub>. A"
3380 like in normal math, and corresponding versions for < and for intersection.
3382 * HOL/List: Ordering "lexico" is renamed "lenlex" and the standard
3383 lexicographic dictonary ordering has been added as "lexord".
3385 * ML: the legacy theory structures Int and List have been removed. They had
3386 conflicted with ML Basis Library structures having the same names.
3388 * 'refute' command added to search for (finite) countermodels. Only works
3389 for a fragment of HOL. The installation of an external SAT solver is
3390 highly recommended. See "HOL/Refute.thy" for details.
3392 * 'quickcheck' command: Allows to find counterexamples by evaluating
3393 formulae under an assignment of free variables to random values.
3394 In contrast to 'refute', it can deal with inductive datatypes,
3395 but cannot handle quantifiers. See "HOL/ex/Quickcheck_Examples.thy"
3401 * Streams now come with concatenation and are part of the HOLCF image
3405 New in Isabelle2003 (May 2003)
3406 ------------------------------
3410 * Provers/simplifier:
3412 - Completely reimplemented method simp (ML: Asm_full_simp_tac):
3413 Assumptions are now subject to complete mutual simplification,
3414 not just from left to right. The simplifier now preserves
3415 the order of assumptions.
3417 Potential INCOMPATIBILITY:
3419 -- simp sometimes diverges where the old version did
3420 not, e.g. invoking simp on the goal
3422 [| P (f x); y = x; f x = f y |] ==> Q
3424 now gives rise to the infinite reduction sequence
3426 P(f x) --(f x = f y)--> P(f y) --(y = x)--> P(f x) --(f x = f y)--> ...
3428 Using "simp (asm_lr)" (ML: Asm_lr_simp_tac) instead often solves this
3431 -- Tactics combining classical reasoner and simplification (such as auto)
3432 are also affected by this change, because many of them rely on
3433 simp. They may sometimes diverge as well or yield a different numbers
3434 of subgoals. Try to use e.g. force, fastsimp, or safe instead of auto
3435 in case of problems. Sometimes subsequent calls to the classical
3436 reasoner will fail because a preceeding call to the simplifier too
3437 eagerly simplified the goal, e.g. deleted redundant premises.
3439 - The simplifier trace now shows the names of the applied rewrite rules
3441 - You can limit the number of recursive invocations of the simplifier
3442 during conditional rewriting (where the simplifie tries to solve the
3443 conditions before applying the rewrite rule):
3444 ML "simp_depth_limit := n"
3445 where n is an integer. Thus you can force termination where previously
3446 the simplifier would diverge.
3448 - Accepts free variables as head terms in congruence rules. Useful in Isar.
3450 - No longer aborts on failed congruence proof. Instead, the
3451 congruence is ignored.
3453 * Pure: New generic framework for extracting programs from constructive
3454 proofs. See HOL/Extraction.thy for an example instantiation, as well
3455 as HOL/Extraction for some case studies.
3457 * Pure: The main goal of the proof state is no longer shown by default, only
3458 the subgoals. This behaviour is controlled by a new flag.
3459 PG menu: Isabelle/Isar -> Settings -> Show Main Goal
3460 (ML: Proof.show_main_goal).
3462 * Pure: You can find all matching introduction rules for subgoal 1, i.e. all
3463 rules whose conclusion matches subgoal 1:
3464 PG menu: Isabelle/Isar -> Show me -> matching rules
3465 The rules are ordered by how closely they match the subgoal.
3466 In particular, rules that solve a subgoal outright are displayed first
3467 (or rather last, the way they are printed).
3468 (ML: ProofGeneral.print_intros())
3470 * Pure: New flag trace_unify_fail causes unification to print
3471 diagnostic information (PG: in trace buffer) when it fails. This is
3472 useful for figuring out why single step proofs like rule, erule or
3475 * Pure: Locale specifications now produce predicate definitions
3476 according to the body of text (covering assumptions modulo local
3477 definitions); predicate "loc_axioms" covers newly introduced text,
3478 while "loc" is cumulative wrt. all included locale expressions; the
3479 latter view is presented only on export into the global theory
3480 context; potential INCOMPATIBILITY, use "(open)" option to fall back
3481 on the old view without predicates;
3483 * Pure: predefined locales "var" and "struct" are useful for sharing
3484 parameters (as in CASL, for example); just specify something like
3485 ``var x + var y + struct M'' as import;
3487 * Pure: improved thms_containing: proper indexing of facts instead of
3488 raw theorems; check validity of results wrt. current name space;
3489 include local facts of proof configuration (also covers active
3490 locales), cover fixed variables in index; may use "_" in term
3491 specification; an optional limit for the number of printed facts may
3492 be given (the default is 40);
3494 * Pure: disallow duplicate fact bindings within new-style theory files
3497 * Provers: improved induct method: assumptions introduced by case
3498 "foo" are split into "foo.hyps" (from the rule) and "foo.prems" (from
3499 the goal statement); "foo" still refers to all facts collectively;
3501 * Provers: the function blast.overloaded has been removed: all constants
3502 are regarded as potentially overloaded, which improves robustness in exchange
3503 for slight decrease in efficiency;
3505 * Provers/linorder: New generic prover for transitivity reasoning over
3506 linear orders. Note: this prover is not efficient!
3508 * Isar: preview of problems to finish 'show' now produce an error
3509 rather than just a warning (in interactive mode);
3516 - Produces a counter example if it cannot prove a goal.
3517 Note that the counter example may be spurious if the goal is not a formula
3518 of quantifier-free linear arithmetic.
3519 In ProofGeneral the counter example appears in the trace buffer.
3521 - Knows about div k and mod k where k is a numeral of type nat or int.
3523 - Calls full Presburger arithmetic (by Amine Chaieb) if quantifier-free
3524 linear arithmetic fails. This takes account of quantifiers and divisibility.
3525 Presburger arithmetic can also be called explicitly via presburger(_tac).
3527 * simp's arithmetic capabilities have been enhanced a bit: it now
3528 takes ~= in premises into account (by performing a case split);
3530 * simp reduces "m*(n div m) + n mod m" to n, even if the two summands
3531 are distributed over a sum of terms;
3533 * New tactic "trans_tac" and method "trans" instantiate
3534 Provers/linorder.ML for axclasses "order" and "linorder" (predicates
3537 * function INCOMPATIBILITIES: Pi-sets have been redefined and moved from main
3538 HOL to Library/FuncSet; constant "Fun.op o" is now called "Fun.comp";
3540 * 'typedef' command has new option "open" to suppress the set
3543 * functions Min and Max on finite sets have been introduced (theory
3546 * attribute [symmetric] now works for relations as well; it turns
3547 (x,y) : R^-1 into (y,x) : R, and vice versa;
3549 * induct over a !!-quantified statement (say !!x1..xn):
3550 each "case" automatically performs "fix x1 .. xn" with exactly those names.
3552 * Map: `empty' is no longer a constant but a syntactic abbreviation for
3553 %x. None. Warning: empty_def now refers to the previously hidden definition
3556 * Algebra: formalization of classical algebra. Intended as base for
3557 any algebraic development in Isabelle. Currently covers group theory
3558 (up to Sylow's theorem) and ring theory (Universal Property of
3559 Univariate Polynomials). Contributions welcome;
3561 * GroupTheory: deleted, since its material has been moved to Algebra;
3563 * Complex: new directory of the complex numbers with numeric constants,
3564 nonstandard complex numbers, and some complex analysis, standard and
3565 nonstandard (Jacques Fleuriot);
3567 * HOL-Complex: new image for analysis, replacing HOL-Real and HOL-Hyperreal;
3569 * Hyperreal: introduced Gauge integration and hyperreal logarithms (Jacques
3572 * Real/HahnBanach: updated and adapted to locales;
3574 * NumberTheory: added Gauss's law of quadratic reciprocity (by Avigad,
3577 * UNITY: added the Meier-Sanders theory of progress sets;
3579 * MicroJava: bytecode verifier and lightweight bytecode verifier
3580 as abstract algorithms, instantiated to the JVM;
3582 * Bali: Java source language formalization. Type system, operational
3583 semantics, axiomatic semantics. Supported language features:
3584 classes, interfaces, objects,virtual methods, static methods,
3585 static/instance fields, arrays, access modifiers, definite
3586 assignment, exceptions.
3591 * ZF/Constructible: consistency proof for AC (Gdel's constructible
3594 * Main ZF: virtually all theories converted to new-style format;
3599 * Pure: Tactic.prove provides sane interface for internal proofs;
3600 omits the infamous "standard" operation, so this is more appropriate
3601 than prove_goalw_cterm in many situations (e.g. in simprocs);
3603 * Pure: improved error reporting of simprocs;
3605 * Provers: Simplifier.simproc(_i) provides sane interface for setting
3609 *** Document preparation ***
3611 * uses \par instead of \\ for line breaks in theory text. This may
3612 shift some page breaks in large documents. To get the old behaviour
3613 use \renewcommand{\isanewline}{\mbox{}\\\mbox{}} in root.tex.
