parallel_proofs: more fine-grained control with optional parallel checking of nested Isar proofs;
1 Isabelle NEWS -- history user-relevant changes
2 ==============================================
4 New in this Isabelle version
5 ----------------------------
9 * Discontinued old form of "escaped symbols" such as \\<forall>. Only
10 one backslash should be used, even in ML sources.
15 * On instantiation of classes, remaining undefined class parameters
16 are formally declared. INCOMPATIBILITY.
21 * Code generator attributes follow the usual underscore convention:
22 code_unfold replaces code unfold
23 code_post replaces code post
27 * New quickcheck implementation using new code generator.
29 * New type class boolean_algebra.
31 * Class semiring_div requires superclass no_zero_divisors and proof of
32 div_mult_mult1; theorems div_mult_mult1, div_mult_mult2,
33 div_mult_mult1_if, div_mult_mult1 and div_mult_mult2 have been
34 generalized to class semiring_div, subsuming former theorems
35 zdiv_zmult_zmult1, zdiv_zmult_zmult1_if, zdiv_zmult_zmult1 and
36 zdiv_zmult_zmult2. div_mult_mult1 is now [simp] by default.
39 * Power operations on relations and functions are now one dedicate
40 constant compow with infix syntax "^^". Power operations on
41 multiplicative monoids retains syntax "^" and is now defined generic
42 in class power. INCOMPATIBILITY.
44 * ML antiquotation @{code_datatype} inserts definition of a datatype
45 generated by the code generator; see Predicate.thy for an example.
47 * New method "linarith" invokes existing linear arithmetic decision
50 * Implementation of quickcheck using generic code generator; default
51 generators are provided for all suitable HOL types, records and
54 * Constants Set.Pow and Set.image now with authentic syntax;
55 object-logic definitions Set.Pow_def and Set.image_def.
59 Suc_eq_add_numeral_1 -> Suc_eq_plus1
60 Suc_eq_add_numeral_1_left -> Suc_eq_plus1_left
61 Suc_plus1 -> Suc_eq_plus1
63 * New sledgehammer option "Full Types" in Proof General settings menu.
64 Causes full type information to be output to the ATPs. This slows
65 ATPs down considerably but eliminates a source of unsound "proofs"
68 * Discontinued ancient tradition to suffix certain ML module names
69 with "_package", e.g.:
71 DatatypePackage ~> Datatype
72 InductivePackage ~> Inductive
78 * NewNumberTheory: Jeremy Avigad's new version of part of
79 NumberTheory. If possible, use NewNumberTheory, not NumberTheory.
81 * Simplified interfaces of datatype module. INCOMPATIBILITY.
83 * Abbreviation "arbitrary" of "undefined" has disappeared; use
84 "undefined" directly. INCOMPATIBILITY.
86 * New evaluator "approximate" approximates an real valued term using
87 the same method as the approximation method.
89 * Method "approximate" supports now arithmetic expressions as
90 boundaries of intervals and implements interval splitting and Taylor
93 * Changed DERIV_intros to a dynamic fact (via Named_Thms). Each of
94 the theorems in DERIV_intros assumes composition with an additional
95 function and matches a variable to the derivative, which has to be
96 solved by the simplifier. Hence (auto intro!: DERIV_intros) computes
97 the derivative of most elementary terms.
99 * Maclauren.DERIV_tac and Maclauren.deriv_tac was removed, they are
100 replaced by: (auto intro!: DERIV_intros). INCOMPATIBILITY.
105 * Renamed functor TableFun to Table, and GraphFun to Graph. (Since
106 functors have their own ML name space there is no point to mark them
107 separately.) Minor INCOMPATIBILITY.
109 * Renamed NamedThmsFun to Named_Thms. INCOMPATIBILITY.
111 * Eliminated old Attrib.add_attributes, Method.add_methods and related
112 cominators for "args". INCOMPATIBILITY, need to use simplified
113 Attrib/Method.setup introduced in Isabelle2009.
118 * Discontinued support for Poly/ML 4.x versions.
120 * Removed "compress" option from isabelle-process and isabelle usedir;
121 this is always enabled.
123 * More fine-grained control of proof parallelism, cf.
124 Goal.parallel_proofs in ML and usedir option -q LEVEL.
128 New in Isabelle2009 (April 2009)
129 --------------------------------
133 * Simplified main Isabelle executables, with less surprises on
134 case-insensitive file-systems (such as Mac OS).
136 - The main Isabelle tool wrapper is now called "isabelle" instead of
139 - The former "isabelle" alias for "isabelle-process" has been
140 removed (should rarely occur to regular users).
142 - The former "isabelle-interface" and its alias "Isabelle" have been
143 removed (interfaces are now regular Isabelle tools).
145 Within scripts and make files, the Isabelle environment variables
146 ISABELLE_TOOL and ISABELLE_PROCESS replace old ISATOOL and ISABELLE,
147 respectively. (The latter are still available as legacy feature.)
149 The old isabelle-interface wrapper could react in confusing ways if
150 the interface was uninstalled or changed otherwise. Individual
151 interface tool configuration is now more explicit, see also the
152 Isabelle system manual. In particular, Proof General is now available
153 via "isabelle emacs".
155 INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt derivative scripts. Users may need to
156 purge installed copies of Isabelle executables and re-run "isabelle
157 install -p ...", or use symlinks.
159 * The default for ISABELLE_HOME_USER is now ~/.isabelle instead of the
160 old ~/isabelle, which was slightly non-standard and apt to cause
161 surprises on case-insensitive file-systems (such as Mac OS).
163 INCOMPATIBILITY, need to move existing ~/isabelle/etc,
164 ~/isabelle/heaps, ~/isabelle/browser_info to the new place. Special
165 care is required when using older releases of Isabelle. Note that
166 ISABELLE_HOME_USER can be changed in Isabelle/etc/settings of any
167 Isabelle distribution, in order to use the new ~/.isabelle uniformly.
169 * Proofs of fully specified statements are run in parallel on
170 multi-core systems. A speedup factor of 2.5 to 3.2 can be expected on
171 a regular 4-core machine, if the initial heap space is made reasonably
172 large (cf. Poly/ML option -H). (Requires Poly/ML 5.2.1 or later.)
174 * The main reference manuals ("isar-ref", "implementation", and
175 "system") have been updated and extended. Formally checked references
176 as hyperlinks are now available uniformly.
181 * Complete re-implementation of locales. INCOMPATIBILITY in several
182 respects. The most important changes are listed below. See the
183 Tutorial on Locales ("locales" manual) for details.
185 - In locale expressions, instantiation replaces renaming. Parameters
186 must be declared in a for clause. To aid compatibility with previous
187 parameter inheritance, in locale declarations, parameters that are not
188 'touched' (instantiation position "_" or omitted) are implicitly added
189 with their syntax at the beginning of the for clause.
191 - Syntax from abbreviations and definitions in locales is available in
192 locale expressions and context elements. The latter is particularly
193 useful in locale declarations.
195 - More flexible mechanisms to qualify names generated by locale
196 expressions. Qualifiers (prefixes) may be specified in locale
197 expressions, and can be marked as mandatory (syntax: "name!:") or
198 optional (syntax "name?:"). The default depends for plain "name:"
199 depends on the situation where a locale expression is used: in
200 commands 'locale' and 'sublocale' prefixes are optional, in
201 'interpretation' and 'interpret' prefixes are mandatory. The old
202 implicit qualifiers derived from the parameter names of a locale are
205 - Command "sublocale l < e" replaces "interpretation l < e". The
206 instantiation clause in "interpretation" and "interpret" (square
207 brackets) is no longer available. Use locale expressions.
209 - When converting proof scripts, mandatory qualifiers in
210 'interpretation' and 'interpret' should be retained by default, even
211 if this is an INCOMPATIBILITY compared to former behavior. In the
212 worst case, use the "name?:" form for non-mandatory ones. Qualifiers
213 in locale expressions range over a single locale instance only.
215 - Dropped locale element "includes". This is a major INCOMPATIBILITY.
216 In existing theorem specifications replace the includes element by the
217 respective context elements of the included locale, omitting those
218 that are already present in the theorem specification. Multiple
219 assume elements of a locale should be replaced by a single one
220 involving the locale predicate. In the proof body, declarations (most
221 notably theorems) may be regained by interpreting the respective
222 locales in the proof context as required (command "interpret").
224 If using "includes" in replacement of a target solely because the
225 parameter types in the theorem are not as general as in the target,
226 consider declaring a new locale with additional type constraints on
227 the parameters (context element "constrains").
229 - Discontinued "locale (open)". INCOMPATIBILITY.
231 - Locale interpretation commands no longer attempt to simplify goal.
232 INCOMPATIBILITY: in rare situations the generated goal differs. Use
233 methods intro_locales and unfold_locales to clarify.
235 - Locale interpretation commands no longer accept interpretation
236 attributes. INCOMPATIBILITY.
238 * Class declaration: so-called "base sort" must not be given in import
239 list any longer, but is inferred from the specification. Particularly
246 class foo = type + ...
248 * Class target: global versions of theorems stemming do not carry a
249 parameter prefix any longer. INCOMPATIBILITY.
251 * Class 'instance' command no longer accepts attached definitions.
252 INCOMPATIBILITY, use proper 'instantiation' target instead.
254 * Recovered hiding of consts, which was accidentally broken in
255 Isabelle2007. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY, ``hide const c'' really
256 makes c inaccessible; consider using ``hide (open) const c'' instead.
258 * Slightly more coherent Pure syntax, with updated documentation in
259 isar-ref manual. Removed locales meta_term_syntax and
260 meta_conjunction_syntax: TERM and &&& (formerly &&) are now permanent,
261 INCOMPATIBILITY in rare situations. Note that &&& should not be used
262 directly in regular applications.
264 * There is a new syntactic category "float_const" for signed decimal
265 fractions (e.g. 123.45 or -123.45).
267 * Removed exotic 'token_translation' command. INCOMPATIBILITY, use ML
268 interface with 'setup' command instead.
270 * Command 'local_setup' is similar to 'setup', but operates on a local
273 * The 'axiomatization' command now only works within a global theory
274 context. INCOMPATIBILITY.
276 * Goal-directed proof now enforces strict proof irrelevance wrt. sort
277 hypotheses. Sorts required in the course of reasoning need to be
278 covered by the constraints in the initial statement, completed by the
279 type instance information of the background theory. Non-trivial sort
280 hypotheses, which rarely occur in practice, may be specified via
281 vacuous propositions of the form SORT_CONSTRAINT('a::c). For example:
283 lemma assumes "SORT_CONSTRAINT('a::empty)" shows False ...
285 The result contains an implicit sort hypotheses as before --
286 SORT_CONSTRAINT premises are eliminated as part of the canonical rule
289 * Generalized Isar history, with support for linear undo, direct state
292 * Changed defaults for unify configuration options:
294 unify_trace_bound = 50 (formerly 25)
295 unify_search_bound = 60 (formerly 30)
297 * Different bookkeeping for code equations (INCOMPATIBILITY):
299 a) On theory merge, the last set of code equations for a particular
300 constant is taken (in accordance with the policy applied by other
301 parts of the code generator framework).
303 b) Code equations stemming from explicit declarations (e.g. code
304 attribute) gain priority over default code equations stemming
305 from definition, primrec, fun etc.
307 * Keyword 'code_exception' now named 'code_abort'. INCOMPATIBILITY.
309 * Unified theorem tables for both code generators. Thus [code
310 func] has disappeared and only [code] remains. INCOMPATIBILITY.
312 * Command 'find_consts' searches for constants based on type and name
315 find_consts "_ => bool"
317 By default, matching is against subtypes, but it may be restricted to
318 the whole type. Searching by name is possible. Multiple queries are
319 conjunctive and queries may be negated by prefixing them with a
322 find_consts strict: "_ => bool" name: "Int" -"int => int"
324 * New 'find_theorems' criterion "solves" matches theorems that
325 directly solve the current goal (modulo higher-order unification).
327 * Auto solve feature for main theorem statements: whenever a new goal
328 is stated, "find_theorems solves" is called; any theorems that could
329 solve the lemma directly are listed as part of the goal state.
330 Cf. associated options in Proof General Isabelle settings menu,
331 enabled by default, with reasonable timeout for pathological cases of
332 higher-order unification.
335 *** Document preparation ***
337 * Antiquotation @{lemma} now imitates a regular terminal proof,
338 demanding keyword 'by' and supporting the full method expression
339 syntax just like the Isar command 'by'.
344 * Integrated main parts of former image HOL-Complex with HOL. Entry
345 points Main and Complex_Main remain as before.
347 * Logic image HOL-Plain provides a minimal HOL with the most important
348 tools available (inductive, datatype, primrec, ...). This facilitates
349 experimentation and tool development. Note that user applications
350 (and library theories) should never refer to anything below theory
353 * Logic image HOL-Main stops at theory Main, and thus facilitates
354 experimentation due to shorter build times.
356 * Logic image HOL-NSA contains theories of nonstandard analysis which
357 were previously part of former HOL-Complex. Entry point Hyperreal
358 remains valid, but theories formerly using Complex_Main should now use
359 new entry point Hypercomplex.
361 * Generic ATP manager for Sledgehammer, based on ML threads instead of
362 Posix processes. Avoids potentially expensive forking of the ML
363 process. New thread-based implementation also works on non-Unix
364 platforms (Cygwin). Provers are no longer hardwired, but defined
365 within the theory via plain ML wrapper functions. Basic Sledgehammer
366 commands are covered in the isar-ref manual.
368 * Wrapper scripts for remote SystemOnTPTP service allows to use
369 sledgehammer without local ATP installation (Vampire etc.). Other
370 provers may be included via suitable ML wrappers, see also
371 src/HOL/ATP_Linkup.thy.
373 * ATP selection (E/Vampire/Spass) is now via Proof General's settings
376 * The metis method no longer fails because the theorem is too trivial
377 (contains the empty clause).
379 * The metis method now fails in the usual manner, rather than raising
380 an exception, if it determines that it cannot prove the theorem.
382 * Method "coherent" implements a prover for coherent logic (see also
383 src/Tools/coherent.ML).
385 * Constants "undefined" and "default" replace "arbitrary". Usually
386 "undefined" is the right choice to replace "arbitrary", though
387 logically there is no difference. INCOMPATIBILITY.
389 * Command "value" now integrates different evaluation mechanisms. The
390 result of the first successful evaluation mechanism is printed. In
391 square brackets a particular named evaluation mechanisms may be
392 specified (currently, [SML], [code] or [nbe]). See further
393 src/HOL/ex/Eval_Examples.thy.
395 * Normalization by evaluation now allows non-leftlinear equations.
396 Declare with attribute [code nbe].
398 * Methods "case_tac" and "induct_tac" now refer to the very same rules
399 as the structured Isar versions "cases" and "induct", cf. the
400 corresponding "cases" and "induct" attributes. Mutual induction rules
401 are now presented as a list of individual projections
402 (e.g. foo_bar.inducts for types foo and bar); the old format with
403 explicit HOL conjunction is no longer supported. INCOMPATIBILITY, in
404 rare situations a different rule is selected --- notably nested tuple
405 elimination instead of former prod.exhaust: use explicit (case_tac t
406 rule: prod.exhaust) here.
408 * Attributes "cases", "induct", "coinduct" support "del" option.
410 * Removed fact "case_split_thm", which duplicates "case_split".
412 * The option datatype has been moved to a new theory Option. Renamed
413 option_map to Option.map, and o2s to Option.set, INCOMPATIBILITY.
415 * New predicate "strict_mono" classifies strict functions on partial
416 orders. With strict functions on linear orders, reasoning about
417 (in)equalities is facilitated by theorems "strict_mono_eq",
418 "strict_mono_less_eq" and "strict_mono_less".
420 * Some set operations are now proper qualified constants with
421 authentic syntax. INCOMPATIBILITY:
432 * Class complete_lattice with operations Inf, Sup, INFI, SUPR now in
435 * Auxiliary class "itself" has disappeared -- classes without any
436 parameter are treated as expected by the 'class' command.
438 * Leibnitz's Series for Pi and the arcus tangens and logarithm series.
440 * Common decision procedures (Cooper, MIR, Ferrack, Approximation,
441 Dense_Linear_Order) are now in directory HOL/Decision_Procs.
443 * Theory src/HOL/Decision_Procs/Approximation provides the new proof
444 method "approximation". It proves formulas on real values by using
445 interval arithmetic. In the formulas are also the transcendental
446 functions sin, cos, tan, atan, ln, exp and the constant pi are
447 allowed. For examples see
448 src/HOL/Descision_Procs/ex/Approximation_Ex.thy.
450 * Theory "Reflection" now resides in HOL/Library.
452 * Entry point to Word library now simply named "Word".
455 * Made source layout more coherent with logical distribution
458 src/HOL/Library/RType.thy ~> src/HOL/Typerep.thy
459 src/HOL/Library/Code_Message.thy ~> src/HOL/
460 src/HOL/Library/GCD.thy ~> src/HOL/
461 src/HOL/Library/Order_Relation.thy ~> src/HOL/
462 src/HOL/Library/Parity.thy ~> src/HOL/
463 src/HOL/Library/Univ_Poly.thy ~> src/HOL/
464 src/HOL/Real/ContNotDenum.thy ~> src/HOL/Library/
465 src/HOL/Real/Lubs.thy ~> src/HOL/
466 src/HOL/Real/PReal.thy ~> src/HOL/
467 src/HOL/Real/Rational.thy ~> src/HOL/
468 src/HOL/Real/RComplete.thy ~> src/HOL/
469 src/HOL/Real/RealDef.thy ~> src/HOL/
470 src/HOL/Real/RealPow.thy ~> src/HOL/
471 src/HOL/Real/Real.thy ~> src/HOL/
472 src/HOL/Complex/Complex_Main.thy ~> src/HOL/
473 src/HOL/Complex/Complex.thy ~> src/HOL/
474 src/HOL/Complex/FrechetDeriv.thy ~> src/HOL/Library/
475 src/HOL/Complex/Fundamental_Theorem_Algebra.thy ~> src/HOL/Library/
476 src/HOL/Hyperreal/Deriv.thy ~> src/HOL/
477 src/HOL/Hyperreal/Fact.thy ~> src/HOL/
478 src/HOL/Hyperreal/Integration.thy ~> src/HOL/
479 src/HOL/Hyperreal/Lim.thy ~> src/HOL/
480 src/HOL/Hyperreal/Ln.thy ~> src/HOL/
481 src/HOL/Hyperreal/Log.thy ~> src/HOL/
482 src/HOL/Hyperreal/MacLaurin.thy ~> src/HOL/
483 src/HOL/Hyperreal/NthRoot.thy ~> src/HOL/
484 src/HOL/Hyperreal/Series.thy ~> src/HOL/
485 src/HOL/Hyperreal/SEQ.thy ~> src/HOL/
486 src/HOL/Hyperreal/Taylor.thy ~> src/HOL/
487 src/HOL/Hyperreal/Transcendental.thy ~> src/HOL/
488 src/HOL/Real/Float ~> src/HOL/Library/
489 src/HOL/Real/HahnBanach ~> src/HOL/HahnBanach
490 src/HOL/Real/RealVector.thy ~> src/HOL/
492 src/HOL/arith_data.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
493 src/HOL/hologic.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
494 src/HOL/simpdata.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
495 src/HOL/int_arith1.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools/int_arith.ML
496 src/HOL/int_factor_simprocs.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
497 src/HOL/nat_simprocs.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
498 src/HOL/Real/float_arith.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
499 src/HOL/Real/float_syntax.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
500 src/HOL/Real/rat_arith.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
501 src/HOL/Real/real_arith.ML ~> src/HOL/Tools
503 src/HOL/Library/Array.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL
504 src/HOL/Library/Heap_Monad.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL
505 src/HOL/Library/Heap.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL
506 src/HOL/Library/Imperative_HOL.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL
507 src/HOL/Library/Ref.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL
508 src/HOL/Library/Relational.thy ~> src/HOL/Imperative_HOL
510 * If methods "eval" and "evaluation" encounter a structured proof
511 state with !!/==>, only the conclusion is evaluated to True (if
512 possible), avoiding strange error messages.
514 * Method "sizechange" automates termination proofs using (a
515 modification of) the size-change principle. Requires SAT solver. See
516 src/HOL/ex/Termination.thy for examples.
518 * Simplifier: simproc for let expressions now unfolds if bound
519 variable occurs at most once in let expression body. INCOMPATIBILITY.
521 * Method "arith": Linear arithmetic now ignores all inequalities when
522 fast_arith_neq_limit is exceeded, instead of giving up entirely.
524 * New attribute "arith" for facts that should always be used
525 automatically by arithmetic. It is intended to be used locally in
528 assumes [arith]: "x > 0"
530 Global usage is discouraged because of possible performance impact.
532 * New classes "top" and "bot" with corresponding operations "top" and
533 "bot" in theory Orderings; instantiation of class "complete_lattice"
534 requires instantiation of classes "top" and "bot". INCOMPATIBILITY.
536 * Changed definition lemma "less_fun_def" in order to provide an
537 instance for preorders on functions; use lemma "less_le" instead.
540 * Theory Orderings: class "wellorder" moved here, with explicit
541 induction rule "less_induct" as assumption. For instantiation of
542 "wellorder" by means of predicate "wf", use rule wf_wellorderI.
545 * Theory Orderings: added class "preorder" as superclass of "order".
546 INCOMPATIBILITY: Instantiation proofs for order, linorder
547 etc. slightly changed. Some theorems named order_class.* now named
550 * Theory Relation: renamed "refl" to "refl_on", "reflexive" to "refl,
553 * Theory Finite_Set: added a new fold combinator of type
555 ('a => 'b => 'b) => 'b => 'a set => 'b
557 Occasionally this is more convenient than the old fold combinator
558 which is now defined in terms of the new one and renamed to
561 * Theories Ring_and_Field and OrderedGroup: The lemmas "group_simps"
562 and "ring_simps" have been replaced by "algebra_simps" (which can be
563 extended with further lemmas!). At the moment both still exist but
564 the former will disappear at some point.
566 * Theory Power: Lemma power_Suc is now declared as a simp rule in
567 class recpower. Type-specific simp rules for various recpower types
568 have been removed. INCOMPATIBILITY, rename old lemmas as follows:
570 rat_power_0 -> power_0
571 rat_power_Suc -> power_Suc
573 realpow_Suc -> power_Suc
574 complexpow_0 -> power_0
575 complexpow_Suc -> power_Suc
576 power_poly_0 -> power_0
577 power_poly_Suc -> power_Suc
579 * Theories Ring_and_Field and Divides: Definition of "op dvd" has been
580 moved to separate class dvd in Ring_and_Field; a couple of lemmas on
581 dvd has been generalized to class comm_semiring_1. Likewise a bunch
582 of lemmas from Divides has been generalized from nat to class
583 semiring_div. INCOMPATIBILITY. This involves the following theorem
584 renames resulting from duplicate elimination:
586 dvd_def_mod ~> dvd_eq_mod_eq_0
587 zero_dvd_iff ~> dvd_0_left_iff
589 DIVISION_BY_ZERO_DIV ~> div_by_0
590 DIVISION_BY_ZERO_MOD ~> mod_by_0
591 mult_div ~> div_mult_self2_is_id
592 mult_mod ~> mod_mult_self2_is_0
594 * Theory IntDiv: removed many lemmas that are instances of class-based
595 generalizations (from Divides and Ring_and_Field). INCOMPATIBILITY,
596 rename old lemmas as follows:
598 dvd_diff -> nat_dvd_diff
599 dvd_zminus_iff -> dvd_minus_iff
600 mod_add1_eq -> mod_add_eq
601 mod_mult1_eq -> mod_mult_right_eq
602 mod_mult1_eq' -> mod_mult_left_eq
603 mod_mult_distrib_mod -> mod_mult_eq
604 nat_mod_add_left_eq -> mod_add_left_eq
605 nat_mod_add_right_eq -> mod_add_right_eq
606 nat_mod_div_trivial -> mod_div_trivial
607 nat_mod_mod_trivial -> mod_mod_trivial
608 zdiv_zadd_self1 -> div_add_self1
609 zdiv_zadd_self2 -> div_add_self2
610 zdiv_zmult_self1 -> div_mult_self2_is_id
611 zdiv_zmult_self2 -> div_mult_self1_is_id
612 zdvd_triv_left -> dvd_triv_left
613 zdvd_triv_right -> dvd_triv_right
614 zdvd_zmult_cancel_disj -> dvd_mult_cancel_left
615 zmod_eq0_zdvd_iff -> dvd_eq_mod_eq_0[symmetric]
616 zmod_zadd_left_eq -> mod_add_left_eq
617 zmod_zadd_right_eq -> mod_add_right_eq
618 zmod_zadd_self1 -> mod_add_self1
619 zmod_zadd_self2 -> mod_add_self2
620 zmod_zadd1_eq -> mod_add_eq
621 zmod_zdiff1_eq -> mod_diff_eq
622 zmod_zdvd_zmod -> mod_mod_cancel
623 zmod_zmod_cancel -> mod_mod_cancel
624 zmod_zmult_self1 -> mod_mult_self2_is_0
625 zmod_zmult_self2 -> mod_mult_self1_is_0
628 zdvd_abs1 -> abs_dvd_iff
629 zdvd_abs2 -> dvd_abs_iff
630 zdvd_refl -> dvd_refl
631 zdvd_trans -> dvd_trans
633 zdvd_zdiff -> dvd_diff
634 zdvd_zminus_iff -> dvd_minus_iff
635 zdvd_zminus2_iff -> minus_dvd_iff
636 zdvd_zmultD -> dvd_mult_right
637 zdvd_zmultD2 -> dvd_mult_left
638 zdvd_zmult_mono -> mult_dvd_mono
639 zdvd_0_right -> dvd_0_right
640 zdvd_0_left -> dvd_0_left_iff
641 zdvd_1_left -> one_dvd
642 zminus_dvd_iff -> minus_dvd_iff
644 * Theory Rational: 'Fract k 0' now equals '0'. INCOMPATIBILITY.
646 * The real numbers offer decimal input syntax: 12.34 is translated
647 into 1234/10^2. This translation is not reversed upon output.
649 * Theory Library/Polynomial defines an abstract type 'a poly of
650 univariate polynomials with coefficients of type 'a. In addition to
651 the standard ring operations, it also supports div and mod. Code
652 generation is also supported, using list-style constructors.
654 * Theory Library/Inner_Product defines a class of real_inner for real
655 inner product spaces, with an overloaded operation inner :: 'a => 'a
656 => real. Class real_inner is a subclass of real_normed_vector from
659 * Theory Library/Product_Vector provides instances for the product
660 type 'a * 'b of several classes from RealVector and Inner_Product.
661 Definitions of addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, norms,
662 and inner products are included.
664 * Theory Library/Bit defines the field "bit" of integers modulo 2. In
665 addition to the field operations, numerals and case syntax are also
668 * Theory Library/Diagonalize provides constructive version of Cantor's
669 first diagonalization argument.
671 * Theory Library/GCD: Curried operations gcd, lcm (for nat) and zgcd,
672 zlcm (for int); carried together from various gcd/lcm developements in
673 the HOL Distribution. Constants zgcd and zlcm replace former igcd and
674 ilcm; corresponding theorems renamed accordingly. INCOMPATIBILITY,
675 may recover tupled syntax as follows:
677 hide (open) const gcd
678 abbreviation gcd where
679 "gcd == (%(a, b). GCD.gcd a b)"
681 GCD.gcd ("gcd '(_, _')")
683 The same works for lcm, zgcd, zlcm.
685 * Theory Library/Nat_Infinity: added addition, numeral syntax and more
686 instantiations for algebraic structures. Removed some duplicate
687 theorems. Changes in simp rules. INCOMPATIBILITY.
689 * ML antiquotation @{code} takes a constant as argument and generates
690 corresponding code in background and inserts name of the corresponding
691 resulting ML value/function/datatype constructor binding in place.
692 All occurrences of @{code} with a single ML block are generated
693 simultaneously. Provides a generic and safe interface for
694 instrumentalizing code generation. See
695 src/HOL/Decision_Procs/Ferrack.thy for a more ambitious application.