3615 * minimized dependencies of isabelle.sty and isabellesym.sty on
3618 * \<euro> now needs package babel/greek instead of marvosym (which
3621 * normal size for \<zero>...\<nine> (uses \mathbf instead of
3626 New in Isabelle2002 (March 2002)
3627 --------------------------------
3629 *** Document preparation ***
3631 * greatly simplified document preparation setup, including more
3632 graceful interpretation of isatool usedir -i/-d/-D options, and more
3633 instructive isatool mkdir; users should basically be able to get
3634 started with "isatool mkdir HOL Test && isatool make"; alternatively,
3635 users may run a separate document processing stage manually like this:
3636 "isatool usedir -D output HOL Test && isatool document Test/output";
3638 * theory dependency graph may now be incorporated into documents;
3639 isatool usedir -g true will produce session_graph.eps/.pdf for use
3640 with \includegraphics of LaTeX;
3642 * proper spacing of consecutive markup elements, especially text
3643 blocks after section headings;
3645 * support bold style (for single symbols only), input syntax is like
3646 this: "\<^bold>\<alpha>" or "\<^bold>A";
3648 * \<bullet> is now output as bold \cdot by default, which looks much
3649 better in printed text;
3651 * added default LaTeX bindings for \<tturnstile> and \<TTurnstile>;
3652 note that these symbols are currently unavailable in Proof General /
3653 X-Symbol; new symbols \<zero>, \<one>, ..., \<nine>, and \<euro>;
3655 * isatool latex no longer depends on changed TEXINPUTS, instead
3656 isatool document copies the Isabelle style files to the target
3662 * Pure/Provers: improved proof by cases and induction;
3663 - 'case' command admits impromptu naming of parameters (such as
3665 - 'induct' method divinates rule instantiation from the inductive
3666 claim; no longer requires excessive ?P bindings for proper
3667 instantiation of cases;
3668 - 'induct' method properly enumerates all possibilities of set/type
3669 rules; as a consequence facts may be also passed through *type*
3670 rules without further ado;
3671 - 'induct' method now derives symbolic cases from the *rulified*
3672 rule (before it used to rulify cases stemming from the internal
3673 atomized version); this means that the context of a non-atomic
3674 statement becomes is included in the hypothesis, avoiding the
3675 slightly cumbersome show "PROP ?case" form;
3676 - 'induct' may now use elim-style induction rules without chaining
3677 facts, using ``missing'' premises from the goal state; this allows
3678 rules stemming from inductive sets to be applied in unstructured
3679 scripts, while still benefitting from proper handling of non-atomic
3680 statements; NB: major inductive premises need to be put first, all
3681 the rest of the goal is passed through the induction;
3682 - 'induct' proper support for mutual induction involving non-atomic
3683 rule statements (uses the new concept of simultaneous goals, see
3685 - append all possible rule selections, but only use the first
3686 success (no backtracking);
3687 - removed obsolete "(simplified)" and "(stripped)" options of methods;
3688 - undeclared rule case names default to numbers 1, 2, 3, ...;
3689 - added 'print_induct_rules' (covered by help item in recent Proof
3691 - moved induct/cases attributes to Pure, methods to Provers;
3692 - generic method setup instantiated for FOL and HOL;
3694 * Pure: support multiple simultaneous goal statements, for example
3695 "have a: A and b: B" (same for 'theorem' etc.); being a pure
3696 meta-level mechanism, this acts as if several individual goals had
3697 been stated separately; in particular common proof methods need to be
3698 repeated in order to cover all claims; note that a single elimination
3699 step is *not* sufficient to establish the two conjunctions, so this
3702 assume "A & B" then have A and B .. (*".." fails*)
3704 better use "obtain" in situations as above; alternative refer to
3705 multi-step methods like 'auto', 'simp_all', 'blast+' etc.;
3707 * Pure: proper integration with ``locales''; unlike the original
3708 version by Florian Kammller, Isar locales package high-level proof
3709 contexts rather than raw logical ones (e.g. we admit to include
3710 attributes everywhere); operations on locales include merge and
3711 rename; support for implicit arguments (``structures''); simultaneous
3712 type-inference over imports and text; see also HOL/ex/Locales.thy for
3715 * Pure: the following commands have been ``localized'', supporting a
3716 target locale specification "(in name)": 'lemma', 'theorem',
3717 'corollary', 'lemmas', 'theorems', 'declare'; the results will be
3718 stored both within the locale and at the theory level (exported and
3719 qualified by the locale name);
3721 * Pure: theory goals may now be specified in ``long'' form, with
3722 ad-hoc contexts consisting of arbitrary locale elements. for example
3723 ``lemma foo: fixes x assumes "A x" shows "B x"'' (local syntax and
3724 definitions may be given, too); the result is a meta-level rule with
3725 the context elements being discharged in the obvious way;
3727 * Pure: new proof command 'using' allows to augment currently used
3728 facts after a goal statement ('using' is syntactically analogous to
3729 'apply', but acts on the goal's facts only); this allows chained facts
3730 to be separated into parts given before and after a claim, as in
3731 ``from a and b have C using d and e <proof>'';
3733 * Pure: renamed "antecedent" case to "rule_context";
3735 * Pure: new 'judgment' command records explicit information about the
3736 object-logic embedding (used by several tools internally); no longer
3737 use hard-wired "Trueprop";
3739 * Pure: added 'corollary' command;
3741 * Pure: fixed 'token_translation' command;
3743 * Pure: removed obsolete 'exported' attribute;
3745 * Pure: dummy pattern "_" in is/let is now automatically lifted over
3746 bound variables: "ALL x. P x --> Q x" (is "ALL x. _ --> ?C x")
3747 supersedes more cumbersome ... (is "ALL x. _ x --> ?C x");
3749 * Pure: method 'atomize' presents local goal premises as object-level
3750 statements (atomic meta-level propositions); setup controlled via
3751 rewrite rules declarations of 'atomize' attribute; example
3752 application: 'induct' method with proper rule statements in improper
3755 * Pure: emulation of instantiation tactics (rule_tac, cut_tac, etc.)
3756 now consider the syntactic context of assumptions, giving a better
3757 chance to get type-inference of the arguments right (this is
3758 especially important for locales);
3760 * Pure: "sorry" no longer requires quick_and_dirty in interactive
3763 * Pure/obtain: the formal conclusion "thesis", being marked as
3764 ``internal'', may no longer be reference directly in the text;
3765 potential INCOMPATIBILITY, may need to use "?thesis" in rare
3768 * Pure: generic 'sym' attribute which declares a rule both as pure
3769 'elim?' and for the 'symmetric' operation;
3771 * Pure: marginal comments ``--'' may now occur just anywhere in the
3772 text; the fixed correlation with particular command syntax has been
3775 * Pure: new method 'rules' is particularly well-suited for proof
3776 search in intuitionistic logic; a bit slower than 'blast' or 'fast',
3777 but often produces more compact proof terms with less detours;
3779 * Pure/Provers/classical: simplified integration with pure rule
3780 attributes and methods; the classical "intro?/elim?/dest?"
3781 declarations coincide with the pure ones; the "rule" method no longer
3782 includes classically swapped intros; "intro" and "elim" methods no
3783 longer pick rules from the context; also got rid of ML declarations
3784 AddXIs/AddXEs/AddXDs; all of this has some potential for
3787 * Provers/classical: attribute 'swapped' produces classical inversions
3788 of introduction rules;
3790 * Provers/simplifier: 'simplified' attribute may refer to explicit
3791 rules instead of full simplifier context; 'iff' attribute handles
3794 * HOL: 'typedef' now allows alternative names for Rep/Abs morphisms;
3796 * HOL: 'recdef' now fails on unfinished automated proofs, use
3797 "(permissive)" option to recover old behavior;
3799 * HOL: 'inductive' no longer features separate (collective) attributes
3800 for 'intros' (was found too confusing);
3802 * HOL: properly declared induction rules less_induct and
3808 * HOL: moved over to sane numeral syntax; the new policy is as
3811 - 0 and 1 are polymorphic constants, which are defined on any
3812 numeric type (nat, int, real etc.);
3814 - 2, 3, 4, ... and -1, -2, -3, ... are polymorphic numerals, based
3815 binary representation internally;
3817 - type nat has special constructor Suc, and generally prefers Suc 0
3818 over 1::nat and Suc (Suc 0) over 2::nat;
3820 This change may cause significant problems of INCOMPATIBILITY; here
3821 are some hints on converting existing sources:
3823 - due to the new "num" token, "-0" and "-1" etc. are now atomic
3824 entities, so expressions involving "-" (unary or binary minus) need
3825 to be spaced properly;
3827 - existing occurrences of "1" may need to be constraint "1::nat" or
3828 even replaced by Suc 0; similar for old "2";
3830 - replace "#nnn" by "nnn", and "#-nnn" by "-nnn";
3832 - remove all special provisions on numerals in proofs;
3834 * HOL: simp rules nat_number expand numerals on nat to Suc/0
3835 representation (depends on bin_arith_simps in the default context);
3837 * HOL: symbolic syntax for x^2 (numeral 2);
3839 * HOL: the class of all HOL types is now called "type" rather than
3840 "term"; INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt references to this type class
3841 in axclass/classes, instance/arities, and (usually rare) occurrences
3842 in typings (of consts etc.); internally the class is called
3843 "HOL.type", ML programs should refer to HOLogic.typeS;
3845 * HOL/record package improvements:
3846 - new derived operations "fields" to build a partial record section,
3847 "extend" to promote a fixed record to a record scheme, and
3848 "truncate" for the reverse; cf. theorems "xxx.defs", which are *not*
3849 declared as simp by default;
3850 - shared operations ("more", "fields", etc.) now need to be always
3851 qualified) --- potential INCOMPATIBILITY;
3852 - removed "make_scheme" operations (use "make" with "extend") --
3854 - removed "more" class (simply use "term") -- INCOMPATIBILITY;
3855 - provides cases/induct rules for use with corresponding Isar
3856 methods (for concrete records, record schemes, concrete more
3857 parts, and schematic more parts -- in that order);
3858 - internal definitions directly based on a light-weight abstract
3859 theory of product types over typedef rather than datatype;
3861 * HOL: generic code generator for generating executable ML code from
3862 specifications; specific support for HOL constructs such as inductive
3863 datatypes and sets, as well as recursive functions; can be invoked
3864 via 'generate_code' theory section;
3866 * HOL: canonical cases/induct rules for n-tuples (n = 3..7);
3868 * HOL: consolidated and renamed several theories. In particular:
3869 Ord.thy has been absorbed into HOL.thy
3870 String.thy has been absorbed into List.thy
3872 * HOL: concrete setsum syntax "\<Sum>i:A. b" == "setsum (%i. b) A"
3873 (beware of argument permutation!);
3875 * HOL: linorder_less_split superseded by linorder_cases;
3877 * HOL/List: "nodups" renamed to "distinct";
3879 * HOL: added "The" definite description operator; move Hilbert's "Eps"
3880 to peripheral theory "Hilbert_Choice"; some INCOMPATIBILITIES:
3881 - Ex_def has changed, now need to use some_eq_ex
3883 * HOL: made split_all_tac safe; EXISTING PROOFS MAY FAIL OR LOOP, so
3884 in this (rare) case use:
3886 delSWrapper "split_all_tac"
3887 addSbefore ("unsafe_split_all_tac", unsafe_split_all_tac)
3889 * HOL: added safe wrapper "split_conv_tac" to claset; EXISTING PROOFS
3892 * HOL: introduced f^n = f o ... o f; warning: due to the limits of
3893 Isabelle's type classes, ^ on functions and relations has too general
3894 a domain, namely ('a * 'b) set and 'a => 'b; this means that it may be
3895 necessary to attach explicit type constraints;
3897 * HOL/Relation: the prefix name of the infix "O" has been changed from
3898 "comp" to "rel_comp"; INCOMPATIBILITY: a few theorems have been
3899 renamed accordingly (eg "compI" -> "rel_compI").
3901 * HOL: syntax translations now work properly with numerals and records
3904 * HOL: bounded abstraction now uses syntax "%" / "\<lambda>" instead
3905 of "lam" -- INCOMPATIBILITY;
3907 * HOL: got rid of some global declarations (potential INCOMPATIBILITY
3908 for ML tools): const "()" renamed "Product_Type.Unity", type "unit"
3909 renamed "Product_Type.unit";
3911 * HOL: renamed rtrancl_into_rtrancl2 to converse_rtrancl_into_rtrancl
3913 * HOL: removed obsolete theorem "optionE" (use "option.exhaust", or
3914 the "cases" method);
3916 * HOL/GroupTheory: group theory examples including Sylow's theorem (by
3919 * HOL/IMP: updated and converted to new-style theory format; several
3920 parts turned into readable document, with proper Isar proof texts and
3921 some explanations (by Gerwin Klein);
3923 * HOL-Real: added Complex_Numbers (by Gertrud Bauer);
3925 * HOL-Hyperreal is now a logic image;
3930 * Isar: consts/constdefs supports mixfix syntax for continuous
3933 * Isar: domain package adapted to new-style theory format, e.g. see
3936 * theory Lift: proper use of rep_datatype lift instead of ML hacks --
3937 potential INCOMPATIBILITY; now use plain induct_tac instead of former
3938 lift.induct_tac, always use UU instead of Undef;
3940 * HOLCF/IMP: updated and converted to new-style theory;
3945 * Isar: proper integration of logic-specific tools and packages,
3946 including theory commands '(co)inductive', '(co)datatype',
3947 'rep_datatype', 'inductive_cases', as well as methods 'ind_cases',
3948 'induct_tac', 'case_tac', and 'typecheck' (with attribute 'TC');
3950 * theory Main no longer includes AC; for the Axiom of Choice, base
3951 your theory on Main_ZFC;
3953 * the integer library now covers quotients and remainders, with many
3954 laws relating division to addition, multiplication, etc.;
3956 * ZF/UNITY: Chandy and Misra's UNITY is now available in ZF, giving a
3957 typeless version of the formalism;
3959 * ZF/AC, Coind, IMP, Resid: updated and converted to new-style theory
3962 * ZF/Induct: new directory for examples of inductive definitions,
3963 including theory Multiset for multiset orderings; converted to
3964 new-style theory format;
3966 * ZF: many new theorems about lists, ordinals, etc.;
3971 * Pure/kernel: meta-level proof terms (by Stefan Berghofer); reference
3972 variable proof controls level of detail: 0 = no proofs (only oracle
3973 dependencies), 1 = lemma dependencies, 2 = compact proof terms; see
3974 also ref manual for further ML interfaces;
3976 * Pure/axclass: removed obsolete ML interface
3977 goal_subclass/goal_arity;
3979 * Pure/syntax: new token syntax "num" for plain numerals (without "#"
3980 of "xnum"); potential INCOMPATIBILITY, since -0, -1 etc. are now
3981 separate tokens, so expressions involving minus need to be spaced
3984 * Pure/syntax: support non-oriented infixes, using keyword "infix"
3985 rather than "infixl" or "infixr";
3987 * Pure/syntax: concrete syntax for dummy type variables admits genuine
3988 sort constraint specifications in type inference; e.g. "x::_::foo"
3989 ensures that the type of "x" is of sort "foo" (but not necessarily a
3992 * Pure/syntax: print modes "type_brackets" and "no_type_brackets"
3993 control output of nested => (types); the default behavior is
3996 * Pure/syntax: builtin parse translation for "_constify" turns valued
3997 tokens into AST constants;
3999 * Pure/syntax: prefer later declarations of translations and print
4000 translation functions; potential INCOMPATIBILITY: need to reverse
4001 multiple declarations for same syntax element constant;
4003 * Pure/show_hyps reset by default (in accordance to existing Isar
4006 * Provers/classical: renamed addaltern to addafter, addSaltern to
4009 * Provers/clasimp: ``iff'' declarations now handle conditional rules
4012 * system: tested support for MacOS X; should be able to get Isabelle +
4013 Proof General to work in a plain Terminal after installing Poly/ML
4014 (e.g. from the Isabelle distribution area) and GNU bash alone
4015 (e.g. from http://www.apple.com); full X11, XEmacs and X-Symbol
4016 support requires further installations, e.g. from
4017 http://fink.sourceforge.net/);
4019 * system: support Poly/ML 4.1.1 (able to manage larger heaps);
4021 * system: reduced base memory usage by Poly/ML (approx. 20 MB instead
4022 of 40 MB), cf. ML_OPTIONS;
4024 * system: Proof General keywords specification is now part of the
4025 Isabelle distribution (see etc/isar-keywords.el);
4027 * system: support for persistent Proof General sessions (refrain from
4028 outdating all loaded theories on startup); user may create writable
4029 logic images like this: ``isabelle -q HOL Test'';
4031 * system: smart selection of Isabelle process versus Isabelle
4032 interface, accommodates case-insensitive file systems (e.g. HFS+); may
4033 run both "isabelle" and "Isabelle" even if file names are badly
4034 damaged (executable inspects the case of the first letter of its own
4035 name); added separate "isabelle-process" and "isabelle-interface";
4037 * system: refrain from any attempt at filtering input streams; no
4038 longer support ``8bit'' encoding of old isabelle font, instead proper
4039 iso-latin characters may now be used; the related isatools
4040 "symbolinput" and "nonascii" have disappeared as well;
4042 * system: removed old "xterm" interface (the print modes "xterm" and
4043 "xterm_color" are still available for direct use in a suitable
4048 New in Isabelle99-2 (February 2001)
4049 -----------------------------------
4051 *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES ***
4053 * HOL: please note that theories in the Library and elsewhere often use the
4054 new-style (Isar) format; to refer to their theorems in an ML script you must
4055 bind them to ML identifers by e.g. val thm_name = thm "thm_name";
4057 * HOL: inductive package no longer splits induction rule aggressively,
4058 but only as far as specified by the introductions given; the old
4059 format may be recovered via ML function complete_split_rule or attribute
4060 'split_rule (complete)';
4062 * HOL: induct renamed to lfp_induct, lfp_Tarski to lfp_unfold,
4063 gfp_Tarski to gfp_unfold;
4065 * HOL: contrapos, contrapos2 renamed to contrapos_nn, contrapos_pp;
4067 * HOL: infix "dvd" now has priority 50 rather than 70 (because it is a
4068 relation); infix "^^" has been renamed "``"; infix "``" has been
4069 renamed "`"; "univalent" has been renamed "single_valued";
4071 * HOL/Real: "rinv" and "hrinv" replaced by overloaded "inverse"
4074 * HOLCF: infix "`" has been renamed "$"; the symbol syntax is \<cdot>;
4076 * Isar: 'obtain' no longer declares "that" fact as simp/intro;
4078 * Isar/HOL: method 'induct' now handles non-atomic goals; as a
4079 consequence, it is no longer monotonic wrt. the local goal context
4080 (which is now passed through the inductive cases);
4082 * Document preparation: renamed standard symbols \<ll> to \<lless> and
4083 \<gg> to \<ggreater>;
4086 *** Document preparation ***
4088 * \isabellestyle{NAME} selects version of Isabelle output (currently
4089 available: are "it" for near math-mode best-style output, "sl" for
4090 slanted text style, and "tt" for plain type-writer; if no
4091 \isabellestyle command is given, output is according to slanted
4094 * support sub/super scripts (for single symbols only), input syntax is
4095 like this: "A\<^sup>*" or "A\<^sup>\<star>";
4097 * some more standard symbols; see Appendix A of the system manual for
4098 the complete list of symbols defined in isabellesym.sty;
4100 * improved isabelle style files; more abstract symbol implementation
4101 (should now use \isamath{...} and \isatext{...} in custom symbol
4104 * antiquotation @{goals} and @{subgoals} for output of *dynamic* goals
4105 state; Note that presentation of goal states does not conform to
4106 actual human-readable proof documents. Please do not include goal
4107 states into document output unless you really know what you are doing!
4109 * proper indentation of antiquoted output with proportional LaTeX
4112 * no_document ML operator temporarily disables LaTeX document
4115 * isatool unsymbolize tunes sources for plain ASCII communication;
4120 * Pure: Isar now suffers initial goal statements to contain unbound
4121 schematic variables (this does not conform to actual readable proof
4122 documents, due to unpredictable outcome and non-compositional proof
4123 checking); users who know what they are doing may use schematic goals
4124 for Prolog-style synthesis of proven results;
4126 * Pure: assumption method (an implicit finishing) now handles actual
4129 * Pure: improved 'obtain' --- moved to Pure, insert "that" into
4130 initial goal, declare "that" only as Pure intro (only for single
4131 steps); the "that" rule assumption may now be involved in implicit
4132 finishing, thus ".." becomes a feasible for trivial obtains;
4134 * Pure: default proof step now includes 'intro_classes'; thus trivial
4135 instance proofs may be performed by "..";
4137 * Pure: ?thesis / ?this / "..." now work for pure meta-level
4140 * Pure: more robust selection of calculational rules;
4142 * Pure: the builtin notion of 'finished' goal now includes the ==-refl
4143 rule (as well as the assumption rule);
4145 * Pure: 'thm_deps' command visualizes dependencies of theorems and
4146 lemmas, using the graph browser tool;
4148 * Pure: predict failure of "show" in interactive mode;
4150 * Pure: 'thms_containing' now takes actual terms as arguments;
4152 * HOL: improved method 'induct' --- now handles non-atomic goals
4153 (potential INCOMPATIBILITY); tuned error handling;
4155 * HOL: cases and induct rules now provide explicit hints about the
4156 number of facts to be consumed (0 for "type" and 1 for "set" rules);
4157 any remaining facts are inserted into the goal verbatim;
4159 * HOL: local contexts (aka cases) may now contain term bindings as
4160 well; the 'cases' and 'induct' methods new provide a ?case binding for
4161 the result to be shown in each case;
4163 * HOL: added 'recdef_tc' command;
4165 * isatool convert assists in eliminating legacy ML scripts;
4170 * HOL/Library: a collection of generic theories to be used together
4171 with main HOL; the theory loader path already includes this directory
4172 by default; the following existing theories have been moved here:
4173 HOL/Induct/Multiset, HOL/Induct/Acc (as Accessible_Part), HOL/While
4174 (as While_Combinator), HOL/Lex/Prefix (as List_Prefix);
4176 * HOL/Unix: "Some aspects of Unix file-system security", a typical
4177 modelling and verification task performed in Isabelle/HOL +
4178 Isabelle/Isar + Isabelle document preparation (by Markus Wenzel).
4180 * HOL/Algebra: special summation operator SUM no longer exists, it has
4181 been replaced by setsum; infix 'assoc' now has priority 50 (like
4182 'dvd'); axiom 'one_not_zero' has been moved from axclass 'ring' to
4183 'domain', this makes the theory consistent with mathematical
4186 * HOL basics: added overloaded operations "inverse" and "divide"
4187 (infix "/"), syntax for generic "abs" operation, generic summation
4190 * HOL/typedef: simplified package, provide more useful rules (see also
4193 * HOL/datatype: induction rule for arbitrarily branching datatypes is
4194 now expressed as a proper nested rule (old-style tactic scripts may
4195 require atomize_strip_tac to cope with non-atomic premises);
4197 * HOL: renamed theory "Prod" to "Product_Type", renamed "split" rule
4198 to "split_conv" (old name still available for compatibility);
4200 * HOL: improved concrete syntax for strings (e.g. allows translation
4201 rules with string literals);
4203 * HOL-Real-Hyperreal: this extends HOL-Real with the hyperreals
4204 and Fleuriot's mechanization of analysis, including the transcendental
4205 functions for the reals;
4207 * HOL/Real, HOL/Hyperreal: improved arithmetic simplification;
4212 * CTT: x-symbol support for Pi, Sigma, -->, : (membership); note that
4213 "lam" is displayed as TWO lambda-symbols
4215 * CTT: theory Main now available, containing everything (that is, Bool
4221 * Pure: the Simplifier has been implemented properly as a derived rule
4222 outside of the actual kernel (at last!); the overall performance
4223 penalty in practical applications is about 50%, while reliability of
4224 the Isabelle inference kernel has been greatly improved;
4226 * print modes "brackets" and "no_brackets" control output of nested =>
4227 (types) and ==> (props); the default behaviour is "brackets";
4229 * Provers: fast_tac (and friends) now handle actual object-logic rules
4230 as assumptions as well;
4232 * system: support Poly/ML 4.0;
4234 * system: isatool install handles KDE version 1 or 2;
4238 New in Isabelle99-1 (October 2000)
4239 ----------------------------------