696 In future you ought to refrain from ad-hoc compiling generated SML
697 code on the ML toplevel. Note that (for technical reasons) @{code}
698 cannot refer to constants for which user-defined serializations are
699 set. Refer to the corresponding ML counterpart directly in that
702 * Command 'rep_datatype': instead of theorem names the command now
703 takes a list of terms denoting the constructors of the type to be
704 represented as datatype. The characteristic theorems have to be
705 proven. INCOMPATIBILITY. Also observe that the following theorems
706 have disappeared in favour of existing ones:
708 unit_induct ~> unit.induct
709 prod_induct ~> prod.induct
710 sum_induct ~> sum.induct
711 Suc_Suc_eq ~> nat.inject
712 Suc_not_Zero Zero_not_Suc ~> nat.distinct
717 * New locales for orders and lattices where the equivalence relation
718 is not restricted to equality. INCOMPATIBILITY: all order and lattice
719 locales use a record structure with field eq for the equivalence.
721 * New theory of factorial domains.
723 * Units_l_inv and Units_r_inv are now simp rules by default.
724 INCOMPATIBILITY. Simplifier proof that require deletion of l_inv
725 and/or r_inv will now also require deletion of these lemmas.
727 * Renamed the following theorems, INCOMPATIBILITY:
731 least_carrier ~> least_closed
732 greatest_carrier ~> greatest_closed
733 greatest_Lower_above ~> greatest_Lower_below
734 one_zero ~> carrier_one_zero
735 one_not_zero ~> carrier_one_not_zero (collision with assumption)
740 * Nominal datatypes can now contain type-variables.
742 * Commands 'nominal_inductive' and 'equivariance' work with local
745 * Nominal primrec can now works with local theory targets and its
746 specification syntax now conforms to the general format as seen in
749 * Method "perm_simp" honours the standard simplifier attributes
750 (no_asm), (no_asm_use) etc.
752 * The new predicate #* is defined like freshness, except that on the
753 left hand side can be a set or list of atoms.
755 * Experimental command 'nominal_inductive2' derives strong induction
756 principles for inductive definitions. In contrast to
757 'nominal_inductive', which can only deal with a fixed number of
758 binders, it can deal with arbitrary expressions standing for sets of
759 atoms to be avoided. The only inductive definition we have at the
760 moment that needs this generalisation is the typing rule for Lets in
763 Gamma |- t1 : T1 (x,close Gamma T1)::Gamma |- t2 : T2 x#Gamma
764 -----------------------------------------------------------------
765 Gamma |- Let x be t1 in t2 : T2
767 In this rule one wants to avoid all the binders that are introduced by
768 "close Gamma T1". We are looking for other examples where this
769 feature might be useful. Please let us know.
774 * Reimplemented the simplification procedure for proving continuity
775 subgoals. The new simproc is extensible; users can declare additional
776 continuity introduction rules with the attribute [cont2cont].
778 * The continuity simproc now uses a different introduction rule for
779 solving continuity subgoals on terms with lambda abstractions. In
780 some rare cases the new simproc may fail to solve subgoals that the
781 old one could solve, and "simp add: cont2cont_LAM" may be necessary.
782 Potential INCOMPATIBILITY.
784 * Command 'fixrec': specification syntax now conforms to the general
785 format as seen in 'inductive' etc. See src/HOLCF/ex/Fixrec_ex.thy for
786 examples. INCOMPATIBILITY.
791 * Proof of Zorn's Lemma for partial orders.
796 * Multithreading for Poly/ML 5.1/5.2 is no longer supported, only for
797 Poly/ML 5.2.1 or later. Important note: the TimeLimit facility
798 depends on multithreading, so timouts will not work before Poly/ML
801 * High-level support for concurrent ML programming, see
802 src/Pure/Cuncurrent. The data-oriented model of "future values" is
803 particularly convenient to organize independent functional
804 computations. The concept of "synchronized variables" provides a
805 higher-order interface for components with shared state, avoiding the
806 delicate details of mutexes and condition variables. (Requires
807 Poly/ML 5.2.1 or later.)
809 * ML bindings produced via Isar commands are stored within the Isar
810 context (theory or proof). Consequently, commands like 'use' and 'ML'
811 become thread-safe and work with undo as expected (concerning
812 top-level bindings, not side-effects on global references).
813 INCOMPATIBILITY, need to provide proper Isar context when invoking the
814 compiler at runtime; really global bindings need to be given outside a
815 theory. (Requires Poly/ML 5.2 or later.)
817 * Command 'ML_prf' is analogous to 'ML' but works within a proof
818 context. Top-level ML bindings are stored within the proof context in
819 a purely sequential fashion, disregarding the nested proof structure.
820 ML bindings introduced by 'ML_prf' are discarded at the end of the
821 proof. (Requires Poly/ML 5.2 or later.)
823 * Simplified ML attribute and method setup, cf. functions Attrib.setup
824 and Method.setup, as well as Isar commands 'attribute_setup' and
825 'method_setup'. INCOMPATIBILITY for 'method_setup', need to simplify
826 existing code accordingly, or use plain 'setup' together with old
829 * Simplified ML oracle interface Thm.add_oracle promotes 'a -> cterm
830 to 'a -> thm, while results are always tagged with an authentic oracle
831 name. The Isar command 'oracle' is now polymorphic, no argument type
832 is specified. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to simplify existing oracle code
833 accordingly. Note that extra performance may be gained by producing
834 the cterm carefully, avoiding slow Thm.cterm_of.
836 * Simplified interface for defining document antiquotations via
837 ThyOutput.antiquotation, ThyOutput.output, and optionally
838 ThyOutput.maybe_pretty_source. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to simplify user
839 antiquotations accordingly, see src/Pure/Thy/thy_output.ML for common
842 * More systematic treatment of long names, abstract name bindings, and
843 name space operations. Basic operations on qualified names have been
844 move from structure NameSpace to Long_Name, e.g. Long_Name.base_name,
845 Long_Name.append. Old type bstring has been mostly replaced by
846 abstract type binding (see structure Binding), which supports precise
847 qualification by packages and local theory targets, as well as proper
848 tracking of source positions. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to wrap old
849 bstring values into Binding.name, or better pass through abstract
850 bindings everywhere. See further src/Pure/General/long_name.ML,
851 src/Pure/General/binding.ML and src/Pure/General/name_space.ML
853 * Result facts (from PureThy.note_thms, ProofContext.note_thms,
854 LocalTheory.note etc.) now refer to the *full* internal name, not the
855 bstring as before. INCOMPATIBILITY, not detected by ML type-checking!
857 * Disposed old type and term read functions (Sign.read_def_typ,
858 Sign.read_typ, Sign.read_def_terms, Sign.read_term,
859 Thm.read_def_cterms, Thm.read_cterm etc.). INCOMPATIBILITY, should
860 use regular Syntax.read_typ, Syntax.read_term, Syntax.read_typ_global,
861 Syntax.read_term_global etc.; see also OldGoals.read_term as last
862 resort for legacy applications.
864 * Disposed old declarations, tactics, tactic combinators that refer to
865 the simpset or claset of an implicit theory (such as Addsimps,
866 Simp_tac, SIMPSET). INCOMPATIBILITY, should use @{simpset} etc. in
867 embedded ML text, or local_simpset_of with a proper context passed as
868 explicit runtime argument.
870 * Rules and tactics that read instantiations (read_instantiate,
871 res_inst_tac, thin_tac, subgoal_tac etc.) now demand a proper proof
872 context, which is required for parsing and type-checking. Moreover,
873 the variables are specified as plain indexnames, not string encodings
874 thereof. INCOMPATIBILITY.
876 * Generic Toplevel.add_hook interface allows to analyze the result of
877 transactions. E.g. see src/Pure/ProofGeneral/proof_general_pgip.ML
878 for theorem dependency output of transactions resulting in a new
881 * ML antiquotations: block-structured compilation context indicated by
882 \<lbrace> ... \<rbrace>; additional antiquotation forms:
884 @{binding name} - basic name binding
885 @{let ?pat = term} - term abbreviation (HO matching)
886 @{note name = fact} - fact abbreviation
887 @{thm fact} - singleton fact (with attributes)
888 @{thms fact} - general fact (with attributes)
889 @{lemma prop by method} - singleton goal
890 @{lemma prop by meth1 meth2} - singleton goal
891 @{lemma prop1 ... propN by method} - general goal
892 @{lemma prop1 ... propN by meth1 meth2} - general goal
893 @{lemma (open) ...} - open derivation
898 * The Isabelle "emacs" tool provides a specific interface to invoke
899 Proof General / Emacs, with more explicit failure if that is not
900 installed (the old isabelle-interface script silently falls back on
901 isabelle-process). The PROOFGENERAL_HOME setting determines the
902 installation location of the Proof General distribution.
904 * Isabelle/lib/classes/Pure.jar provides basic support to integrate
905 the Isabelle process into a JVM/Scala application. See
906 Isabelle/lib/jedit/plugin for a minimal example. (The obsolete Java
907 process wrapper has been discontinued.)
909 * Added homegrown Isabelle font with unicode layout, see lib/fonts.
911 * Various status messages (with exact source position information) are
912 emitted, if proper markup print mode is enabled. This allows
913 user-interface components to provide detailed feedback on internal
918 New in Isabelle2008 (June 2008)
919 -------------------------------
923 * The Isabelle/Isar Reference Manual (isar-ref) has been reorganized
924 and updated, with formally checked references as hyperlinks.
926 * Theory loader: use_thy (and similar operations) no longer set the
927 implicit ML context, which was occasionally hard to predict and in
928 conflict with concurrency. INCOMPATIBILITY, use ML within Isar which
929 provides a proper context already.
931 * Theory loader: old-style ML proof scripts being *attached* to a thy
932 file are no longer supported. INCOMPATIBILITY, regular 'uses' and
933 'use' within a theory file will do the job.
935 * Name space merge now observes canonical order, i.e. the second space
936 is inserted into the first one, while existing entries in the first
937 space take precedence. INCOMPATIBILITY in rare situations, may try to
940 * Syntax: symbol \<chi> is now considered a letter. Potential
941 INCOMPATIBILITY in identifier syntax etc.
943 * Outer syntax: string tokens no longer admit escaped white space,
944 which was an accidental (undocumented) feature. INCOMPATIBILITY, use
945 white space without escapes.
947 * Outer syntax: string tokens may contain arbitrary character codes
948 specified via 3 decimal digits (as in SML). E.g. "foo\095bar" for
954 * Context-dependent token translations. Default setup reverts locally
955 fixed variables, and adds hilite markup for undeclared frees.
957 * Unused theorems can be found using the new command 'unused_thms'.
958 There are three ways of invoking it:
961 Only finds unused theorems in the current theory.
963 (2) unused_thms thy_1 ... thy_n -
964 Finds unused theorems in the current theory and all of its ancestors,
965 excluding the theories thy_1 ... thy_n and all of their ancestors.
967 (3) unused_thms thy_1 ... thy_n - thy'_1 ... thy'_m
968 Finds unused theorems in the theories thy'_1 ... thy'_m and all of
969 their ancestors, excluding the theories thy_1 ... thy_n and all of
972 In order to increase the readability of the list produced by
973 unused_thms, theorems that have been created by a particular instance
974 of a theory command such as 'inductive' or 'function' are considered
975 to belong to the same "group", meaning that if at least one theorem in
976 this group is used, the other theorems in the same group are no longer
977 reported as unused. Moreover, if all theorems in the group are
978 unused, only one theorem in the group is displayed.
980 Note that proof objects have to be switched on in order for
981 unused_thms to work properly (i.e. !proofs must be >= 1, which is
982 usually the case when using Proof General with the default settings).
984 * Authentic naming of facts disallows ad-hoc overwriting of previous
985 theorems within the same name space. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to remove
986 duplicate fact bindings, or even accidental fact duplications. Note
987 that tools may maintain dynamically scoped facts systematically, using
988 PureThy.add_thms_dynamic.
990 * Command 'hide' now allows to hide from "fact" name space as well.
992 * Eliminated destructive theorem database, simpset, claset, and
993 clasimpset. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY, really need to observe linear
994 update of theories within ML code.
996 * Eliminated theory ProtoPure and CPure, leaving just one Pure theory.
997 INCOMPATIBILITY, object-logics depending on former Pure require
998 additional setup PureThy.old_appl_syntax_setup; object-logics
999 depending on former CPure need to refer to Pure.
1001 * Commands 'use' and 'ML' are now purely functional, operating on
1002 theory/local_theory. Removed former 'ML_setup' (on theory), use 'ML'
1003 instead. Added 'ML_val' as mere diagnostic replacement for 'ML'.
1006 * Command 'setup': discontinued implicit version with ML reference.
1008 * Instantiation target allows for simultaneous specification of class
1009 instance operations together with an instantiation proof.
1010 Type-checking phase allows to refer to class operations uniformly.
1011 See src/HOL/Complex/Complex.thy for an Isar example and
1012 src/HOL/Library/Eval.thy for an ML example.
1014 * Indexing of literal facts: be more serious about including only
1015 facts from the visible specification/proof context, but not the
1016 background context (locale etc.). Affects `prop` notation and method
1017 "fact". INCOMPATIBILITY: need to name facts explicitly in rare
1020 * Method "cases", "induct", "coinduct": removed obsolete/undocumented
1021 "(open)" option, which used to expose internal bound variables to the
1024 * Isar statements: removed obsolete case "rule_context".
1025 INCOMPATIBILITY, better use explicit fixes/assumes.
1027 * Locale proofs: default proof step now includes 'unfold_locales';
1028 hence 'proof' without argument may be used to unfold locale
1032 *** Document preparation ***
1034 * Simplified pdfsetup.sty: color/hyperref is used unconditionally for
1035 both pdf and dvi (hyperlinks usually work in xdvi as well); removed
1036 obsolete thumbpdf setup (contemporary PDF viewers do this on the
1037 spot); renamed link color from "darkblue" to "linkcolor" (default
1038 value unchanged, can be redefined via \definecolor); no longer sets
1039 "a4paper" option (unnecessary or even intrusive).