4241 *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES ***
4243 * HOL: simplification of natural numbers is much changed; to partly
4244 recover the old behaviour (e.g. to prevent n+n rewriting to #2*n)
4245 issue the following ML commands:
4247 Delsimprocs Nat_Numeral_Simprocs.cancel_numerals;
4248 Delsimprocs [Nat_Numeral_Simprocs.combine_numerals];
4250 * HOL: simplification no longer dives into case-expressions; this is
4251 controlled by "t.weak_case_cong" for each datatype t;
4253 * HOL: nat_less_induct renamed to less_induct;
4255 * HOL: systematic renaming of the SOME (Eps) rules, may use isatool
4256 fixsome to patch .thy and .ML sources automatically;
4258 select_equality -> some_equality
4259 select_eq_Ex -> some_eq_ex
4260 selectI2EX -> someI2_ex
4263 select1_equality -> some1_equality
4264 Eps_sym_eq -> some_sym_eq_trivial
4265 Eps_eq -> some_eq_trivial
4267 * HOL: exhaust_tac on datatypes superceded by new generic case_tac;
4269 * HOL: removed obsolete theorem binding expand_if (refer to split_if
4272 * HOL: the recursion equations generated by 'recdef' are now called
4273 f.simps instead of f.rules;
4275 * HOL: qed_spec_mp now also handles bounded ALL as well;
4277 * HOL: 0 is now overloaded, so the type constraint ":: nat" may
4278 sometimes be needed;
4280 * HOL: the constant for "f``x" is now "image" rather than "op ``";
4282 * HOL: the constant for "f-``x" is now "vimage" rather than "op -``";
4284 * HOL: the disjoint sum is now "<+>" instead of "Plus"; the cartesian
4285 product is now "<*>" instead of "Times"; the lexicographic product is
4286 now "<*lex*>" instead of "**";
4288 * HOL: theory Sexp is now in HOL/Induct examples (it used to be part
4289 of main HOL, but was unused); better use HOL's datatype package;
4291 * HOL: removed "symbols" syntax for constant "override" of theory Map;
4292 the old syntax may be recovered as follows:
4295 override :: "('a ~=> 'b) => ('a ~=> 'b) => ('a ~=> 'b)"
4296 (infixl "\\<oplus>" 100)
4298 * HOL/Real: "rabs" replaced by overloaded "abs" function;
4300 * HOL/ML: even fewer consts are declared as global (see theories Ord,
4301 Lfp, Gfp, WF); this only affects ML packages that refer to const names
4304 * HOL and ZF: syntax for quotienting wrt an equivalence relation
4305 changed from A/r to A//r;
4307 * ZF: new treatment of arithmetic (nat & int) may break some old
4310 * Isar: renamed some attributes (RS -> THEN, simplify -> simplified,
4311 rulify -> rule_format, elimify -> elim_format, ...);
4313 * Isar/Provers: intro/elim/dest attributes changed; renamed
4314 intro/intro!/intro!! flags to intro!/intro/intro? (in most cases, one
4315 should have to change intro!! to intro? only); replaced "delrule" by
4318 * Isar/HOL: renamed "intrs" to "intros" in inductive definitions;
4320 * Provers: strengthened force_tac by using new first_best_tac;
4322 * LaTeX document preparation: several changes of isabelle.sty (see
4326 *** Document preparation ***
4328 * formal comments (text blocks etc.) in new-style theories may now
4329 contain antiquotations of thm/prop/term/typ/text to be presented
4330 according to latex print mode; concrete syntax is like this:
4331 @{term[show_types] "f(x) = a + x"};
4333 * isatool mkdir provides easy setup of Isabelle session directories,
4334 including proper document sources;
4336 * generated LaTeX sources are now deleted after successful run
4337 (isatool document -c); may retain a copy somewhere else via -D option
4340 * isatool usedir -D now lets isatool latex -o sty update the Isabelle
4341 style files, achieving self-contained LaTeX sources and simplifying
4344 * old-style theories now produce (crude) LaTeX output as well;
4346 * browser info session directories are now self-contained (may be put
4347 on WWW server seperately); improved graphs of nested sessions; removed
4348 graph for 'all sessions';
4350 * several improvements in isabelle style files; \isabellestyle{it}
4351 produces fake math mode output; \isamarkupheader is now \section by
4352 default; see lib/texinputs/isabelle.sty etc.;
4357 * Isar/Pure: local results and corresponding term bindings are now
4358 subject to Hindley-Milner polymorphism (similar to ML); this
4359 accommodates incremental type-inference very nicely;
4361 * Isar/Pure: new derived language element 'obtain' supports
4362 generalized existence reasoning;
4364 * Isar/Pure: new calculational elements 'moreover' and 'ultimately'
4365 support accumulation of results, without applying any rules yet;
4366 useful to collect intermediate results without explicit name
4367 references, and for use with transitivity rules with more than 2
4370 * Isar/Pure: scalable support for case-analysis type proofs: new
4371 'case' language element refers to local contexts symbolically, as
4372 produced by certain proof methods; internally, case names are attached
4373 to theorems as "tags";
4375 * Isar/Pure: theory command 'hide' removes declarations from
4376 class/type/const name spaces;
4378 * Isar/Pure: theory command 'defs' supports option "(overloaded)" to
4379 indicate potential overloading;
4381 * Isar/Pure: changed syntax of local blocks from {{ }} to { };
4383 * Isar/Pure: syntax of sorts made 'inner', i.e. have to write
4384 "{a,b,c}" instead of {a,b,c};
4386 * Isar/Pure now provides its own version of intro/elim/dest
4387 attributes; useful for building new logics, but beware of confusion
4388 with the version in Provers/classical;
4390 * Isar/Pure: the local context of (non-atomic) goals is provided via
4391 case name 'antecedent';
4393 * Isar/Pure: removed obsolete 'transfer' attribute (transfer of thms
4394 to the current context is now done automatically);
4396 * Isar/Pure: theory command 'method_setup' provides a simple interface
4397 for definining proof methods in ML;
4399 * Isar/Provers: intro/elim/dest attributes changed; renamed
4400 intro/intro!/intro!! flags to intro!/intro/intro? (INCOMPATIBILITY, in
4401 most cases, one should have to change intro!! to intro? only);
4402 replaced "delrule" by "rule del";
4404 * Isar/Provers: new 'hypsubst' method, plain 'subst' method and
4405 'symmetric' attribute (the latter supercedes [RS sym]);
4407 * Isar/Provers: splitter support (via 'split' attribute and 'simp'
4408 method modifier); 'simp' method: 'only:' modifier removes loopers as
4409 well (including splits);
4411 * Isar/Provers: Simplifier and Classical methods now support all kind
4412 of modifiers used in the past, including 'cong', 'iff', etc.
4414 * Isar/Provers: added 'fastsimp' and 'clarsimp' methods (combination
4415 of Simplifier and Classical reasoner);
4417 * Isar/HOL: new proof method 'cases' and improved version of 'induct'
4418 now support named cases; major packages (inductive, datatype, primrec,
4419 recdef) support case names and properly name parameters;
4421 * Isar/HOL: new transitivity rules for substitution in inequalities --
4422 monotonicity conditions are extracted to be proven at end of
4425 * Isar/HOL: removed 'case_split' thm binding, should use 'cases' proof
4428 * Isar/HOL: removed old expand_if = split_if; theorems if_splits =
4429 split_if split_if_asm; datatype package provides theorems foo.splits =
4430 foo.split foo.split_asm for each datatype;
4432 * Isar/HOL: tuned inductive package, rename "intrs" to "intros"
4433 (potential INCOMPATIBILITY), emulation of mk_cases feature for proof
4434 scripts: new 'inductive_cases' command and 'ind_cases' method; (Note:
4435 use "(cases (simplified))" method in proper proof texts);
4437 * Isar/HOL: added global 'arith_split' attribute for 'arith' method;
4439 * Isar: names of theorems etc. may be natural numbers as well;
4441 * Isar: 'pr' command: optional arguments for goals_limit and
4442 ProofContext.prems_limit; no longer prints theory contexts, but only
4445 * Isar: diagnostic commands 'pr', 'thm', 'prop', 'term', 'typ' admit
4446 additional print modes to be specified; e.g. "pr(latex)" will print
4447 proof state according to the Isabelle LaTeX style;
4449 * Isar: improved support for emulating tactic scripts, including proof
4450 methods 'rule_tac' etc., 'cut_tac', 'thin_tac', 'subgoal_tac',
4451 'rename_tac', 'rotate_tac', 'tactic', and 'case_tac' / 'induct_tac'
4452 (for HOL datatypes);
4454 * Isar: simplified (more robust) goal selection of proof methods: 1st
4455 goal, all goals, or explicit goal specifier (tactic emulation); thus
4456 'proof method scripts' have to be in depth-first order;
4458 * Isar: tuned 'let' syntax: replaced 'as' keyword by 'and';
4460 * Isar: removed 'help' command, which hasn't been too helpful anyway;
4461 should instead use individual commands for printing items
4462 (print_commands, print_methods etc.);
4464 * Isar: added 'nothing' --- the empty list of theorems;
4469 * HOL/MicroJava: formalization of a fragment of Java, together with a
4470 corresponding virtual machine and a specification of its bytecode
4471 verifier and a lightweight bytecode verifier, including proofs of
4472 type-safety; by Gerwin Klein, Tobias Nipkow, David von Oheimb, and
4473 Cornelia Pusch (see also the homepage of project Bali at
4474 http://isabelle.in.tum.de/Bali/);
4476 * HOL/Algebra: new theory of rings and univariate polynomials, by
4479 * HOL/NumberTheory: fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, Chinese
4480 Remainder Theorem, Fermat/Euler Theorem, Wilson's Theorem, by Thomas M
4483 * HOL/Lattice: fundamental concepts of lattice theory and order
4484 structures, including duals, properties of bounds versus algebraic
4485 laws, lattice operations versus set-theoretic ones, the Knaster-Tarski
4486 Theorem for complete lattices etc.; may also serve as a demonstration
4487 for abstract algebraic reasoning using axiomatic type classes, and
4488 mathematics-style proof in Isabelle/Isar; by Markus Wenzel;
4490 * HOL/Prolog: a (bare-bones) implementation of Lambda-Prolog, by David
4493 * HOL/IMPP: extension of IMP with local variables and mutually
4494 recursive procedures, by David von Oheimb;
4496 * HOL/Lambda: converted into new-style theory and document;
4498 * HOL/ex/Multiquote: example of multiple nested quotations and
4499 anti-quotations -- basically a generalized version of de-Bruijn
4500 representation; very useful in avoiding lifting of operations;
4502 * HOL/record: added general record equality rule to simpset; fixed
4503 select-update simplification procedure to handle extended records as
4504 well; admit "r" as field name;
4506 * HOL: 0 is now overloaded over the new sort "zero", allowing its use with
4507 other numeric types and also as the identity of groups, rings, etc.;
4509 * HOL: new axclass plus_ac0 for addition with the AC-laws and 0 as identity.
4510 Types nat and int belong to this axclass;
4512 * HOL: greatly improved simplification involving numerals of type nat, int, real:
4513 (i + #8 + j) = Suc k simplifies to #7 + (i + j) = k
4514 i*j + k + j*#3*i simplifies to #4*(i*j) + k
4515 two terms #m*u and #n*u are replaced by #(m+n)*u
4516 (where #m, #n and u can implicitly be 1; this is simproc combine_numerals)
4517 and the term/formula #m*u+x ~~ #n*u+y simplifies simplifies to #(m-n)+x ~~ y
4518 or x ~~ #(n-m)+y, where ~~ is one of = < <= or - (simproc cancel_numerals);
4520 * HOL: meson_tac is available (previously in ex/meson.ML); it is a
4521 powerful prover for predicate logic but knows nothing of clasets; see
4522 ex/mesontest.ML and ex/mesontest2.ML for example applications;
4524 * HOL: new version of "case_tac" subsumes both boolean case split and
4525 "exhaust_tac" on datatypes; INCOMPATIBILITY: exhaust_tac no longer
4526 exists, may define val exhaust_tac = case_tac for ad-hoc portability;
4528 * HOL: simplification no longer dives into case-expressions: only the
4529 selector expression is simplified, but not the remaining arms; to
4530 enable full simplification of case-expressions for datatype t, you may
4531 remove t.weak_case_cong from the simpset, either globally (Delcongs
4532 [thm"t.weak_case_cong"];) or locally (delcongs [...]).
4534 * HOL/recdef: the recursion equations generated by 'recdef' for
4535 function 'f' are now called f.simps instead of f.rules; if all
4536 termination conditions are proved automatically, these simplification
4537 rules are added to the simpset, as in primrec; rules may be named
4538 individually as well, resulting in a separate list of theorems for
4541 * HOL/While is a new theory that provides a while-combinator. It
4542 permits the definition of tail-recursive functions without the
4543 provision of a termination measure. The latter is necessary once the
4544 invariant proof rule for while is applied.
4546 * HOL: new (overloaded) notation for the set of elements below/above
4547 some element: {..u}, {..u(}, {l..}, {)l..}. See theory SetInterval.
4549 * HOL: theorems impI, allI, ballI bound as "strip";
4551 * HOL: new tactic induct_thm_tac: thm -> string -> int -> tactic
4552 induct_tac th "x1 ... xn" expects th to have a conclusion of the form
4553 P v1 ... vn and abbreviates res_inst_tac [("v1","x1"),...,("vn","xn")] th;
4555 * HOL/Real: "rabs" replaced by overloaded "abs" function;
4557 * HOL: theory Sexp now in HOL/Induct examples (it used to be part of
4558 main HOL, but was unused);
4560 * HOL: fewer consts declared as global (e.g. have to refer to
4561 "Lfp.lfp" instead of "lfp" internally; affects ML packages only);
4563 * HOL: tuned AST representation of nested pairs, avoiding bogus output
4564 in case of overlap with user translations (e.g. judgements over
4565 tuples); (note that the underlying logical represenation is still
4571 * ZF: simplification automatically cancels common terms in arithmetic
4572 expressions over nat and int;
4574 * ZF: new treatment of nat to minimize type-checking: all operators
4575 coerce their operands to a natural number using the function natify,
4576 making the algebraic laws unconditional;
4578 * ZF: as above, for int: operators coerce their operands to an integer
4579 using the function intify;
4581 * ZF: the integer library now contains many of the usual laws for the
4582 orderings, including $<=, and monotonicity laws for $+ and $*;
4584 * ZF: new example ZF/ex/NatSum to demonstrate integer arithmetic
4587 * FOL and ZF: AddIffs now available, giving theorems of the form P<->Q
4588 to the simplifier and classical reasoner simultaneously;
4593 * Provers: blast_tac now handles actual object-logic rules as
4594 assumptions; note that auto_tac uses blast_tac internally as well;
4596 * Provers: new functions rulify/rulify_no_asm: thm -> thm for turning
4597 outer -->/All/Ball into ==>/!!; qed_spec_mp now uses rulify_no_asm;
4599 * Provers: delrules now handles destruct rules as well (no longer need
4600 explicit make_elim);
4602 * Provers: Blast_tac now warns of and ignores "weak elimination rules" e.g.
4603 [| inj ?f; ?f ?x = ?f ?y; ?x = ?y ==> ?W |] ==> ?W
4604 use instead the strong form,
4605 [| inj ?f; ~ ?W ==> ?f ?x = ?f ?y; ?x = ?y ==> ?W |] ==> ?W
4606 in HOL, FOL and ZF the function cla_make_elim will create such rules
4607 from destruct-rules;
4609 * Provers: Simplifier.easy_setup provides a fast path to basic
4610 Simplifier setup for new object-logics;
4612 * Pure: AST translation rules no longer require constant head on LHS;
4614 * Pure: improved name spaces: ambiguous output is qualified; support
4615 for hiding of names;
4617 * system: smart setup of canonical ML_HOME, ISABELLE_INTERFACE, and
4618 XSYMBOL_HOME; no longer need to do manual configuration in most
4621 * system: compression of ML heaps images may now be controlled via -c
4622 option of isabelle and isatool usedir (currently only observed by
4625 * system: isatool installfonts may handle X-Symbol fonts as well (very
4626 useful for remote X11);
4628 * system: provide TAGS file for Isabelle sources;
4630 * ML: infix 'OF' is a version of 'MRS' with more appropriate argument
4633 * ML: renamed flags Syntax.trace_norm_ast to Syntax.trace_ast; global
4634 timing flag supersedes proof_timing and Toplevel.trace;
4636 * ML: new combinators |>> and |>>> for incremental transformations
4637 with secondary results (e.g. certain theory extensions):
4639 * ML: PureThy.add_defs gets additional argument to indicate potential
4640 overloading (usually false);
4642 * ML: PureThy.add_thms/add_axioms/add_defs now return theorems as
4647 New in Isabelle99 (October 1999)
4648 --------------------------------
4650 *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES (see below for more details) ***
4652 * HOL: The THEN and ELSE parts of conditional expressions (if P then x else y)
4653 are no longer simplified. (This allows the simplifier to unfold recursive
4654 functional programs.) To restore the old behaviour, declare
4656 Delcongs [if_weak_cong];
4658 * HOL: Removed the obsolete syntax "Compl A"; use -A for set
4661 * HOL: the predicate "inj" is now defined by translation to "inj_on";
4663 * HOL/datatype: mutual_induct_tac no longer exists --
4664 use induct_tac "x_1 ... x_n" instead of mutual_induct_tac ["x_1", ..., "x_n"]
4666 * HOL/typedef: fixed type inference for representing set; type
4667 arguments now have to occur explicitly on the rhs as type constraints;
4669 * ZF: The con_defs part of an inductive definition may no longer refer
4670 to constants declared in the same theory;
4672 * HOL, ZF: the function mk_cases, generated by the inductive
4673 definition package, has lost an argument. To simplify its result, it
4674 uses the default simpset instead of a supplied list of theorems.
4676 * HOL/List: the constructors of type list are now Nil and Cons;
4678 * Simplifier: the type of the infix ML functions
4679 setSSolver addSSolver setSolver addSolver
4680 is now simpset * solver -> simpset where `solver' is a new abstract type
4681 for packaging solvers. A solver is created via
4682 mk_solver: string -> (thm list -> int -> tactic) -> solver
4683 where the string argument is only a comment.
4688 * Provers/Arith/fast_lin_arith.ML contains a functor for creating a
4689 decision procedure for linear arithmetic. Currently it is used for
4690 types `nat', `int', and `real' in HOL (see below); it can, should and
4691 will be instantiated for other types and logics as well.
4693 * The simplifier now accepts rewrite rules with flexible heads, eg
4694 hom ?f ==> ?f(?x+?y) = ?f ?x + ?f ?y
4695 They are applied like any rule with a non-pattern lhs, i.e. by first-order
4701 * New Isabelle/Isar subsystem provides an alternative to traditional
4702 tactical theorem proving; together with the ProofGeneral/isar user
4703 interface it offers an interactive environment for developing human
4704 readable proof documents (Isar == Intelligible semi-automated
4705 reasoning); for further information see isatool doc isar-ref,
4706 src/HOL/Isar_examples and http://isabelle.in.tum.de/Isar/
4708 * improved and simplified presentation of theories: better HTML markup
4709 (including colors), graph views in several sizes; isatool usedir now
4710 provides a proper interface for user theories (via -P option); actual
4711 document preparation based on (PDF)LaTeX is available as well (for
4712 new-style theories only); see isatool doc system for more information;
4714 * native support for Proof General, both for classic Isabelle and
4717 * ML function thm_deps visualizes dependencies of theorems and lemmas,
4718 using the graph browser tool;
4720 * Isabelle manuals now also available as PDF;
4722 * theory loader rewritten from scratch (may not be fully
4723 bug-compatible); old loadpath variable has been replaced by show_path,
4724 add_path, del_path, reset_path functions; new operations such as
4725 update_thy, touch_thy, remove_thy, use/update_thy_only (see also
4728 * improved isatool install: option -k creates KDE application icon,
4729 option -p DIR installs standalone binaries;
4731 * added ML_PLATFORM setting (useful for cross-platform installations);
4732 more robust handling of platform specific ML images for SML/NJ;
4734 * the settings environment is now statically scoped, i.e. it is never
4735 created again in sub-processes invoked from isabelle, isatool, or
4738 * path element specification '~~' refers to '$ISABELLE_HOME';
4740 * in locales, the "assumes" and "defines" parts may be omitted if
4743 * new print_mode "xsymbols" for extended symbol support (e.g. genuine
4746 * new print_mode "HTML";
4748 * new flag show_tags controls display of tags of theorems (which are
4749 basically just comments that may be attached by some tools);
4751 * Isamode 2.6 requires patch to accomodate change of Isabelle font
4752 mode and goal output format:
4754 diff -r Isamode-2.6/elisp/isa-load.el Isamode/elisp/isa-load.el
4756 < (list (isa-getenv "ISABELLE") "-msymbols" logic-name)
4758 > (list (isa-getenv "ISABELLE") "-misabelle_font" "-msymbols" logic-name)
4759 diff -r Isabelle-2.6/elisp/isa-proofstate.el Isamode/elisp/isa-proofstate.el
4761 < (defconst proofstate-proofstart-regexp "^Level [0-9]+$"
4763 > (defconst proofstate-proofstart-regexp "^Level [0-9]+"
4765 * function bind_thms stores lists of theorems (cf. bind_thm);
4767 * new shorthand tactics ftac, eatac, datac, fatac;
4769 * qed (and friends) now accept "" as result name; in that case the
4770 theorem is not stored, but proper checks and presentation of the
4773 * theorem database now also indexes constants "Trueprop", "all",
4774 "==>", "=="; thus thms_containing, findI etc. may retrieve more rules;
4779 ** HOL arithmetic **
4781 * There are now decision procedures for linear arithmetic over nat and
4784 1. arith_tac copes with arbitrary formulae involving `=', `<', `<=',
4785 `+', `-', `Suc', `min', `max' and numerical constants; other subterms
4786 are treated as atomic; subformulae not involving type `nat' or `int'
4787 are ignored; quantified subformulae are ignored unless they are
4788 positive universal or negative existential. The tactic has to be
4789 invoked by hand and can be a little bit slow. In particular, the
4790 running time is exponential in the number of occurrences of `min' and
4791 `max', and `-' on `nat'.
4793 2. fast_arith_tac is a cut-down version of arith_tac: it only takes
4794 (negated) (in)equalities among the premises and the conclusion into
4795 account (i.e. no compound formulae) and does not know about `min' and
4796 `max', and `-' on `nat'. It is fast and is used automatically by the
4799 NB: At the moment, these decision procedures do not cope with mixed
4800 nat/int formulae where the two parts interact, such as `m < n ==>
4803 * HOL/Numeral provides a generic theory of numerals (encoded
4804 efficiently as bit strings); setup for types nat/int/real is in place;
4805 INCOMPATIBILITY: since numeral syntax is now polymorphic, rather than
4806 int, existing theories and proof scripts may require a few additional
4809 * integer division and remainder can now be performed on constant
4812 * many properties of integer multiplication, division and remainder
4815 * An interface to the Stanford Validity Checker (SVC) is available through the
4816 tactic svc_tac. Propositional tautologies and theorems of linear arithmetic
4817 are proved automatically. SVC must be installed separately, and its results
4818 must be TAKEN ON TRUST (Isabelle does not check the proofs, but tags any
4819 invocation of the underlying oracle). For SVC see
4820 http://verify.stanford.edu/SVC
4822 * IsaMakefile: the HOL-Real target now builds an actual image;
4827 * HOL/Real/HahnBanach: the Hahn-Banach theorem for real vector spaces
4828 (in Isabelle/Isar) -- by Gertrud Bauer;
4830 * HOL/BCV: generic model of bytecode verification, i.e. data-flow
4831 analysis for assembly languages with subtypes;
4833 * HOL/TLA (Lamport's Temporal Logic of Actions): major reorganization
4834 -- avoids syntactic ambiguities and treats state, transition, and
4835 temporal levels more uniformly; introduces INCOMPATIBILITIES due to
4836 changed syntax and (many) tactics;
4838 * HOL/inductive: Now also handles more general introduction rules such
4839 as "ALL y. (y, x) : r --> y : acc r ==> x : acc r"; monotonicity
4840 theorems are now maintained within the theory (maintained via the
4843 * HOL/datatype: Now also handles arbitrarily branching datatypes
4844 (using function types) such as
4846 datatype 'a tree = Atom 'a | Branch "nat => 'a tree"
4848 * HOL/record: record_simproc (part of the default simpset) takes care
4849 of selectors applied to updated records; record_split_tac is no longer
4850 part of the default claset; update_defs may now be removed from the
4851 simpset in many cases; COMPATIBILITY: old behavior achieved by
4853 claset_ref () := claset() addSWrapper record_split_wrapper;
4854 Delsimprocs [record_simproc]
4856 * HOL/typedef: fixed type inference for representing set; type
4857 arguments now have to occur explicitly on the rhs as type constraints;
4859 * HOL/recdef (TFL): 'congs' syntax now expects comma separated list of theorem
4860 names rather than an ML expression;
4862 * HOL/defer_recdef (TFL): like recdef but the well-founded relation can be
4863 supplied later. Program schemes can be defined, such as
4864 "While B C s = (if B s then While B C (C s) else s)"
4865 where the well-founded relation can be chosen after B and C have been given.