1041 * Antiquotation @{lemma A method} proves proposition A by the given
1042 method (either a method name or a method name plus (optional) method
1043 arguments in parentheses) and prints A just like @{prop A}.
1048 * New primrec package. Specification syntax conforms in style to
1049 definition/function/.... No separate induction rule is provided. The
1050 "primrec" command distinguishes old-style and new-style specifications
1051 by syntax. The former primrec package is now named OldPrimrecPackage.
1052 When adjusting theories, beware: constants stemming from new-style
1053 primrec specifications have authentic syntax.
1055 * Metis prover is now an order of magnitude faster, and also works
1056 with multithreading.
1058 * Metis: the maximum number of clauses that can be produced from a
1059 theorem is now given by the attribute max_clauses. Theorems that
1060 exceed this number are ignored, with a warning printed.
1062 * Sledgehammer no longer produces structured proofs by default. To
1063 enable, declare [[sledgehammer_full = true]]. Attributes
1064 reconstruction_modulus, reconstruction_sorts renamed
1065 sledgehammer_modulus, sledgehammer_sorts. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1067 * Method "induct_scheme" derives user-specified induction rules
1068 from well-founded induction and completeness of patterns. This factors
1069 out some operations that are done internally by the function package
1070 and makes them available separately. See
1071 src/HOL/ex/Induction_Scheme.thy for examples.
1073 * More flexible generation of measure functions for termination
1074 proofs: Measure functions can be declared by proving a rule of the
1075 form "is_measure f" and giving it the [measure_function] attribute.
1076 The "is_measure" predicate is logically meaningless (always true), and
1077 just guides the heuristic. To find suitable measure functions, the
1078 termination prover sets up the goal "is_measure ?f" of the appropriate
1079 type and generates all solutions by prolog-style backwards proof using
1082 This setup also deals with rules like
1084 "is_measure f ==> is_measure (list_size f)"
1086 which accommodates nested datatypes that recurse through lists.
1087 Similar rules are predeclared for products and option types.
1089 * Turned the type of sets "'a set" into an abbreviation for "'a => bool"
1093 - Definitions of overloaded constants on sets have to be replaced by
1094 definitions on => and bool.
1096 - Some definitions of overloaded operators on sets can now be proved
1097 using the definitions of the operators on => and bool. Therefore,
1098 the following theorems have been renamed:
1100 subset_def -> subset_eq
1101 psubset_def -> psubset_eq
1102 set_diff_def -> set_diff_eq
1103 Compl_def -> Compl_eq
1104 Sup_set_def -> Sup_set_eq
1105 Inf_set_def -> Inf_set_eq
1106 sup_set_def -> sup_set_eq
1107 inf_set_def -> inf_set_eq
1109 - Due to the incompleteness of the HO unification algorithm, some
1110 rules such as subst may require manual instantiation, if some of
1111 the unknowns in the rule is a set.
1113 - Higher order unification and forward proofs:
1116 have "P (S::'a set)" <...>
1117 then have "EX S. P S" ..
1119 no longer works (due to the incompleteness of the HO unification
1120 algorithm) and must be replaced by the pattern
1127 - Calculational reasoning with subst (or similar rules):
1130 have "P (S::'a set)" <...>
1131 also have "S = T" <...>
1132 finally have "P T" .
1134 no longer works (for similar reasons as the previous example) and
1135 must be replaced by something like
1137 have "P (S::'a set)" <...>
1138 moreover have "S = T" <...>
1139 ultimately have "P T" by simp
1141 - Tactics or packages written in ML code:
1142 Code performing pattern matching on types via
1144 Type ("set", [T]) => ...
1146 must be rewritten. Moreover, functions like strip_type or
1147 binder_types no longer return the right value when applied to a
1150 T1 => ... => Tn => U => bool
1154 T1 => ... => Tn => U set
1156 * Merged theories Wellfounded_Recursion, Accessible_Part and
1157 Wellfounded_Relations to theory Wellfounded.
1159 * Explicit class "eq" for executable equality. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1161 * Class finite no longer treats UNIV as class parameter. Use class
1162 enum from theory Library/Enum instead to achieve a similar effect.
1165 * Theory List: rule list_induct2 now has explicitly named cases "Nil"
1166 and "Cons". INCOMPATIBILITY.
1168 * HOL (and FOL): renamed variables in rules imp_elim and swap.
1169 Potential INCOMPATIBILITY.
1171 * Theory Product_Type: duplicated lemmas split_Pair_apply and
1172 injective_fst_snd removed, use split_eta and prod_eqI instead.
1173 Renamed upd_fst to apfst and upd_snd to apsnd. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1175 * Theory Nat: removed redundant lemmas that merely duplicate lemmas of
1176 the same name in theory Orderings:
1186 Renamed less_imp_le to less_imp_le_nat, and less_irrefl to
1187 less_irrefl_nat. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY due to more general types
1188 and different variable names.
1190 * Library/Option_ord.thy: Canonical order on option type.
1192 * Library/RBT.thy: Red-black trees, an efficient implementation of
1195 * Library/Countable.thy: Type class for countable types.
1197 * Theory Int: The representation of numerals has changed. The infix
1198 operator BIT and the bit datatype with constructors B0 and B1 have
1199 disappeared. INCOMPATIBILITY, use "Int.Bit0 x" and "Int.Bit1 y" in
1200 place of "x BIT bit.B0" and "y BIT bit.B1", respectively. Theorems
1201 involving BIT, B0, or B1 have been renamed with "Bit0" or "Bit1"
1204 * Theory Nat: definition of <= and < on natural numbers no longer
1205 depend on well-founded relations. INCOMPATIBILITY. Definitions
1206 le_def and less_def have disappeared. Consider lemmas not_less
1207 [symmetric, where ?'a = nat] and less_eq [symmetric] instead.
1209 * Theory Finite_Set: locales ACf, ACe, ACIf, ACIfSL and ACIfSLlin
1210 (whose purpose mainly is for various fold_set functionals) have been
1211 abandoned in favor of the existing algebraic classes
1212 ab_semigroup_mult, comm_monoid_mult, ab_semigroup_idem_mult,
1213 lower_semilattice (resp. upper_semilattice) and linorder.
1216 * Theory Transitive_Closure: induct and cases rules now declare proper
1217 case_names ("base" and "step"). INCOMPATIBILITY.
1219 * Theorem Inductive.lfp_ordinal_induct generalized to complete
1220 lattices. The form set-specific version is available as
1221 Inductive.lfp_ordinal_induct_set.
1223 * Renamed theorems "power.simps" to "power_int.simps".
1226 * Class semiring_div provides basic abstract properties of semirings
1227 with division and modulo operations. Subsumes former class dvd_mod.
1229 * Merged theories IntDef, Numeral and IntArith into unified theory
1230 Int. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1232 * Theory Library/Code_Index: type "index" now represents natural
1233 numbers rather than integers. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1235 * New class "uminus" with operation "uminus" (split of from class
1236 "minus" which now only has operation "minus", binary).
1239 * Constants "card", "internal_split", "option_map" now with authentic
1240 syntax. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1242 * Definitions subset_def, psubset_def, set_diff_def, Compl_def,
1243 le_bool_def, less_bool_def, le_fun_def, less_fun_def, inf_bool_def,
1244 sup_bool_def, Inf_bool_def, Sup_bool_def, inf_fun_def, sup_fun_def,
1245 Inf_fun_def, Sup_fun_def, inf_set_def, sup_set_def, Inf_set_def,
1246 Sup_set_def, le_def, less_def, option_map_def now with object
1247 equality. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1249 * Records. Removed K_record, and replaced it by pure lambda term
1250 %x. c. The simplifier setup is now more robust against eta expansion.
1251 INCOMPATIBILITY: in cases explicitly referring to K_record.
1253 * Library/Multiset: {#a, b, c#} abbreviates {#a#} + {#b#} + {#c#}.
1255 * Library/ListVector: new theory of arithmetic vector operations.
1257 * Library/Order_Relation: new theory of various orderings as sets of
1258 pairs. Defines preorders, partial orders, linear orders and
1259 well-orders on sets and on types.
1264 * Renamed some theories to allow to loading both ZF and HOL in the
1267 Datatype -> Datatype_ZF
1268 Inductive -> Inductive_ZF
1275 INCOMPATIBILITY: ZF theories that import individual theories below
1276 Main might need to be adapted. Regular theory Main is still
1277 available, as trivial extension of Main_ZF.
1282 * ML within Isar: antiquotation @{const name} or @{const
1283 name(typargs)} produces statically-checked Const term.
1285 * Functor NamedThmsFun: data is available to the user as dynamic fact
1286 (of the same name). Removed obsolete print command.
1288 * Removed obsolete "use_legacy_bindings" function.
1290 * The ``print mode'' is now a thread-local value derived from a global
1291 template (the former print_mode reference), thus access becomes
1292 non-critical. The global print_mode reference is for session
1293 management only; user-code should use print_mode_value,
1294 print_mode_active, PrintMode.setmp etc. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1296 * Functions system/system_out provide a robust way to invoke external
1297 shell commands, with propagation of interrupts (requires Poly/ML
1298 5.2.1). Do not use OS.Process.system etc. from the basis library!
1303 * Default settings: PROOFGENERAL_OPTIONS no longer impose xemacs ---
1304 in accordance with Proof General 3.7, which prefers GNU emacs.
1306 * isatool tty runs Isabelle process with plain tty interaction;
1307 optional line editor may be specified via ISABELLE_LINE_EDITOR
1308 setting, the default settings attempt to locate "ledit" and "rlwrap".
1310 * isatool browser now works with Cygwin as well, using general
1311 "javapath" function defined in Isabelle process environment.
1313 * YXML notation provides a simple and efficient alternative to
1314 standard XML transfer syntax. See src/Pure/General/yxml.ML and
1315 isatool yxml as described in the Isabelle system manual.
1317 * JVM class isabelle.IsabelleProcess (located in Isabelle/lib/classes)
1318 provides general wrapper for managing an Isabelle process in a robust
1319 fashion, with ``cooked'' output from stdin/stderr.
1321 * Rudimentary Isabelle plugin for jEdit (see Isabelle/lib/jedit),
1322 based on Isabelle/JVM process wrapper (see Isabelle/lib/classes).
1324 * Removed obsolete THIS_IS_ISABELLE_BUILD feature. NB: the documented
1325 way of changing the user's settings is via
1326 ISABELLE_HOME_USER/etc/settings, which is a fully featured bash
1329 * Multithreading.max_threads := 0 refers to the number of actual CPU
1330 cores of the underlying machine, which is a good starting point for
1331 optimal performance tuning. The corresponding usedir option -M allows
1332 "max" as an alias for "0". WARNING: does not work on certain versions
1333 of Mac OS (with Poly/ML 5.1).
1335 * isabelle-process: non-ML sessions are run with "nice", to reduce the
1336 adverse effect of Isabelle flooding interactive front-ends (notably
1337 ProofGeneral / XEmacs).
1341 New in Isabelle2007 (November 2007)
1342 -----------------------------------
1346 * More uniform information about legacy features, notably a
1347 warning/error of "Legacy feature: ...", depending on the state of the
1348 tolerate_legacy_features flag (default true). FUTURE INCOMPATIBILITY:
1349 legacy features will disappear eventually.
1351 * Theory syntax: the header format ``theory A = B + C:'' has been
1352 discontinued in favour of ``theory A imports B C begin''. Use isatool
1353 fixheaders to convert existing theory files. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1355 * Theory syntax: the old non-Isar theory file format has been
1356 discontinued altogether. Note that ML proof scripts may still be used
1357 with Isar theories; migration is usually quite simple with the ML
1358 function use_legacy_bindings. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1360 * Theory syntax: some popular names (e.g. 'class', 'declaration',
1361 'fun', 'help', 'if') are now keywords. INCOMPATIBILITY, use double
1364 * Theory loader: be more serious about observing the static theory
1365 header specifications (including optional directories), but not the
1366 accidental file locations of previously successful loads. The strict
1367 update policy of former update_thy is now already performed by
1368 use_thy, so the former has been removed; use_thys updates several
1369 theories simultaneously, just as 'imports' within a theory header
1370 specification, but without merging the results. Potential
1371 INCOMPATIBILITY: may need to refine theory headers and commands
1372 ROOT.ML which depend on load order.
1374 * Theory loader: optional support for content-based file
1375 identification, instead of the traditional scheme of full physical
1376 path plus date stamp; configured by the ISABELLE_FILE_IDENT setting
1377 (cf. the system manual). The new scheme allows to work with
1378 non-finished theories in persistent session images, such that source
1379 files may be moved later on without requiring reloads.
1381 * Theory loader: old-style ML proof scripts being *attached* to a thy
1382 file (with the same base name as the theory) are considered a legacy
1383 feature, which will disappear eventually. Even now, the theory loader
1384 no longer maintains dependencies on such files.
1386 * Syntax: the scope for resolving ambiguities via type-inference is
1387 now limited to individual terms, instead of whole simultaneous
1388 specifications as before. This greatly reduces the complexity of the
1389 syntax module and improves flexibility by separating parsing and
1390 type-checking. INCOMPATIBILITY: additional type-constraints (explicit
1391 'fixes' etc.) are required in rare situations.
1393 * Syntax: constants introduced by new-style packages ('definition',
1394 'abbreviation' etc.) are passed through the syntax module in
1395 ``authentic mode''. This means that associated mixfix annotations
1396 really stick to such constants, independently of potential name space
1397 ambiguities introduced later on. INCOMPATIBILITY: constants in parse
1398 trees are represented slightly differently, may need to adapt syntax
1399 translations accordingly. Use CONST marker in 'translations' and
1400 @{const_syntax} antiquotation in 'parse_translation' etc.
1402 * Legacy goal package: reduced interface to the bare minimum required
1403 to keep existing proof scripts running. Most other user-level
1404 functions are now part of the OldGoals structure, which is *not* open
1405 by default (consider isatool expandshort before open OldGoals).
1406 Removed top_sg, prin, printyp, pprint_term/typ altogether, because
1407 these tend to cause confusion about the actual goal (!) context being
1408 used here, which is not necessarily the same as the_context().
1410 * Command 'find_theorems': supports "*" wild-card in "name:"
1411 criterion; "with_dups" option. Certain ProofGeneral versions might
1412 support a specific search form (see ProofGeneral/CHANGES).
1414 * The ``prems limit'' option (cf. ProofContext.prems_limit) is now -1
1415 by default, which means that "prems" (and also "fixed variables") are
1416 suppressed from proof state output. Note that the ProofGeneral
1417 settings mechanism allows to change and save options persistently, but
1418 older versions of Isabelle will fail to start up if a negative prems
1421 * Local theory targets may be specified by non-nested blocks of
1422 ``context/locale/class ... begin'' followed by ``end''. The body may
1423 contain definitions, theorems etc., including any derived mechanism
1424 that has been implemented on top of these primitives. This concept
1425 generalizes the existing ``theorem (in ...)'' towards more versatility
1428 * Proof General interface: proper undo of final 'end' command;
1429 discontinued Isabelle/classic mode (ML proof scripts).
1432 *** Document preparation ***
1434 * Added antiquotation @{theory name} which prints the given name,
1435 after checking that it refers to a valid ancestor theory in the
1438 * Added antiquotations @{ML_type text} and @{ML_struct text} which
1439 check the given source text as ML type/structure, printing verbatim.
1441 * Added antiquotation @{abbrev "c args"} which prints the abbreviation
1442 "c args == rhs" given in the current context. (Any number of
1443 arguments may be given on the LHS.)
1448 * The 'class' package offers a combination of axclass and locale to
1449 achieve Haskell-like type classes in Isabelle. Definitions and
1450 theorems within a class context produce both relative results (with
1451 implicit parameters according to the locale context), and polymorphic
1452 constants with qualified polymorphism (according to the class
1453 context). Within the body context of a 'class' target, a separate
1454 syntax layer ("user space type system") takes care of converting
1455 between global polymorphic consts and internal locale representation.
1456 See src/HOL/ex/Classpackage.thy for examples (as well as main HOL).
1457 "isatool doc classes" provides a tutorial.
1459 * Generic code generator framework allows to generate executable
1460 code for ML and Haskell (including Isabelle classes). A short usage
1463 internal compilation:
1464 export_code <list of constants (term syntax)> in SML
1465 writing SML code to a file:
1466 export_code <list of constants (term syntax)> in SML <filename>
1467 writing OCaml code to a file:
1468 export_code <list of constants (term syntax)> in OCaml <filename>
1469 writing Haskell code to a bunch of files:
1470 export_code <list of constants (term syntax)> in Haskell <filename>
1472 evaluating closed propositions to True/False using code generation:
1475 Reasonable default setup of framework in HOL.
1477 Theorem attributs for selecting and transforming function equations theorems:
1479 [code fun]: select a theorem as function equation for a specific constant
1480 [code fun del]: deselect a theorem as function equation for a specific constant
1481 [code inline]: select an equation theorem for unfolding (inlining) in place
1482 [code inline del]: deselect an equation theorem for unfolding (inlining) in place
1484 User-defined serializations (target in {SML, OCaml, Haskell}):
1486 code_const <and-list of constants (term syntax)>
1487 {(target) <and-list of const target syntax>}+
1489 code_type <and-list of type constructors>
1490 {(target) <and-list of type target syntax>}+
1492 code_instance <and-list of instances>
1494 where instance ::= <type constructor> :: <class>
1496 code_class <and_list of classes>
1497 {(target) <and-list of class target syntax>}+
1498 where class target syntax ::= <class name> {where {<classop> == <target syntax>}+}?
1500 code_instance and code_class only are effective to target Haskell.
1502 For example usage see src/HOL/ex/Codegenerator.thy and
1503 src/HOL/ex/Codegenerator_Pretty.thy. A separate tutorial on code
1504 generation from Isabelle/HOL theories is available via "isatool doc
1507 * Code generator: consts in 'consts_code' Isar commands are now
1508 referred to by usual term syntax (including optional type
1511 * Command 'no_translations' removes translation rules from theory
1514 * Overloaded definitions are now actually checked for acyclic
1515 dependencies. The overloading scheme is slightly more general than
1516 that of Haskell98, although Isabelle does not demand an exact
1517 correspondence to type class and instance declarations.
1518 INCOMPATIBILITY, use ``defs (unchecked overloaded)'' to admit more
1519 exotic versions of overloading -- at the discretion of the user!
1521 Polymorphic constants are represented via type arguments, i.e. the
1522 instantiation that matches an instance against the most general
1523 declaration given in the signature. For example, with the declaration
1524 c :: 'a => 'a => 'a, an instance c :: nat => nat => nat is represented
1525 as c(nat). Overloading is essentially simultaneous structural
1526 recursion over such type arguments. Incomplete specification patterns
1527 impose global constraints on all occurrences, e.g. c('a * 'a) on the
1528 LHS means that more general c('a * 'b) will be disallowed on any RHS.
1529 Command 'print_theory' outputs the normalized system of recursive
1530 equations, see section "definitions".
1532 * Configuration options are maintained within the theory or proof
1533 context (with name and type bool/int/string), providing a very simple
1534 interface to a poor-man's version of general context data. Tools may
1535 declare options in ML (e.g. using Attrib.config_int) and then refer to
1536 these values using Config.get etc. Users may change options via an
1537 associated attribute of the same name. This form of context
1538 declaration works particularly well with commands 'declare' or
1539 'using', for example ``declare [[foo = 42]]''. Thus it has become
1540 very easy to avoid global references, which would not observe Isar
1541 toplevel undo/redo and fail to work with multithreading.
1543 Various global ML references of Pure and HOL have been turned into
1544 configuration options:
1546 Unify.search_bound unify_search_bound
1547 Unify.trace_bound unify_trace_bound
1548 Unify.trace_simp unify_trace_simp
1549 Unify.trace_types unify_trace_types
1550 Simplifier.simp_depth_limit simp_depth_limit
1551 Blast.depth_limit blast_depth_limit
1552 DatatypeProp.dtK datatype_distinctness_limit
1553 fast_arith_neq_limit fast_arith_neq_limit
1554 fast_arith_split_limit fast_arith_split_limit
1556 * Named collections of theorems may be easily installed as context
1557 data using the functor NamedThmsFun (see also
1558 src/Pure/Tools/named_thms.ML). The user may add or delete facts via
1559 attributes; there is also a toplevel print command. This facility is
1560 just a common case of general context data, which is the preferred way
1561 for anything more complex than just a list of facts in canonical
1564 * Isar: command 'declaration' augments a local theory by generic
1565 declaration functions written in ML. This enables arbitrary content
1566 being added to the context, depending on a morphism that tells the
1567 difference of the original declaration context wrt. the application
1568 context encountered later on.
1570 * Isar: proper interfaces for simplification procedures. Command
1571 'simproc_setup' declares named simprocs (with match patterns, and body
1572 text in ML). Attribute "simproc" adds/deletes simprocs in the current
1573 context. ML antiquotation @{simproc name} retrieves named simprocs.
1575 * Isar: an extra pair of brackets around attribute declarations
1576 abbreviates a theorem reference involving an internal dummy fact,
1577 which will be ignored later --- only the effect of the attribute on
1578 the background context will persist. This form of in-place
1579 declarations is particularly useful with commands like 'declare' and
1580 'using', for example ``have A using [[simproc a]] by simp''.
1582 * Isar: method "assumption" (and implicit closing of subproofs) now
1583 takes simple non-atomic goal assumptions into account: after applying
1584 an assumption as a rule the resulting subgoals are solved by atomic
1585 assumption steps. This is particularly useful to finish 'obtain'
1586 goals, such as "!!x. (!!x. P x ==> thesis) ==> P x ==> thesis",
1587 without referring to the original premise "!!x. P x ==> thesis" in the
1588 Isar proof context. POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY: method "assumption" is
1591 * Isar: implicit use of prems from the Isar proof context is
1592 considered a legacy feature. Common applications like ``have A .''
1593 may be replaced by ``have A by fact'' or ``note `A`''. In general,
1594 referencing facts explicitly here improves readability and
1595 maintainability of proof texts.
1597 * Isar: improper proof element 'guess' is like 'obtain', but derives
1598 the obtained context from the course of reasoning! For example:
1600 assume "EX x y. A x & B y" -- "any previous fact"
1601 then guess x and y by clarify
1603 This technique is potentially adventurous, depending on the facts and
1604 proof tools being involved here.
1606 * Isar: known facts from the proof context may be specified as literal
1607 propositions, using ASCII back-quote syntax. This works wherever
1608 named facts used to be allowed so far, in proof commands, proof
1609 methods, attributes etc. Literal facts are retrieved from the context
1610 according to unification of type and term parameters. For example,
1611 provided that "A" and "A ==> B" and "!!x. P x ==> Q x" are known
1612 theorems in the current context, then these are valid literal facts:
1613 `A` and `A ==> B` and `!!x. P x ==> Q x" as well as `P a ==> Q a` etc.
1615 There is also a proof method "fact" which does the same composition
1616 for explicit goal states, e.g. the following proof texts coincide with
1617 certain special cases of literal facts:
1619 have "A" by fact == note `A`
1620 have "A ==> B" by fact == note `A ==> B`
1621 have "!!x. P x ==> Q x" by fact == note `!!x. P x ==> Q x`
1622 have "P a ==> Q a" by fact == note `P a ==> Q a`
1624 * Isar: ":" (colon) is no longer a symbolic identifier character in
1625 outer syntax. Thus symbolic identifiers may be used without
1626 additional white space in declarations like this: ``assume *: A''.
1628 * Isar: 'print_facts' prints all local facts of the current context,
1629 both named and unnamed ones.
1631 * Isar: 'def' now admits simultaneous definitions, e.g.:
1633 def x == "t" and y == "u"
1635 * Isar: added command 'unfolding', which is structurally similar to
1636 'using', but affects both the goal state and facts by unfolding given
1637 rewrite rules. Thus many occurrences of the 'unfold' method or
1638 'unfolded' attribute may be replaced by first-class proof text.
1640 * Isar: methods 'unfold' / 'fold', attributes 'unfolded' / 'folded',
1641 and command 'unfolding' now all support object-level equalities
1642 (potentially conditional). The underlying notion of rewrite rule is
1643 analogous to the 'rule_format' attribute, but *not* that of the
1644 Simplifier (which is usually more generous).
1646 * Isar: the new attribute [rotated n] (default n = 1) rotates the
1647 premises of a theorem by n. Useful in conjunction with drule.
1649 * Isar: the goal restriction operator [N] (default N = 1) evaluates a
1650 method expression within a sandbox consisting of the first N
1651 sub-goals, which need to exist. For example, ``simp_all [3]''
1652 simplifies the first three sub-goals, while (rule foo, simp_all)[]
1653 simplifies all new goals that emerge from applying rule foo to the
1654 originally first one.
1656 * Isar: schematic goals are no longer restricted to higher-order
1657 patterns; e.g. ``lemma "?P(?x)" by (rule TrueI)'' now works as
1660 * Isar: the conclusion of a long theorem statement is now either
1661 'shows' (a simultaneous conjunction, as before), or 'obtains'
1662 (essentially a disjunction of cases with local parameters and
1663 assumptions). The latter allows to express general elimination rules
1664 adequately; in this notation common elimination rules look like this:
1666 lemma exE: -- "EX x. P x ==> (!!x. P x ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
1668 obtains x where "P x"
1670 lemma conjE: -- "A & B ==> (A ==> B ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
1674 lemma disjE: -- "A | B ==> (A ==> thesis) ==> (B ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
1680 The subsequent classical rules even refer to the formal "thesis"
1683 lemma classical: -- "(~ thesis ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
1686 lemma Peirce's_Law: -- "((thesis ==> something) ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
1687 obtains "thesis ==> something"
1689 The actual proof of an 'obtains' statement is analogous to that of the
1690 Isar proof element 'obtain', only that there may be several cases.
1691 Optional case names may be specified in parentheses; these will be
1692 available both in the present proof and as annotations in the
1693 resulting rule, for later use with the 'cases' method (cf. attribute
1696 * Isar: the assumptions of a long theorem statement are available as
1697 "assms" fact in the proof context. This is more appropriate than the
1698 (historical) "prems", which refers to all assumptions of the current
1699 context, including those from the target locale, proof body etc.
1701 * Isar: 'print_statement' prints theorems from the current theory or
1702 proof context in long statement form, according to the syntax of a
1705 * Isar: 'obtain' takes an optional case name for the local context
1706 introduction rule (default "that").
1708 * Isar: removed obsolete 'concl is' patterns. INCOMPATIBILITY, use
1709 explicit (is "_ ==> ?foo") in the rare cases where this still happens
1712 * Pure: syntax "CONST name" produces a fully internalized constant
1713 according to the current context. This is particularly useful for
1714 syntax translations that should refer to internal constant
1715 representations independently of name spaces.
1717 * Pure: syntax constant for foo (binder "FOO ") is called "foo_binder"
1718 instead of "FOO ". This allows multiple binder declarations to coexist
1719 in the same context. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1721 * Isar/locales: 'notation' provides a robust interface to the 'syntax'
1722 primitive that also works in a locale context (both for constants and
1723 fixed variables). Type declaration and internal syntactic representation
1724 of given constants retrieved from the context. Likewise, the
1725 'no_notation' command allows to remove given syntax annotations from the
1728 * Isar/locales: new derived specification elements 'axiomatization',
1729 'definition', 'abbreviation', which support type-inference, admit
1730 object-level specifications (equality, equivalence). See also the
1731 isar-ref manual. Examples:
1734 eq (infix "===" 50) where
1735 eq_refl: "x === x" and eq_subst: "x === y ==> P x ==> P y"
1737 definition "f x y = x + y + 1"
1738 definition g where "g x = f x x"
1741 neq (infix "=!=" 50) where
1742 "x =!= y == ~ (x === y)"
1744 These specifications may be also used in a locale context. Then the
1745 constants being introduced depend on certain fixed parameters, and the
1746 constant name is qualified by the locale base name. An internal
1747 abbreviation takes care for convenient input and output, making the
1748 parameters implicit and using the original short name. See also
1749 src/HOL/ex/Abstract_NAT.thy for an example of deriving polymorphic
1750 entities from a monomorphic theory.