4867 * HOL/List: the constructors of type list are now Nil and Cons;
4868 INCOMPATIBILITY: while [] and infix # syntax is still there, of
4869 course, ML tools referring to List.list.op # etc. have to be adapted;
4871 * HOL_quantifiers flag superseded by "HOL" print mode, which is
4872 disabled by default; run isabelle with option -m HOL to get back to
4873 the original Gordon/HOL-style output;
4875 * HOL/Ord.thy: new bounded quantifier syntax (input only): ALL x<y. P,
4876 ALL x<=y. P, EX x<y. P, EX x<=y. P;
4878 * HOL basic syntax simplified (more orthogonal): all variants of
4879 All/Ex now support plain / symbolic / HOL notation; plain syntax for
4880 Eps operator is provided as well: "SOME x. P[x]";
4882 * HOL/Sum.thy: sum_case has been moved to HOL/Datatype;
4884 * HOL/Univ.thy: infix syntax <*>, <+>, <**>, <+> eliminated and made
4885 thus available for user theories;
4887 * HOLCF/IOA/Sequents: renamed 'Cons' to 'Consq' to avoid clash with
4888 HOL/List; hardly an INCOMPATIBILITY since '>>' syntax is used all the
4891 * HOL: new tactic smp_tac: int -> int -> tactic, which applies spec
4892 several times and then mp;
4897 * the notation <<...>> is now available as a notation for sequences of
4900 * the simplifier is now installed
4902 * the axiom system has been generalized (thanks to Soren Heilmann)
4904 * the classical reasoner now has a default rule database
4909 * new primrec section allows primitive recursive functions to be given
4910 directly (as in HOL) over datatypes and the natural numbers;
4912 * new tactics induct_tac and exhaust_tac for induction (or case
4913 analysis) over datatypes and the natural numbers;
4915 * the datatype declaration of type T now defines the recursor T_rec;
4917 * simplification automatically does freeness reasoning for datatype
4920 * automatic type-inference, with AddTCs command to insert new
4921 type-checking rules;
4923 * datatype introduction rules are now added as Safe Introduction rules
4926 * the syntax "if P then x else y" is now available in addition to
4930 *** Internal programming interfaces ***
4932 * tuned simplifier trace output; new flag debug_simp;
4934 * structures Vartab / Termtab (instances of TableFun) offer efficient
4935 tables indexed by indexname_ord / term_ord (compatible with aconv);
4937 * AxClass.axclass_tac lost the theory argument;
4939 * tuned current_goals_markers semantics: begin / end goal avoids
4940 printing empty lines;
4942 * removed prs and prs_fn hook, which was broken because it did not
4943 include \n in its semantics, forcing writeln to add one
4944 uncoditionally; replaced prs_fn by writeln_fn; consider std_output:
4945 string -> unit if you really want to output text without newline;
4947 * Symbol.output subject to print mode; INCOMPATIBILITY: defaults to
4948 plain output, interface builders may have to enable 'isabelle_font'
4949 mode to get Isabelle font glyphs as before;
4951 * refined token_translation interface; INCOMPATIBILITY: output length
4952 now of type real instead of int;
4954 * theory loader actions may be traced via new ThyInfo.add_hook
4955 interface (see src/Pure/Thy/thy_info.ML); example application: keep
4956 your own database of information attached to *whole* theories -- as
4957 opposed to intra-theory data slots offered via TheoryDataFun;
4959 * proper handling of dangling sort hypotheses (at last!);
4960 Thm.strip_shyps and Drule.strip_shyps_warning take care of removing
4961 extra sort hypotheses that can be witnessed from the type signature;
4962 the force_strip_shyps flag is gone, any remaining shyps are simply
4963 left in the theorem (with a warning issued by strip_shyps_warning);
4967 New in Isabelle98-1 (October 1998)
4968 ----------------------------------
4970 *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES (see below for more details) ***
4972 * several changes of automated proof tools;
4974 * HOL: major changes to the inductive and datatype packages, including
4975 some minor incompatibilities of theory syntax;
4977 * HOL: renamed r^-1 to 'converse' from 'inverse'; 'inj_onto' is now
4980 * HOL: removed duplicate thms in Arith:
4981 less_imp_add_less should be replaced by trans_less_add1
4982 le_imp_add_le should be replaced by trans_le_add1
4984 * HOL: unary minus is now overloaded (new type constraints may be
4987 * HOL and ZF: unary minus for integers is now #- instead of #~. In
4988 ZF, expressions such as n#-1 must be changed to n#- 1, since #-1 is
4989 now taken as an integer constant.
4991 * Pure: ML function 'theory_of' renamed to 'theory';
4997 1. Asm_full_simp_tac is now more aggressive.
4998 1. It will sometimes reorient premises if that increases their power to
5000 2. It does no longer proceed strictly from left to right but may also
5001 rotate premises to achieve further simplification.
5002 For compatibility reasons there is now Asm_lr_simp_tac which is like the
5003 old Asm_full_simp_tac in that it does not rotate premises.
5004 2. The simplifier now knows a little bit about nat-arithmetic.
5006 * Classical reasoner: wrapper mechanism for the classical reasoner now
5007 allows for selected deletion of wrappers, by introduction of names for
5008 wrapper functionals. This implies that addbefore, addSbefore,
5009 addaltern, and addSaltern now take a pair (name, tactic) as argument,
5010 and that adding two tactics with the same name overwrites the first
5011 one (emitting a warning).
5012 type wrapper = (int -> tactic) -> (int -> tactic)
5013 setWrapper, setSWrapper, compWrapper and compSWrapper are replaced by
5014 addWrapper, addSWrapper: claset * (string * wrapper) -> claset
5015 delWrapper, delSWrapper: claset * string -> claset
5016 getWrapper is renamed to appWrappers, getSWrapper to appSWrappers;
5018 * Classical reasoner: addbefore/addSbefore now have APPEND/ORELSE
5019 semantics; addbefore now affects only the unsafe part of step_tac
5020 etc.; this affects addss/auto_tac/force_tac, so EXISTING PROOFS MAY
5021 FAIL, but proofs should be fixable easily, e.g. by replacing Auto_tac
5024 * Classical reasoner: setwrapper to setWrapper and compwrapper to
5025 compWrapper; added safe wrapper (and access functions for it);
5027 * HOL/split_all_tac is now much faster and fails if there is nothing
5028 to split. Some EXISTING PROOFS MAY REQUIRE ADAPTION because the order
5029 and the names of the automatically generated variables have changed.
5030 split_all_tac has moved within claset() from unsafe wrappers to safe
5031 wrappers, which means that !!-bound variables are split much more
5032 aggressively, and safe_tac and clarify_tac now split such variables.
5033 If this splitting is not appropriate, use delSWrapper "split_all_tac".
5034 Note: the same holds for record_split_tac, which does the job of
5035 split_all_tac for record fields.
5037 * HOL/Simplifier: Rewrite rules for case distinctions can now be added
5038 permanently to the default simpset using Addsplits just like
5039 Addsimps. They can be removed via Delsplits just like
5040 Delsimps. Lower-case versions are also available.
5042 * HOL/Simplifier: The rule split_if is now part of the default
5043 simpset. This means that the simplifier will eliminate all occurrences
5044 of if-then-else in the conclusion of a goal. To prevent this, you can
5045 either remove split_if completely from the default simpset by
5046 `Delsplits [split_if]' or remove it in a specific call of the
5047 simplifier using `... delsplits [split_if]'. You can also add/delete
5048 other case splitting rules to/from the default simpset: every datatype
5049 generates suitable rules `split_t_case' and `split_t_case_asm' (where
5050 t is the name of the datatype).
5052 * Classical reasoner / Simplifier combination: new force_tac (and
5053 derivatives Force_tac, force) combines rewriting and classical
5054 reasoning (and whatever other tools) similarly to auto_tac, but is
5055 aimed to solve the given subgoal completely.
5060 * new top-level commands `Goal' and `Goalw' that improve upon `goal'
5061 and `goalw': the theory is no longer needed as an explicit argument -
5062 the current theory context is used; assumptions are no longer returned
5063 at the ML-level unless one of them starts with ==> or !!; it is
5064 recommended to convert to these new commands using isatool fixgoal
5065 (backup your sources first!);
5067 * new top-level commands 'thm' and 'thms' for retrieving theorems from
5068 the current theory context, and 'theory' to lookup stored theories;
5070 * new theory section 'locale' for declaring constants, assumptions and
5071 definitions that have local scope;
5073 * new theory section 'nonterminals' for purely syntactic types;
5075 * new theory section 'setup' for generic ML setup functions
5076 (e.g. package initialization);
5078 * the distribution now includes Isabelle icons: see
5079 lib/logo/isabelle-{small,tiny}.xpm;
5081 * isatool install - install binaries with absolute references to
5084 * isatool logo -- create instances of the Isabelle logo (as EPS);
5086 * print mode 'emacs' reserved for Isamode;
5088 * support multiple print (ast) translations per constant name;
5090 * theorems involving oracles are now printed with a suffixed [!];
5095 * there is now a tutorial on Isabelle/HOL (do 'isatool doc tutorial');
5097 * HOL/inductive package reorganized and improved: now supports mutual
5103 oddI "n : EVEN ==> Suc n : ODD"
5104 evenI "n : ODD ==> Suc n : EVEN"
5106 new theorem list "elims" contains an elimination rule for each of the
5107 recursive sets; inductive definitions now handle disjunctive premises
5108 correctly (also ZF);
5110 INCOMPATIBILITIES: requires Inductive as an ancestor; component
5111 "mutual_induct" no longer exists - the induction rule is always
5112 contained in "induct";
5115 * HOL/datatype package re-implemented and greatly improved: now
5116 supports mutually recursive datatypes such as
5119 'a aexp = IF_THEN_ELSE ('a bexp) ('a aexp) ('a aexp)
5120 | SUM ('a aexp) ('a aexp)
5121 | DIFF ('a aexp) ('a aexp)
5124 'a bexp = LESS ('a aexp) ('a aexp)
5125 | AND ('a bexp) ('a bexp)
5126 | OR ('a bexp) ('a bexp)
5128 as well as indirectly recursive datatypes such as
5131 ('a, 'b) term = Var 'a
5132 | App 'b ((('a, 'b) term) list)
5134 The new tactic mutual_induct_tac [<var_1>, ..., <var_n>] i performs
5135 induction on mutually / indirectly recursive datatypes.
5137 Primrec equations are now stored in theory and can be accessed via
5138 <function_name>.simps.
5142 - Theories using datatypes must now have theory Datatype as an
5144 - The specific <typename>.induct_tac no longer exists - use the
5145 generic induct_tac instead.
5146 - natE has been renamed to nat.exhaust - use exhaust_tac
5147 instead of res_inst_tac ... natE. Note that the variable
5148 names in nat.exhaust differ from the names in natE, this
5149 may cause some "fragile" proofs to fail.
5150 - The theorems split_<typename>_case and split_<typename>_case_asm
5151 have been renamed to <typename>.split and <typename>.split_asm.
5152 - Since default sorts of type variables are now handled correctly,
5153 some datatype definitions may have to be annotated with explicit
5155 - Primrec definitions no longer require function name and type
5156 of recursive argument.
5158 Consider using isatool fixdatatype to adapt your theories and proof
5159 scripts to the new package (backup your sources first!).
5162 * HOL/record package: considerably improved implementation; now
5163 includes concrete syntax for record types, terms, updates; theorems
5164 for surjective pairing and splitting !!-bound record variables; proof
5165 support is as follows:
5167 1) standard conversions (selectors or updates applied to record
5168 constructor terms) are part of the standard simpset;
5170 2) inject equations of the form ((x, y) = (x', y')) == x=x' & y=y' are
5171 made part of standard simpset and claset via addIffs;
5173 3) a tactic for record field splitting (record_split_tac) is part of
5174 the standard claset (addSWrapper);
5176 To get a better idea about these rules you may retrieve them via
5177 something like 'thms "foo.simps"' or 'thms "foo.iffs"', where "foo" is
5178 the name of your record type.
5180 The split tactic 3) conceptually simplifies by the following rule:
5182 "(!!x. PROP ?P x) == (!!a b. PROP ?P (a, b))"
5184 Thus any record variable that is bound by meta-all will automatically
5185 blow up into some record constructor term, consequently the
5186 simplifications of 1), 2) apply. Thus force_tac, auto_tac etc. shall
5187 solve record problems automatically.
5190 * reorganized the main HOL image: HOL/Integ and String loaded by
5191 default; theory Main includes everything;
5193 * automatic simplification of integer sums and comparisons, using cancellation;
5195 * added option_map_eq_Some and not_Some_eq to the default simpset and claset;
5197 * added disj_not1 = "(~P | Q) = (P --> Q)" to the default simpset;
5199 * many new identities for unions, intersections, set difference, etc.;
5201 * expand_if, expand_split, expand_sum_case and expand_nat_case are now
5202 called split_if, split_split, split_sum_case and split_nat_case (to go
5203 with add/delsplits);
5205 * HOL/Prod introduces simplification procedure unit_eq_proc rewriting
5206 (?x::unit) = (); this is made part of the default simpset, which COULD
5207 MAKE EXISTING PROOFS FAIL under rare circumstances (consider
5208 'Delsimprocs [unit_eq_proc];' as last resort); also note that
5209 unit_abs_eta_conv is added in order to counter the effect of
5210 unit_eq_proc on (%u::unit. f u), replacing it by f rather than by
5213 * HOL/Fun INCOMPATIBILITY: `inj_onto' is now called `inj_on' (which
5216 * HOL/Set INCOMPATIBILITY: rule `equals0D' is now a well-formed destruct rule;
5217 It and 'sym RS equals0D' are now in the default claset, giving automatic
5218 disjointness reasoning but breaking a few old proofs.
5220 * HOL/Relation INCOMPATIBILITY: renamed the relational operator r^-1
5221 to 'converse' from 'inverse' (for compatibility with ZF and some
5224 * HOL/recdef can now declare non-recursive functions, with {} supplied as
5225 the well-founded relation;
5227 * HOL/Set INCOMPATIBILITY: the complement of set A is now written -A instead of
5228 Compl A. The "Compl" syntax remains available as input syntax for this
5231 * HOL/Update: new theory of function updates:
5232 f(a:=b) == %x. if x=a then b else f x
5233 may also be iterated as in f(a:=b,c:=d,...);
5235 * HOL/Vimage: new theory for inverse image of a function, syntax f-``B;
5238 - new function list_update written xs[i:=v] that updates the i-th
5239 list position. May also be iterated as in xs[i:=a,j:=b,...].
5240 - new function `upt' written [i..j(] which generates the list
5241 [i,i+1,...,j-1], i.e. the upper bound is excluded. To include the upper
5242 bound write [i..j], which is a shorthand for [i..j+1(].
5243 - new lexicographic orderings and corresponding wellfoundedness theorems.
5246 - removed 'pred' (predecessor) function;
5247 - generalized some theorems about n-1;
5248 - many new laws about "div" and "mod";
5249 - new laws about greatest common divisors (see theory ex/Primes);
5251 * HOL/Relation: renamed the relational operator r^-1 "converse"
5252 instead of "inverse";
5254 * HOL/Induct/Multiset: a theory of multisets, including the wellfoundedness
5255 of the multiset ordering;
5257 * directory HOL/Real: a construction of the reals using Dedekind cuts
5258 (not included by default);
5260 * directory HOL/UNITY: Chandy and Misra's UNITY formalism;
5262 * directory HOL/Hoare: a new version of Hoare logic which permits many-sorted
5263 programs, i.e. different program variables may have different types.
5265 * calling (stac rew i) now fails if "rew" has no effect on the goal
5266 [previously, this check worked only if the rewrite rule was unconditional]
5267 Now rew can involve either definitions or equalities (either == or =).
5272 * theory Main includes everything; INCOMPATIBILITY: theory ZF.thy contains
5273 only the theorems proved on ZF.ML;
5275 * ZF INCOMPATIBILITY: rule `equals0D' is now a well-formed destruct rule;
5276 It and 'sym RS equals0D' are now in the default claset, giving automatic
5277 disjointness reasoning but breaking a few old proofs.
5279 * ZF/Update: new theory of function updates
5280 with default rewrite rule f(x:=y) ` z = if(z=x, y, f`z)
5281 may also be iterated as in f(a:=b,c:=d,...);
5283 * in let x=t in u(x), neither t nor u(x) has to be an FOL term.
5285 * calling (stac rew i) now fails if "rew" has no effect on the goal
5286 [previously, this check worked only if the rewrite rule was unconditional]
5287 Now rew can involve either definitions or equalities (either == or =).
5289 * case_tac provided for compatibility with HOL
5290 (like the old excluded_middle_tac, but with subgoals swapped)
5293 *** Internal programming interfaces ***
5295 * Pure: several new basic modules made available for general use, see
5296 also src/Pure/README;
5298 * improved the theory data mechanism to support encapsulation (data
5299 kind name replaced by private Object.kind, acting as authorization
5300 key); new type-safe user interface via functor TheoryDataFun; generic
5301 print_data function becomes basically useless;
5303 * removed global_names compatibility flag -- all theory declarations
5304 are qualified by default;
5306 * module Pure/Syntax now offers quote / antiquote translation
5307 functions (useful for Hoare logic etc. with implicit dependencies);
5308 see HOL/ex/Antiquote for an example use;
5310 * Simplifier now offers conversions (asm_)(full_)rewrite: simpset ->
5313 * new tactical CHANGED_GOAL for checking that a tactic modifies a
5316 * Display.print_goals function moved to Locale.print_goals;
5318 * standard print function for goals supports current_goals_markers
5319 variable for marking begin of proof, end of proof, start of goal; the
5320 default is ("", "", ""); setting current_goals_markers := ("<proof>",
5321 "</proof>", "<goal>") causes SGML like tagged proof state printing,
5326 New in Isabelle98 (January 1998)
5327 --------------------------------
5329 *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES (see below for more details) ***
5331 * changed lexical syntax of terms / types: dots made part of long
5332 identifiers, e.g. "%x.x" no longer possible, should be "%x. x";
5334 * simpset (and claset) reference variable replaced by functions
5335 simpset / simpset_ref;
5337 * no longer supports theory aliases (via merge) and non-trivial
5338 implicit merge of thms' signatures;
5340 * most internal names of constants changed due to qualified names;
5342 * changed Pure/Sequence interface (see Pure/seq.ML);
5345 *** General Changes ***
5347 * hierachically structured name spaces (for consts, types, axms, thms
5348 etc.); new lexical class 'longid' (e.g. Foo.bar.x) may render much of
5349 old input syntactically incorrect (e.g. "%x.x"); COMPATIBILITY:
5350 isatool fixdots ensures space after dots (e.g. "%x. x"); set
5351 long_names for fully qualified output names; NOTE: ML programs
5352 (special tactics, packages etc.) referring to internal names may have
5353 to be adapted to cope with fully qualified names; in case of severe
5354 backward campatibility problems try setting 'global_names' at compile
5355 time to have enrything declared within a flat name space; one may also
5356 fine tune name declarations in theories via the 'global' and 'local'
5359 * reimplemented the implicit simpset and claset using the new anytype
5360 data filed in signatures; references simpset:simpset ref etc. are
5361 replaced by functions simpset:unit->simpset and
5362 simpset_ref:unit->simpset ref; COMPATIBILITY: use isatool fixclasimp
5363 to patch your ML files accordingly;
5365 * HTML output now includes theory graph data for display with Java
5366 applet or isatool browser; data generated automatically via isatool
5367 usedir (see -i option, ISABELLE_USEDIR_OPTIONS);
5369 * defs may now be conditional; improved rewrite_goals_tac to handle
5370 conditional equations;
5372 * defs now admits additional type arguments, using TYPE('a) syntax;
5374 * theory aliases via merge (e.g. M=A+B+C) no longer supported, always
5375 creates a new theory node; implicit merge of thms' signatures is
5376 restricted to 'trivial' ones; COMPATIBILITY: one may have to use
5377 transfer:theory->thm->thm in (rare) cases;
5379 * improved handling of draft signatures / theories; draft thms (and
5380 ctyps, cterms) are automatically promoted to real ones;
5382 * slightly changed interfaces for oracles: admit many per theory, named
5383 (e.g. oracle foo = mlfun), additional name argument for invoke_oracle;
5385 * print_goals: optional output of const types (set show_consts and
5388 * improved output of warnings (###) and errors (***);
5390 * subgoal_tac displays a warning if the new subgoal has type variables;
5392 * removed old README and Makefiles;
5394 * replaced print_goals_ref hook by print_current_goals_fn and result_error_fn;
5396 * removed obsolete init_pps and init_database;
5398 * deleted the obsolete tactical STATE, which was declared by
5399 fun STATE tacfun st = tacfun st st;
5401 * cd and use now support path variables, e.g. $ISABELLE_HOME, or ~
5402 (which abbreviates $HOME);
5404 * changed Pure/Sequence interface (see Pure/seq.ML); COMPATIBILITY:
5405 use isatool fixseq to adapt your ML programs (this works for fully
5406 qualified references to the Sequence structure only!);
5408 * use_thy no longer requires writable current directory; it always
5409 reloads .ML *and* .thy file, if either one is out of date;
5412 *** Classical Reasoner ***
5414 * Clarify_tac, clarify_tac, clarify_step_tac, Clarify_step_tac: new
5415 tactics that use classical reasoning to simplify a subgoal without
5416 splitting it into several subgoals;
5418 * Safe_tac: like safe_tac but uses the default claset;
5423 * added simplification meta rules:
5424 (asm_)(full_)simplify: simpset -> thm -> thm;
5426 * simplifier.ML no longer part of Pure -- has to be loaded by object
5429 * added prems argument to simplification procedures;
5431 * HOL, FOL, ZF: added infix function `addsplits':
5432 instead of `<simpset> setloop (split_tac <thms>)'
5433 you can simply write `<simpset> addsplits <thms>'
5438 * TYPE('a) syntax for type reflection terms;
5440 * no longer handles consts with name "" -- declare as 'syntax' instead;
5442 * pretty printer: changed order of mixfix annotation preference (again!);
5444 * Pure: fixed idt/idts vs. pttrn/pttrns syntactic categories;
5449 * HOL: there is a new splitter `split_asm_tac' that can be used e.g.
5450 with `addloop' of the simplifier to faciliate case splitting in premises.
5452 * HOL/TLA: Stephan Merz's formalization of Lamport's Temporal Logic of Actions;
5454 * HOL/Auth: new protocol proofs including some for the Internet
5457 * HOL/Map: new theory of `maps' a la VDM;
5459 * HOL/simplifier: simplification procedures nat_cancel_sums for
5460 cancelling out common nat summands from =, <, <= (in)equalities, or
5461 differences; simplification procedures nat_cancel_factor for
5462 cancelling common factor from =, <, <= (in)equalities over natural
5463 sums; nat_cancel contains both kinds of procedures, it is installed by
5464 default in Arith.thy -- this COULD MAKE EXISTING PROOFS FAIL;
5466 * HOL/simplifier: terms of the form
5467 `? x. P1(x) & ... & Pn(x) & x=t & Q1(x) & ... Qn(x)' (or t=x)
5469 `P1(t) & ... & Pn(t) & Q1(t) & ... Qn(t)',
5470 and those of the form
5471 `! x. P1(x) & ... & Pn(x) & x=t & Q1(x) & ... Qn(x) --> R(x)' (or t=x)
5473 `P1(t) & ... & Pn(t) & Q1(t) & ... Qn(t) --> R(t)',
5476 Each datatype `t' now comes with a theorem `split_t_case' of the form
5478 P(t_case f1 ... fn x) =
5479 ( (!y1 ... ym1. x = C1 y1 ... ym1 --> P(f1 y1 ... ym1)) &
5481 (!y1 ... ymn. x = Cn y1 ... ymn --> P(f1 y1 ... ymn))
5484 and a theorem `split_t_case_asm' of the form
5486 P(t_case f1 ... fn x) =
5487 ~( (? y1 ... ym1. x = C1 y1 ... ym1 & ~P(f1 y1 ... ym1)) |
5489 (? y1 ... ymn. x = Cn y1 ... ymn & ~P(f1 y1 ... ymn))
5491 which can be added to a simpset via `addsplits'. The existing theorems
5492 expand_list_case and expand_option_case have been renamed to
5493 split_list_case and split_option_case.