1752 Presently, abbreviations are only available 'in' a target locale, but
1753 not inherited by general import expressions. Also note that
1754 'abbreviation' may be used as a type-safe replacement for 'syntax' +
1755 'translations' in common applications. The "no_abbrevs" print mode
1756 prevents folding of abbreviations in term output.
1758 Concrete syntax is attached to specified constants in internal form,
1759 independently of name spaces. The parse tree representation is
1760 slightly different -- use 'notation' instead of raw 'syntax', and
1761 'translations' with explicit "CONST" markup to accommodate this.
1763 * Pure/Isar: unified syntax for new-style specification mechanisms
1764 (e.g. 'definition', 'abbreviation', or 'inductive' in HOL) admits
1765 full type inference and dummy patterns ("_"). For example:
1767 definition "K x _ = x"
1769 inductive conj for A B
1770 where "A ==> B ==> conj A B"
1772 * Pure: command 'print_abbrevs' prints all constant abbreviations of
1773 the current context. Print mode "no_abbrevs" prevents inversion of
1774 abbreviations on output.
1776 * Isar/locales: improved parameter handling: use of locales "var" and
1777 "struct" no longer necessary; - parameter renamings are no longer
1778 required to be injective. For example, this allows to define
1779 endomorphisms as locale endom = homom mult mult h.
1781 * Isar/locales: changed the way locales with predicates are defined.
1782 Instead of accumulating the specification, the imported expression is
1783 now an interpretation. INCOMPATIBILITY: different normal form of
1784 locale expressions. In particular, in interpretations of locales with
1785 predicates, goals repesenting already interpreted fragments are not
1786 removed automatically. Use methods `intro_locales' and
1787 `unfold_locales'; see below.
1789 * Isar/locales: new methods `intro_locales' and `unfold_locales'
1790 provide backward reasoning on locales predicates. The methods are
1791 aware of interpretations and discharge corresponding goals.
1792 `intro_locales' is less aggressive then `unfold_locales' and does not
1793 unfold predicates to assumptions.
1795 * Isar/locales: the order in which locale fragments are accumulated
1796 has changed. This enables to override declarations from fragments due
1797 to interpretations -- for example, unwanted simp rules.
1799 * Isar/locales: interpretation in theories and proof contexts has been
1800 extended. One may now specify (and prove) equations, which are
1801 unfolded in interpreted theorems. This is useful for replacing
1802 defined concepts (constants depending on locale parameters) by
1803 concepts already existing in the target context. Example:
1805 interpretation partial_order ["op <= :: [int, int] => bool"]
1806 where "partial_order.less (op <=) (x::int) y = (x < y)"
1808 Typically, the constant `partial_order.less' is created by a
1809 definition specification element in the context of locale
1812 * Method "induct": improved internal context management to support
1813 local fixes and defines on-the-fly. Thus explicit meta-level
1814 connectives !! and ==> are rarely required anymore in inductive goals
1815 (using object-logic connectives for this purpose has been long
1816 obsolete anyway). Common proof patterns are explained in
1817 src/HOL/Induct/Common_Patterns.thy, see also
1818 src/HOL/Isar_examples/Puzzle.thy and src/HOL/Lambda for realistic
1821 * Method "induct": improved handling of simultaneous goals. Instead of
1822 introducing object-level conjunction, the statement is now split into
1823 several conclusions, while the corresponding symbolic cases are nested
1824 accordingly. INCOMPATIBILITY, proofs need to be structured explicitly,
1825 see src/HOL/Induct/Common_Patterns.thy, for example.
1827 * Method "induct": mutual induction rules are now specified as a list
1828 of rule sharing the same induction cases. HOL packages usually provide
1829 foo_bar.inducts for mutually defined items foo and bar (e.g. inductive
1830 predicates/sets or datatypes). INCOMPATIBILITY, users need to specify
1831 mutual induction rules differently, i.e. like this:
1833 (induct rule: foo_bar.inducts)
1834 (induct set: foo bar)
1835 (induct pred: foo bar)
1836 (induct type: foo bar)
1838 The ML function ProjectRule.projections turns old-style rules into the
1841 * Method "coinduct": dual of induction, see
1842 src/HOL/Library/Coinductive_List.thy for various examples.
1844 * Method "cases", "induct", "coinduct": the ``(open)'' option is
1845 considered a legacy feature.
1847 * Attribute "symmetric" produces result with standardized schematic
1848 variables (index 0). Potential INCOMPATIBILITY.
1850 * Simplifier: by default the simplifier trace only shows top level
1851 rewrites now. That is, trace_simp_depth_limit is set to 1 by
1852 default. Thus there is less danger of being flooded by the trace. The
1853 trace indicates where parts have been suppressed.
1855 * Provers/classical: removed obsolete classical version of elim_format
1856 attribute; classical elim/dest rules are now treated uniformly when
1857 manipulating the claset.
1859 * Provers/classical: stricter checks to ensure that supplied intro,
1860 dest and elim rules are well-formed; dest and elim rules must have at
1863 * Provers/classical: attributes dest/elim/intro take an optional
1864 weight argument for the rule (just as the Pure versions). Weights are
1865 ignored by automated tools, but determine the search order of single
1868 * Syntax: input syntax now supports dummy variable binding "%_. b",
1869 where the body does not mention the bound variable. Note that dummy
1870 patterns implicitly depend on their context of bounds, which makes
1871 "{_. _}" match any set comprehension as expected. Potential
1872 INCOMPATIBILITY -- parse translations need to cope with syntactic
1873 constant "_idtdummy" in the binding position.
1875 * Syntax: removed obsolete syntactic constant "_K" and its associated
1876 parse translation. INCOMPATIBILITY -- use dummy abstraction instead,
1877 for example "A -> B" => "Pi A (%_. B)".
1879 * Pure: 'class_deps' command visualizes the subclass relation, using
1880 the graph browser tool.
1882 * Pure: 'print_theory' now suppresses certain internal declarations by
1883 default; use '!' option for full details.
1888 * Method "metis" proves goals by applying the Metis general-purpose
1889 resolution prover (see also http://gilith.com/software/metis/).
1890 Examples are in the directory MetisExamples. WARNING: the
1891 Isabelle/HOL-Metis integration does not yet work properly with
1894 * Command 'sledgehammer' invokes external automatic theorem provers as
1895 background processes. It generates calls to the "metis" method if
1896 successful. These can be pasted into the proof. Users do not have to
1897 wait for the automatic provers to return. WARNING: does not really
1898 work with multi-threading.
1900 * New "auto_quickcheck" feature tests outermost goal statements for
1901 potential counter-examples. Controlled by ML references
1902 auto_quickcheck (default true) and auto_quickcheck_time_limit (default
1903 5000 milliseconds). Fails silently if statements is outside of
1904 executable fragment, or any other codgenerator problem occurs.
1906 * New constant "undefined" with axiom "undefined x = undefined".
1908 * Added class "HOL.eq", allowing for code generation with polymorphic
1911 * Some renaming of class constants due to canonical name prefixing in
1912 the new 'class' package:
1914 HOL.abs ~> HOL.abs_class.abs
1915 HOL.divide ~> HOL.divide_class.divide
1916 0 ~> HOL.zero_class.zero
1917 1 ~> HOL.one_class.one
1918 op + ~> HOL.plus_class.plus
1919 op - ~> HOL.minus_class.minus
1920 uminus ~> HOL.minus_class.uminus
1921 op * ~> HOL.times_class.times
1922 op < ~> HOL.ord_class.less
1923 op <= > HOL.ord_class.less_eq
1924 Nat.power ~> Power.power_class.power
1925 Nat.size ~> Nat.size_class.size
1926 Numeral.number_of ~> Numeral.number_class.number_of
1927 FixedPoint.Inf ~> Lattices.complete_lattice_class.Inf
1928 FixedPoint.Sup ~> Lattices.complete_lattice_class.Sup
1929 Orderings.min ~> Orderings.ord_class.min
1930 Orderings.max ~> Orderings.ord_class.max
1931 Divides.op div ~> Divides.div_class.div
1932 Divides.op mod ~> Divides.div_class.mod
1933 Divides.op dvd ~> Divides.div_class.dvd
1935 INCOMPATIBILITY. Adaptions may be required in the following cases:
1937 a) User-defined constants using any of the names "plus", "minus",
1938 "times", "less" or "less_eq". The standard syntax translations for
1939 "+", "-" and "*" may go wrong. INCOMPATIBILITY: use more specific
1942 b) Variables named "plus", "minus", "times", "less", "less_eq"
1943 INCOMPATIBILITY: use more specific names.
1945 c) Permutative equations (e.g. "a + b = b + a")
1946 Since the change of names also changes the order of terms, permutative
1947 rewrite rules may get applied in a different order. Experience shows
1948 that this is rarely the case (only two adaptions in the whole Isabelle
1949 distribution). INCOMPATIBILITY: rewrite proofs
1951 d) ML code directly refering to constant names
1952 This in general only affects hand-written proof tactics, simprocs and
1953 so on. INCOMPATIBILITY: grep your sourcecode and replace names.
1954 Consider using @{const_name} antiquotation.
1956 * New class "default" with associated constant "default".
1958 * Function "sgn" is now overloaded and available on int, real, complex
1959 (and other numeric types), using class "sgn". Two possible defs of
1960 sgn are given as equational assumptions in the classes sgn_if and
1961 sgn_div_norm; ordered_idom now also inherits from sgn_if.
1964 * Locale "partial_order" now unified with class "order" (cf. theory
1965 Orderings), added parameter "less". INCOMPATIBILITY.
1967 * Renamings in classes "order" and "linorder": facts "refl", "trans" and
1968 "cases" to "order_refl", "order_trans" and "linorder_cases", to avoid
1969 clashes with HOL "refl" and "trans". INCOMPATIBILITY.
1971 * Classes "order" and "linorder": potential INCOMPATIBILITY due to
1972 changed order of proof goals in instance proofs.
1974 * The transitivity reasoner for partial and linear orders is set up
1975 for classes "order" and "linorder". Instances of the reasoner are available
1976 in all contexts importing or interpreting the corresponding locales.
1977 Method "order" invokes the reasoner separately; the reasoner
1978 is also integrated with the Simplifier as a solver. Diagnostic
1979 command 'print_orders' shows the available instances of the reasoner
1980 in the current context.
1982 * Localized monotonicity predicate in theory "Orderings"; integrated
1983 lemmas max_of_mono and min_of_mono with this predicate.
1986 * Formulation of theorem "dense" changed slightly due to integration
1987 with new class dense_linear_order.
1989 * Uniform lattice theory development in HOL.
1991 constants "meet" and "join" now named "inf" and "sup"
1992 constant "Meet" now named "Inf"
1994 classes "meet_semilorder" and "join_semilorder" now named
1995 "lower_semilattice" and "upper_semilattice"
1996 class "lorder" now named "lattice"
1997 class "comp_lat" now named "complete_lattice"
1999 Instantiation of lattice classes allows explicit definitions
2000 for "inf" and "sup" operations (or "Inf" and "Sup" for complete lattices).
2002 INCOMPATIBILITY. Theorem renames:
2004 meet_left_le ~> inf_le1
2005 meet_right_le ~> inf_le2
2006 join_left_le ~> sup_ge1
2007 join_right_le ~> sup_ge2
2008 meet_join_le ~> inf_sup_ord
2011 le_meet ~> le_inf_iff
2012 le_join ~> ge_sup_conv
2013 meet_idempotent ~> inf_idem
2014 join_idempotent ~> sup_idem
2015 meet_comm ~> inf_commute
2016 join_comm ~> sup_commute
2017 meet_leI1 ~> le_infI1
2018 meet_leI2 ~> le_infI2
2019 le_joinI1 ~> le_supI1
2020 le_joinI2 ~> le_supI2
2021 meet_assoc ~> inf_assoc
2022 join_assoc ~> sup_assoc
2023 meet_left_comm ~> inf_left_commute
2024 meet_left_idempotent ~> inf_left_idem
2025 join_left_comm ~> sup_left_commute
2026 join_left_idempotent ~> sup_left_idem
2029 le_def_meet ~> le_iff_inf
2030 le_def_join ~> le_iff_sup
2031 join_absorp2 ~> sup_absorb2
2032 join_absorp1 ~> sup_absorb1
2033 meet_absorp1 ~> inf_absorb1
2034 meet_absorp2 ~> inf_absorb2
2035 meet_join_absorp ~> inf_sup_absorb
2036 join_meet_absorp ~> sup_inf_absorb
2037 distrib_join_le ~> distrib_sup_le
2038 distrib_meet_le ~> distrib_inf_le
2040 add_meet_distrib_left ~> add_inf_distrib_left
2041 add_join_distrib_left ~> add_sup_distrib_left
2042 is_join_neg_meet ~> is_join_neg_inf
2043 is_meet_neg_join ~> is_meet_neg_sup
2044 add_meet_distrib_right ~> add_inf_distrib_right
2045 add_join_distrib_right ~> add_sup_distrib_right
2046 add_meet_join_distribs ~> add_sup_inf_distribs
2047 join_eq_neg_meet ~> sup_eq_neg_inf
2048 meet_eq_neg_join ~> inf_eq_neg_sup
2049 add_eq_meet_join ~> add_eq_inf_sup
2050 meet_0_imp_0 ~> inf_0_imp_0
2051 join_0_imp_0 ~> sup_0_imp_0
2052 meet_0_eq_0 ~> inf_0_eq_0
2053 join_0_eq_0 ~> sup_0_eq_0
2054 neg_meet_eq_join ~> neg_inf_eq_sup
2055 neg_join_eq_meet ~> neg_sup_eq_inf
2056 join_eq_if ~> sup_eq_if
2058 mono_meet ~> mono_inf
2059 mono_join ~> mono_sup
2060 meet_bool_eq ~> inf_bool_eq
2061 join_bool_eq ~> sup_bool_eq
2062 meet_fun_eq ~> inf_fun_eq
2063 join_fun_eq ~> sup_fun_eq
2064 meet_set_eq ~> inf_set_eq
2065 join_set_eq ~> sup_set_eq
2066 meet1_iff ~> inf1_iff
2067 meet2_iff ~> inf2_iff
2076 join1_iff ~> sup1_iff
2077 join2_iff ~> sup2_iff
2087 is_meet_Meet ~> is_meet_Inf
2088 Meet_bool_def ~> Inf_bool_def
2089 Meet_fun_def ~> Inf_fun_def
2090 Meet_greatest ~> Inf_greatest
2091 Meet_lower ~> Inf_lower
2092 Meet_set_def ~> Inf_set_def
2095 Sup_bool_eq ~> Sup_bool_def
2096 Sup_fun_eq ~> Sup_fun_def
2097 Sup_set_eq ~> Sup_set_def
2099 listsp_meetI ~> listsp_infI
2100 listsp_meet_eq ~> listsp_inf_eq
2105 * Added syntactic class "size"; overloaded constant "size" now has
2106 type "'a::size ==> bool"
2108 * Internal reorganisation of `size' of datatypes: size theorems
2109 "foo.size" are no longer subsumed by "foo.simps" (but are still
2110 simplification rules by default!); theorems "prod.size" now named
2113 * Class "div" now inherits from class "times" rather than "type".
2116 * HOL/Finite_Set: "name-space" locales Lattice, Distrib_lattice,
2117 Linorder etc. have disappeared; operations defined in terms of
2118 fold_set now are named Inf_fin, Sup_fin. INCOMPATIBILITY.
2120 * HOL/Nat: neq0_conv no longer declared as iff. INCOMPATIBILITY.
2122 * HOL-Word: New extensive library and type for generic, fixed size
2123 machine words, with arithemtic, bit-wise, shifting and rotating
2124 operations, reflection into int, nat, and bool lists, automation for
2125 linear arithmetic (by automatic reflection into nat or int), including
2126 lemmas on overflow and monotonicity. Instantiated to all appropriate
2127 arithmetic type classes, supporting automatic simplification of
2128 numerals on all operations.
2130 * Library/Boolean_Algebra: locales for abstract boolean algebras.
2132 * Library/Numeral_Type: numbers as types, e.g. TYPE(32).
2134 * Code generator library theories:
2135 - Code_Integer represents HOL integers by big integer literals in target
2137 - Code_Char represents HOL characters by character literals in target
2139 - Code_Char_chr like Code_Char, but also offers treatment of character
2140 codes; includes Code_Integer.
2141 - Executable_Set allows to generate code for finite sets using lists.
2142 - Executable_Rat implements rational numbers as triples (sign, enumerator,
2144 - Executable_Real implements a subset of real numbers, namly those
2145 representable by rational numbers.
2146 - Efficient_Nat implements natural numbers by integers, which in general will
2147 result in higher efficency; pattern matching with 0/Suc is eliminated;
2148 includes Code_Integer.
2149 - Code_Index provides an additional datatype index which is mapped to
2150 target-language built-in integers.
2151 - Code_Message provides an additional datatype message_string which is isomorphic to
2152 strings; messages are mapped to target-language strings.
2154 * New package for inductive predicates
2156 An n-ary predicate p with m parameters z_1, ..., z_m can now be defined via
2159 p :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => T_1 => ... => T_n => bool"
2160 for z_1 :: U_1 and ... and z_n :: U_m
2162 rule_1: "... ==> p z_1 ... z_m t_1_1 ... t_1_n"
2165 with full support for type-inference, rather than
2167 consts s :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => (T_1 * ... * T_n) set"
2169 abbreviation p :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => T_1 => ... => T_n => bool"
2170 where "p z_1 ... z_m x_1 ... x_n == (x_1, ..., x_n) : s z_1 ... z_m"
2172 inductive "s z_1 ... z_m"
2174 rule_1: "... ==> (t_1_1, ..., t_1_n) : s z_1 ... z_m"
2177 For backward compatibility, there is a wrapper allowing inductive
2178 sets to be defined with the new package via
2181 s :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => (T_1 * ... * T_n) set"
2182 for z_1 :: U_1 and ... and z_n :: U_m
2184 rule_1: "... ==> (t_1_1, ..., t_1_n) : s z_1 ... z_m"
2190 s :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => (T_1 * ... * T_n) set"
2191 and p :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => T_1 => ... => T_n => bool"
2192 for z_1 :: U_1 and ... and z_n :: U_m
2194 "p z_1 ... z_m x_1 ... x_n == (x_1, ..., x_n) : s z_1 ... z_m"
2195 | rule_1: "... ==> p z_1 ... z_m t_1_1 ... t_1_n"
2198 if the additional syntax "p ..." is required.
2200 Numerous examples can be found in the subdirectories src/HOL/Auth,
2201 src/HOL/Bali, src/HOL/Induct, and src/HOL/MicroJava.
2205 - Since declaration and definition of inductive sets or predicates
2206 is no longer separated, abbreviations involving the newly
2207 introduced sets or predicates must be specified together with the
2208 introduction rules after the 'where' keyword (see above), rather
2209 than before the actual inductive definition.
2211 - The variables in induction and elimination rules are now
2212 quantified in the order of their occurrence in the introduction
2213 rules, rather than in alphabetical order. Since this may break
2214 some proofs, these proofs either have to be repaired, e.g. by
2215 reordering the variables a_i_1 ... a_i_{k_i} in Isar 'case'
2216 statements of the form
2218 case (rule_i a_i_1 ... a_i_{k_i})
2220 or the old order of quantification has to be restored by explicitly adding
2221 meta-level quantifiers in the introduction rules, i.e.
2223 | rule_i: "!!a_i_1 ... a_i_{k_i}. ... ==> p z_1 ... z_m t_i_1 ... t_i_n"
2225 - The format of the elimination rules is now
2227 p z_1 ... z_m x_1 ... x_n ==>
2228 (!!a_1_1 ... a_1_{k_1}. x_1 = t_1_1 ==> ... ==> x_n = t_1_n ==> ... ==> P)
2233 (x_1, ..., x_n) : s z_1 ... z_m ==>
2234 (!!a_1_1 ... a_1_{k_1}. x_1 = t_1_1 ==> ... ==> x_n = t_1_n ==> ... ==> P)
2237 for sets rather than
2239 x : s z_1 ... z_m ==>
2240 (!!a_1_1 ... a_1_{k_1}. x = (t_1_1, ..., t_1_n) ==> ... ==> P)
2243 This may require terms in goals to be expanded to n-tuples
2244 (e.g. using case_tac or simplification with the split_paired_all
2245 rule) before the above elimination rule is applicable.
2247 - The elimination or case analysis rules for (mutually) inductive
2248 sets or predicates are now called "p_1.cases" ... "p_k.cases". The
2249 list of rules "p_1_..._p_k.elims" is no longer available.
2251 * New package "function"/"fun" for general recursive functions,
2252 supporting mutual and nested recursion, definitions in local contexts,
2253 more general pattern matching and partiality. See HOL/ex/Fundefs.thy
2254 for small examples, and the separate tutorial on the function
2255 package. The old recdef "package" is still available as before, but
2256 users are encouraged to use the new package.
2258 * Method "lexicographic_order" automatically synthesizes termination
2259 relations as lexicographic combinations of size measures.
2261 * Case-expressions allow arbitrary constructor-patterns (including
2262 "_") and take their order into account, like in functional
2263 programming. Internally, this is translated into nested
2264 case-expressions; missing cases are added and mapped to the predefined
2265 constant "undefined". In complicated cases printing may no longer show
2266 the original input but the internal form. Lambda-abstractions allow
2267 the same form of pattern matching: "% pat1 => e1 | ..." is an
2268 abbreviation for "%x. case x of pat1 => e1 | ..." where x is a new
2271 * IntDef: The constant "int :: nat => int" has been removed; now "int"
2272 is an abbreviation for "of_nat :: nat => int". The simplification
2273 rules for "of_nat" have been changed to work like "int" did
2274 previously. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY:
2275 - "of_nat (Suc m)" simplifies to "1 + of_nat m" instead of "of_nat m + 1"
2276 - of_nat_diff and of_nat_mult are no longer default simp rules
2278 * Method "algebra" solves polynomial equations over (semi)rings using
2279 Groebner bases. The (semi)ring structure is defined by locales and the
2280 tool setup depends on that generic context. Installing the method for
2281 a specific type involves instantiating the locale and possibly adding
2282 declarations for computation on the coefficients. The method is
2283 already instantiated for natural numbers and for the axiomatic class
2284 of idoms with numerals. See also the paper by Chaieb and Wenzel at
2285 CALCULEMUS 2007 for the general principles underlying this
2286 architecture of context-aware proof-tools.
2288 * Method "ferrack" implements quantifier elimination over
2289 special-purpose dense linear orders using locales (analogous to
2290 "algebra"). The method is already installed for class
2291 {ordered_field,recpower,number_ring} which subsumes real, hyperreal,
2294 * Former constant "List.op @" now named "List.append". Use ML
2295 antiquotations @{const_name List.append} or @{term " ... @ ... "} to
2296 circumvent possible incompatibilities when working on ML level.
2298 * primrec: missing cases mapped to "undefined" instead of "arbitrary".
2300 * New function listsum :: 'a list => 'a for arbitrary monoids.
2301 Special syntax: "SUM x <- xs. f x" (and latex variants)
2303 * New syntax for Haskell-like list comprehension (input only), eg.
2304 [(x,y). x <- xs, y <- ys, x ~= y], see also src/HOL/List.thy.
2306 * The special syntax for function "filter" has changed from [x :
2307 xs. P] to [x <- xs. P] to avoid an ambiguity caused by list
2308 comprehension syntax, and for uniformity. INCOMPATIBILITY.
2310 * [a..b] is now defined for arbitrary linear orders. It used to be
2311 defined on nat only, as an abbreviation for [a..<Suc b]
2314 * Renamed lemma "set_take_whileD" to "set_takeWhileD".
2316 * New functions "sorted" and "sort" in src/HOL/List.thy.
2318 * New lemma collection field_simps (an extension of ring_simps) for
2319 manipulating (in)equations involving division. Multiplies with all
2320 denominators that can be proved to be non-zero (in equations) or
2321 positive/negative (in inequations).
2323 * Lemma collections ring_eq_simps, group_eq_simps and ring_distrib
2324 have been improved and renamed to ring_simps, group_simps and
2325 ring_distribs. Removed lemmas field_xyz in theory Ring_and_Field
2326 because they were subsumed by lemmas xyz. INCOMPATIBILITY.
2328 * Theory Library/Commutative_Ring: switched from recdef to function
2329 package; constants add, mul, pow now curried. Infix syntax for
2330 algebraic operations.
2332 * Dropped redundant lemma def_imp_eq in favor of meta_eq_to_obj_eq.
2335 * Dropped redundant lemma if_def2 in favor of if_bool_eq_conj.
2338 * HOL/records: generalised field-update to take a function on the
2339 field rather than the new value: r(|A := x|) is translated to A_update
2340 (K x) r The K-combinator that is internally used is called K_record.
2341 INCOMPATIBILITY: Usage of the plain update functions has to be
2344 * Class "semiring_0" now contains annihilation axioms x * 0 = 0 and 0
2345 * x = 0, which are required for a semiring. Richer structures do not
2346 inherit from semiring_0 anymore, because this property is a theorem
2347 there, not an axiom. INCOMPATIBILITY: In instances of semiring_0,
2348 there is more to prove, but this is mostly trivial.
2350 * Class "recpower" is generalized to arbitrary monoids, not just
2351 commutative semirings. INCOMPATIBILITY: may need to incorporate
2352 commutativity or semiring properties additionally.
2354 * Constant "List.list_all2" in List.thy now uses authentic syntax.
2355 INCOMPATIBILITY: translations containing list_all2 may go wrong,
2356 better use 'abbreviation'.
2358 * Renamed constant "List.op mem" to "List.member". INCOMPATIBILITY.
2360 * Numeral syntax: type 'bin' which was a mere type copy of 'int' has
2361 been abandoned in favour of plain 'int'. INCOMPATIBILITY --
2362 significant changes for setting up numeral syntax for types:
2363 - New constants Numeral.pred and Numeral.succ instead
2364 of former Numeral.bin_pred and Numeral.bin_succ.
2365 - Use integer operations instead of bin_add, bin_mult and so on.
2366 - Numeral simplification theorems named Numeral.numeral_simps instead of Bin_simps.
2367 - ML structure Bin_Simprocs now named Int_Numeral_Base_Simprocs.
2369 See src/HOL/Integ/IntArith.thy for an example setup.
2371 * Command 'normal_form' computes the normal form of a term that may
2372 contain free variables. For example ``normal_form "rev [a, b, c]"''
2373 produces ``[b, c, a]'' (without proof). This command is suitable for
2374 heavy-duty computations because the functions are compiled to ML
2375 first. Correspondingly, a method "normalization" is provided. See
2376 further src/HOL/ex/NormalForm.thy and src/Tools/nbe.ML.
2378 * Alternative iff syntax "A <-> B" for equality on bool (with priority
2379 25 like -->); output depends on the "iff" print_mode, the default is
2380 "A = B" (with priority 50).
2382 * Relations less (<) and less_eq (<=) are also available on type bool.
2383 Modified syntax to disallow nesting without explicit parentheses,
2384 e.g. "(x < y) < z" or "x < (y < z)", but NOT "x < y < z". Potential
2387 * "LEAST x:A. P" expands to "LEAST x. x:A & P" (input only).
2389 * Relation composition operator "op O" now has precedence 75 and binds
2390 stronger than union and intersection. INCOMPATIBILITY.
2392 * The old set interval syntax "{m..n(}" (and relatives) has been
2393 removed. Use "{m..<n}" (and relatives) instead.
2395 * In the context of the assumption "~(s = t)" the Simplifier rewrites
2396 "t = s" to False (by simproc "neq"). INCOMPATIBILITY, consider using
2397 ``declare [[simproc del: neq]]''.
2399 * Simplifier: "m dvd n" where m and n are numbers is evaluated to
2402 * Theorem Cons_eq_map_conv no longer declared as "simp".
2404 * Theorem setsum_mult renamed to setsum_right_distrib.