5496 - `pred n' is automatically converted to `n-1'.
5497 Users are strongly encouraged not to use `pred' any longer,
5498 because it will disappear altogether at some point.
5499 - Users are strongly encouraged to write "0 < n" rather than
5500 "n ~= 0". Theorems and proof tools have been modified towards this
5504 the function "set_of_list" has been renamed "set" (and its theorems too);
5505 the function "nth" now takes its arguments in the reverse order and
5506 has acquired the infix notation "!" as in "xs!n".
5508 * HOL/Set: UNIV is now a constant and is no longer translated to Compl{};
5510 * HOL/Set: The operator (UN x.B x) now abbreviates (UN x:UNIV. B x) and its
5511 specialist theorems (like UN1_I) are gone. Similarly for (INT x.B x);
5513 * HOL/record: extensible records with schematic structural subtyping
5514 (single inheritance); EXPERIMENTAL version demonstrating the encoding,
5515 still lacks various theorems and concrete record syntax;
5520 * removed "axioms" and "generated by" sections;
5522 * replaced "ops" section by extended "consts" section, which is capable of
5523 handling the continuous function space "->" directly;
5526 . proves theorems immediately and stores them in the theory,
5527 . creates hierachical name space,
5528 . now uses normal mixfix annotations (instead of cinfix...),
5529 . minor changes to some names and values (for consistency),
5530 . e.g. cases -> casedist, dists_eq -> dist_eqs, [take_lemma] -> take_lemmas,
5531 . separator between mutual domain defs: changed "," to "and",
5532 . improved handling of sort constraints; now they have to
5533 appear on the left-hand side of the equations only;
5535 * fixed LAM <x,y,zs>.b syntax;
5537 * added extended adm_tac to simplifier in HOLCF -- can now discharge
5538 adm (%x. P (t x)), where P is chainfinite and t continuous;
5543 * FOL: there is a new splitter `split_asm_tac' that can be used e.g.
5544 with `addloop' of the simplifier to faciliate case splitting in premises.
5546 * qed_spec_mp, qed_goal_spec_mp, qed_goalw_spec_mp are available, as
5547 in HOL, they strip ALL and --> from proved theorems;
5551 New in Isabelle94-8 (May 1997)
5552 ------------------------------
5554 *** General Changes ***
5556 * new utilities to build / run / maintain Isabelle etc. (in parts
5557 still somewhat experimental); old Makefiles etc. still functional;
5559 * new 'Isabelle System Manual';
5561 * INSTALL text, together with ./configure and ./build scripts;
5563 * reimplemented type inference for greater efficiency, better error
5564 messages and clean internal interface;
5566 * prlim command for dealing with lots of subgoals (an easier way of
5567 setting goals_limit);
5572 * supports alternative (named) syntax tables (parser and pretty
5573 printer); internal interface is provided by add_modesyntax(_i);
5575 * Pure, FOL, ZF, HOL, HOLCF now support symbolic input and output; to
5576 be used in conjunction with the Isabelle symbol font; uses the
5577 "symbols" syntax table;
5579 * added token_translation interface (may translate name tokens in
5580 arbitrary ways, dependent on their type (free, bound, tfree, ...) and
5581 the current print_mode); IMPORTANT: user print translation functions
5582 are responsible for marking newly introduced bounds
5583 (Syntax.mark_boundT);
5585 * token translations for modes "xterm" and "xterm_color" that display
5586 names in bold, underline etc. or colors (which requires a color
5589 * infixes may now be declared with names independent of their syntax;
5591 * added typed_print_translation (like print_translation, but may
5592 access type of constant);
5595 *** Classical Reasoner ***
5597 Blast_tac: a new tactic! It is often more powerful than fast_tac, but has
5598 some limitations. Blast_tac...
5599 + ignores addss, addbefore, addafter; this restriction is intrinsic
5600 + ignores elimination rules that don't have the correct format
5601 (the conclusion MUST be a formula variable)
5602 + ignores types, which can make HOL proofs fail
5603 + rules must not require higher-order unification, e.g. apply_type in ZF
5604 [message "Function Var's argument not a bound variable" relates to this]
5605 + its proof strategy is more general but can actually be slower
5607 * substitution with equality assumptions no longer permutes other
5610 * minor changes in semantics of addafter (now called addaltern); renamed
5611 setwrapper to setWrapper and compwrapper to compWrapper; added safe wrapper
5612 (and access functions for it);
5614 * improved combination of classical reasoner and simplifier:
5615 + functions for handling clasimpsets
5616 + improvement of addss: now the simplifier is called _after_ the
5618 + safe variant of addss called addSss: uses safe simplifications
5619 _during_ the safe steps. It is more complete as it allows multiple
5620 instantiations of unknowns (e.g. with slow_tac).
5624 * added interface for simplification procedures (functions that
5625 produce *proven* rewrite rules on the fly, depending on current
5628 * ordering on terms as parameter (used for ordered rewriting);
5630 * new functions delcongs, deleqcongs, and Delcongs. richer rep_ss;
5632 * the solver is now split into a safe and an unsafe part.
5633 This should be invisible for the normal user, except that the
5634 functions setsolver and addsolver have been renamed to setSolver and
5635 addSolver; added safe_asm_full_simp_tac;
5640 * a generic induction tactic `induct_tac' which works for all datatypes and
5641 also for type `nat';
5643 * a generic case distinction tactic `exhaust_tac' which works for all
5644 datatypes and also for type `nat';
5646 * each datatype comes with a function `size';
5648 * patterns in case expressions allow tuple patterns as arguments to
5649 constructors, for example `case x of [] => ... | (x,y,z)#ps => ...';
5651 * primrec now also works with type nat;
5653 * recdef: a new declaration form, allows general recursive functions to be
5654 defined in theory files. See HOL/ex/Fib, HOL/ex/Primes, HOL/Subst/Unify.
5656 * the constant for negation has been renamed from "not" to "Not" to
5657 harmonize with FOL, ZF, LK, etc.;
5659 * HOL/ex/LFilter theory of a corecursive "filter" functional for
5662 * HOL/Modelcheck demonstrates invocation of model checker oracle;
5664 * HOL/ex/Ring.thy declares cring_simp, which solves equational
5665 problems in commutative rings, using axiomatic type classes for + and *;
5667 * more examples in HOL/MiniML and HOL/Auth;
5669 * more default rewrite rules for quantifiers, union/intersection;
5671 * a new constant `arbitrary == @x.False';
5673 * HOLCF/IOA replaces old HOL/IOA;
5675 * HOLCF changes: derived all rules and arities
5676 + axiomatic type classes instead of classes
5677 + typedef instead of faking type definitions
5678 + eliminated the internal constants less_fun, less_cfun, UU_fun, UU_cfun etc.
5679 + new axclasses cpo, chfin, flat with flat < chfin < pcpo < cpo < po
5680 + eliminated the types void, one, tr
5681 + use unit lift and bool lift (with translations) instead of one and tr
5682 + eliminated blift from Lift3.thy (use Def instead of blift)
5683 all eliminated rules are derived as theorems --> no visible changes ;
5688 * ZF now has Fast_tac, Simp_tac and Auto_tac. Union_iff is a now a default
5689 rewrite rule; this may affect some proofs. eq_cs is gone but can be put back
5690 as ZF_cs addSIs [equalityI];
5694 New in Isabelle94-7 (November 96)
5695 ---------------------------------
5697 * allowing negative levels (as offsets) in prlev and choplev;
5699 * super-linear speedup for large simplifications;
5701 * FOL, ZF and HOL now use miniscoping: rewriting pushes
5702 quantifications in as far as possible (COULD MAKE EXISTING PROOFS
5703 FAIL); can suppress it using the command Delsimps (ex_simps @
5704 all_simps); De Morgan laws are also now included, by default;
5706 * improved printing of ==> : ~:
5708 * new object-logic "Sequents" adds linear logic, while replacing LK
5709 and Modal (thanks to Sara Kalvala);
5711 * HOL/Auth: correctness proofs for authentication protocols;
5713 * HOL: new auto_tac combines rewriting and classical reasoning (many
5714 examples on HOL/Auth);
5716 * HOL: new command AddIffs for declaring theorems of the form P=Q to
5717 the rewriter and classical reasoner simultaneously;
5719 * function uresult no longer returns theorems in "standard" format;
5720 regain previous version by: val uresult = standard o uresult;
5727 * oracles -- these establish an interface between Isabelle and trusted
5728 external reasoners, which may deliver results as theorems;
5730 * proof objects (in particular record all uses of oracles);
5732 * Simp_tac, Fast_tac, etc. that refer to implicit simpset / claset;
5734 * "constdefs" section in theory files;
5736 * "primrec" section (HOL) no longer requires names;
5738 * internal type "tactic" now simply "thm -> thm Sequence.seq";
5745 * reduced space requirements;
5747 * automatic HTML generation from theories;
5749 * theory files no longer require "..." (quotes) around most types;
5751 * new examples, including two proofs of the Church-Rosser theorem;
5753 * non-curried (1994) version of HOL is no longer distributed;
5760 * greatly reduced space requirements;
5762 * theory files (.thy) no longer require \...\ escapes at line breaks;
5764 * searchable theorem database (see the section "Retrieving theorems" on
5765 page 8 of the Reference Manual);
5767 * new examples, including Grabczewski's monumental case study of the
5770 * The previous version of HOL renamed to Old_HOL;
5772 * The new version of HOL (previously called CHOL) uses a curried syntax
5773 for functions. Application looks like f a b instead of f(a,b);
5775 * Mutually recursive inductive definitions finally work in HOL;
5777 * In ZF, pattern-matching on tuples is now available in all abstractions and
5778 translates to the operator "split";
5785 * new infix operator, addss, allowing the classical reasoner to
5786 perform simplification at each step of its search. Example:
5787 fast_tac (cs addss ss)
5789 * a new logic, CHOL, the same as HOL, but with a curried syntax
5790 for functions. Application looks like f a b instead of f(a,b). Also pairs
5791 look like (a,b) instead of <a,b>;
5793 * PLEASE NOTE: CHOL will eventually replace HOL!
5795 * In CHOL, pattern-matching on tuples is now available in all abstractions.
5796 It translates to the operator "split". A new theory of integers is available;
5798 * In ZF, integer numerals now denote two's-complement binary integers.
5799 Arithmetic operations can be performed by rewriting. See ZF/ex/Bin.ML;
5801 * Many new examples: I/O automata, Church-Rosser theorem, equivalents
5802 of the Axiom of Choice;
5809 * Significantly faster resolution;
5811 * the different sections in a .thy file can now be mixed and repeated
5814 * Database of theorems for FOL, HOL and ZF. New
5815 commands including qed, qed_goal and bind_thm store theorems in the database.
5817 * Simple database queries: return a named theorem (get_thm) or all theorems of
5818 a given theory (thms_of), or find out what theory a theorem was proved in
5821 * Bugs fixed in the inductive definition and datatype packages;
5823 * The classical reasoner provides deepen_tac and depth_tac, making FOL_dup_cs
5824 and HOL_dup_cs obsolete;
5826 * Syntactic ambiguities caused by the new treatment of syntax in Isabelle94-1
5829 * Simpler definition of function space in ZF;
5831 * new results about cardinal and ordinal arithmetic in ZF;
5833 * 'subtype' facility in HOL for introducing new types as subsets of existing
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