2406 * Prefer ex1I over ex_ex1I in single-step reasoning, e.g. by the
2409 * Reimplemented methods "sat" and "satx", with several improvements:
2410 goals no longer need to be stated as "<prems> ==> False", equivalences
2411 (i.e. "=" on type bool) are handled, variable names of the form
2412 "lit_<n>" are no longer reserved, significant speedup.
2414 * Methods "sat" and "satx" can now replay MiniSat proof traces.
2415 zChaff is still supported as well.
2417 * 'inductive' and 'datatype': provide projections of mutual rules,
2418 bundled as foo_bar.inducts;
2420 * Library: moved theories Parity, GCD, Binomial, Infinite_Set to
2423 * Library: moved theory Accessible_Part to main HOL.
2425 * Library: added theory Coinductive_List of potentially infinite lists
2426 as greatest fixed-point.
2428 * Library: added theory AssocList which implements (finite) maps as
2431 * Method "evaluation" solves goals (i.e. a boolean expression)
2432 efficiently by compiling it to ML. The goal is "proved" (via an
2433 oracle) if it evaluates to True.
2435 * Linear arithmetic now splits certain operators (e.g. min, max, abs)
2436 also when invoked by the simplifier. This results in the Simplifier
2437 being more powerful on arithmetic goals. INCOMPATIBILITY.
2438 Configuration option fast_arith_split_limit=0 recovers the old
2441 * Support for hex (0x20) and binary (0b1001) numerals.
2443 * New method: reify eqs (t), where eqs are equations for an
2444 interpretation I :: 'a list => 'b => 'c and t::'c is an optional
2445 parameter, computes a term s::'b and a list xs::'a list and proves the
2446 theorem I xs s = t. This is also known as reification or quoting. The
2447 resulting theorem is applied to the subgoal to substitute t with I xs
2448 s. If t is omitted, the subgoal itself is reified.
2450 * New method: reflection corr_thm eqs (t). The parameters eqs and (t)
2451 are as explained above. corr_thm is a theorem for I vs (f t) = I vs t,
2452 where f is supposed to be a computable function (in the sense of code
2453 generattion). The method uses reify to compute s and xs as above then
2454 applies corr_thm and uses normalization by evaluation to "prove" f s =
2455 r and finally gets the theorem t = r, which is again applied to the
2456 subgoal. An Example is available in src/HOL/ex/ReflectionEx.thy.
2458 * Reflection: Automatic reification now handels binding, an example is
2459 available in src/HOL/ex/ReflectionEx.thy
2461 * HOL-Statespace: ``State Spaces: The Locale Way'' introduces a
2462 command 'statespace' that is similar to 'record', but introduces an
2463 abstract specification based on the locale infrastructure instead of
2464 HOL types. This leads to extra flexibility in composing state spaces,
2465 in particular multiple inheritance and renaming of components.
2470 * Hyperreal: Functions root and sqrt are now defined on negative real
2471 inputs so that root n (- x) = - root n x and sqrt (- x) = - sqrt x.
2472 Nonnegativity side conditions have been removed from many lemmas, so
2473 that more subgoals may now be solved by simplification; potential
2476 * Real: new type classes formalize real normed vector spaces and
2477 algebras, using new overloaded constants scaleR :: real => 'a => 'a
2478 and norm :: 'a => real.
2480 * Real: constant of_real :: real => 'a::real_algebra_1 injects from
2481 reals into other types. The overloaded constant Reals :: 'a set is now
2482 defined as range of_real; potential INCOMPATIBILITY.
2484 * Real: proper support for ML code generation, including 'quickcheck'.
2485 Reals are implemented as arbitrary precision rationals.
2487 * Hyperreal: Several constants that previously worked only for the
2488 reals have been generalized, so they now work over arbitrary vector
2489 spaces. Type annotations may need to be added in some cases; potential
2492 Infinitesimal :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star set
2493 HFinite :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star set
2494 HInfinite :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star set
2495 approx :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star => 'a star => bool
2496 monad :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star => 'a star set
2497 galaxy :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star => 'a star set
2498 (NS)LIMSEQ :: [nat => 'a::real_normed_vector, 'a] => bool
2499 (NS)convergent :: (nat => 'a::real_normed_vector) => bool
2500 (NS)Bseq :: (nat => 'a::real_normed_vector) => bool
2501 (NS)Cauchy :: (nat => 'a::real_normed_vector) => bool
2502 (NS)LIM :: ['a::real_normed_vector => 'b::real_normed_vector, 'a, 'b] => bool
2503 is(NS)Cont :: ['a::real_normed_vector => 'b::real_normed_vector, 'a] => bool
2504 deriv :: ['a::real_normed_field => 'a, 'a, 'a] => bool
2505 sgn :: 'a::real_normed_vector => 'a
2506 exp :: 'a::{recpower,real_normed_field,banach} => 'a
2508 * Complex: Some complex-specific constants are now abbreviations for
2509 overloaded ones: complex_of_real = of_real, cmod = norm, hcmod =
2510 hnorm. Other constants have been entirely removed in favor of the
2511 polymorphic versions (INCOMPATIBILITY):
2515 HInfinite <-- CInfinite
2516 Infinitesimal <-- CInfinitesimal
2519 (NS)LIM <-- (NS)CLIM, (NS)CRLIM
2520 is(NS)Cont <-- is(NS)Contc, is(NS)contCR
2521 (ns)deriv <-- (ns)cderiv
2526 * Formalisation of ideals and the quotient construction over rings.
2528 * Order and lattice theory no longer based on records.
2531 * Renamed lemmas least_carrier -> least_closed and greatest_carrier ->
2532 greatest_closed. INCOMPATIBILITY.
2534 * Method algebra is now set up via an attribute. For examples see
2535 Ring.thy. INCOMPATIBILITY: the method is now weaker on combinations
2536 of algebraic structures.
2538 * Renamed theory CRing to Ring.
2543 * Substantial, yet incomplete support for nominal datatypes (binding
2544 structures) based on HOL-Nominal logic. See src/HOL/Nominal and
2545 src/HOL/Nominal/Examples. Prospective users should consult
2546 http://isabelle.in.tum.de/nominal/
2551 * ML basics: just one true type int, which coincides with IntInf.int
2554 * ML within Isar: antiquotations allow to embed statically-checked
2555 formal entities in the source, referring to the context available at
2556 compile-time. For example:
2558 ML {* @{sort "{zero,one}"} *}
2559 ML {* @{typ "'a => 'b"} *}
2560 ML {* @{term "%x. x"} *}
2561 ML {* @{prop "x == y"} *}
2562 ML {* @{ctyp "'a => 'b"} *}
2563 ML {* @{cterm "%x. x"} *}
2564 ML {* @{cprop "x == y"} *}
2565 ML {* @{thm asm_rl} *}
2566 ML {* @{thms asm_rl} *}
2567 ML {* @{type_name c} *}
2568 ML {* @{type_syntax c} *}
2569 ML {* @{const_name c} *}
2570 ML {* @{const_syntax c} *}
2573 ML {* @{theory Pure} *}
2574 ML {* @{theory_ref} *}
2575 ML {* @{theory_ref Pure} *}
2578 ML {* @{clasimpset} *}
2580 The same works for sources being ``used'' within an Isar context.
2582 * ML in Isar: improved error reporting; extra verbosity with
2583 ML_Context.trace enabled.
2585 * Pure/General/table.ML: the join operations now works via exceptions
2586 DUP/SAME instead of type option. This is simpler in simple cases, and
2587 admits slightly more efficient complex applications.
2589 * Pure: 'advanced' translation functions (parse_translation etc.) now
2590 use Context.generic instead of just theory.
2592 * Pure: datatype Context.generic joins theory/Proof.context and
2593 provides some facilities for code that works in either kind of
2594 context, notably GenericDataFun for uniform theory and proof data.
2596 * Pure: simplified internal attribute type, which is now always
2597 Context.generic * thm -> Context.generic * thm. Global (theory) vs.
2598 local (Proof.context) attributes have been discontinued, while
2599 minimizing code duplication. Thm.rule_attribute and
2600 Thm.declaration_attribute build canonical attributes; see also structure
2601 Context for further operations on Context.generic, notably
2602 GenericDataFun. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt attribute type
2603 declarations and definitions.
2605 * Context data interfaces (Theory/Proof/GenericDataFun): removed
2606 name/print, uninitialized data defaults to ad-hoc copy of empty value,
2607 init only required for impure data. INCOMPATIBILITY: empty really need
2608 to be empty (no dependencies on theory content!)
2610 * Pure/kernel: consts certification ignores sort constraints given in
2611 signature declarations. (This information is not relevant to the
2612 logic, but only for type inference.) SIGNIFICANT INTERNAL CHANGE,
2613 potential INCOMPATIBILITY.
2615 * Pure: axiomatic type classes are now purely definitional, with
2616 explicit proofs of class axioms and super class relations performed
2617 internally. See Pure/axclass.ML for the main internal interfaces --
2618 notably AxClass.define_class supercedes AxClass.add_axclass, and
2619 AxClass.axiomatize_class/classrel/arity supersede
2620 Sign.add_classes/classrel/arities.
2622 * Pure/Isar: Args/Attrib parsers operate on Context.generic --
2623 global/local versions on theory vs. Proof.context have been
2624 discontinued; Attrib.syntax and Method.syntax have been adapted
2625 accordingly. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt parser expressions for
2626 attributes, methods, etc.
2628 * Pure: several functions of signature "... -> theory -> theory * ..."
2629 have been reoriented to "... -> theory -> ... * theory" in order to
2630 allow natural usage in combination with the ||>, ||>>, |-> and
2631 fold_map combinators.
2633 * Pure: official theorem names (closed derivations) and additional
2634 comments (tags) are now strictly separate. Name hints -- which are
2635 maintained as tags -- may be attached any time without affecting the
2638 * Pure: primitive rule lift_rule now takes goal cterm instead of an
2639 actual goal state (thm). Use Thm.lift_rule (Thm.cprem_of st i) to
2640 achieve the old behaviour.
2642 * Pure: the "Goal" constant is now called "prop", supporting a
2643 slightly more general idea of ``protecting'' meta-level rule
2646 * Pure: Logic.(un)varify only works in a global context, which is now
2647 enforced instead of silently assumed. INCOMPATIBILITY, may use
2648 Logic.legacy_(un)varify as temporary workaround.
2650 * Pure: structure Name provides scalable operations for generating
2651 internal variable names, notably Name.variants etc. This replaces
2652 some popular functions from term.ML:
2654 Term.variant -> Name.variant
2655 Term.variantlist -> Name.variant_list
2656 Term.invent_names -> Name.invent_list
2658 Note that low-level renaming rarely occurs in new code -- operations
2659 from structure Variable are used instead (see below).
2661 * Pure: structure Variable provides fundamental operations for proper
2662 treatment of fixed/schematic variables in a context. For example,
2663 Variable.import introduces fixes for schematics of given facts and
2664 Variable.export reverses the effect (up to renaming) -- this replaces
2665 various freeze_thaw operations.
2667 * Pure: structure Goal provides simple interfaces for
2668 init/conclude/finish and tactical prove operations (replacing former
2669 Tactic.prove). Goal.prove is the canonical way to prove results
2670 within a given context; Goal.prove_global is a degraded version for
2671 theory level goals, including a global Drule.standard. Note that
2672 OldGoals.prove_goalw_cterm has long been obsolete, since it is
2673 ill-behaved in a local proof context (e.g. with local fixes/assumes or
2674 in a locale context).
2676 * Pure/Syntax: generic interfaces for parsing (Syntax.parse_term etc.)
2677 and type checking (Syntax.check_term etc.), with common combinations
2678 (Syntax.read_term etc.). These supersede former Sign.read_term etc.
2679 which are considered legacy and await removal.
2681 * Pure/Syntax: generic interfaces for type unchecking
2682 (Syntax.uncheck_terms etc.) and unparsing (Syntax.unparse_term etc.),
2683 with common combinations (Syntax.pretty_term, Syntax.string_of_term
2684 etc.). Former Sign.pretty_term, Sign.string_of_term etc. are still
2685 available for convenience, but refer to the very same operations using
2686 a mere theory instead of a full context.
2688 * Isar: simplified treatment of user-level errors, using exception
2689 ERROR of string uniformly. Function error now merely raises ERROR,
2690 without any side effect on output channels. The Isar toplevel takes
2691 care of proper display of ERROR exceptions. ML code may use plain
2692 handle/can/try; cat_error may be used to concatenate errors like this:
2694 ... handle ERROR msg => cat_error msg "..."
2696 Toplevel ML code (run directly or through the Isar toplevel) may be
2697 embedded into the Isar toplevel with exception display/debug like
2700 Isar.toplevel (fn () => ...)
2702 INCOMPATIBILITY, removed special transform_error facilities, removed
2703 obsolete variants of user-level exceptions (ERROR_MESSAGE,
2704 Context.PROOF, ProofContext.CONTEXT, Proof.STATE, ProofHistory.FAIL)
2705 -- use plain ERROR instead.
2707 * Isar: theory setup now has type (theory -> theory), instead of a
2708 list. INCOMPATIBILITY, may use #> to compose setup functions.
2710 * Isar: ML toplevel pretty printer for type Proof.context, subject to
2711 ProofContext.debug/verbose flags.
2713 * Isar: Toplevel.theory_to_proof admits transactions that modify the
2714 theory before entering a proof state. Transactions now always see a
2715 quasi-functional intermediate checkpoint, both in interactive and
2718 * Isar: simplified interfaces for outer syntax. Renamed
2719 OuterSyntax.add_keywords to OuterSyntax.keywords. Removed
2720 OuterSyntax.add_parsers -- this functionality is now included in
2721 OuterSyntax.command etc. INCOMPATIBILITY.
2723 * Simplifier: the simpset of a running simplification process now
2724 contains a proof context (cf. Simplifier.the_context), which is the
2725 very context that the initial simpset has been retrieved from (by
2726 simpset_of/local_simpset_of). Consequently, all plug-in components
2727 (solver, looper etc.) may depend on arbitrary proof data.
2729 * Simplifier.inherit_context inherits the proof context (plus the
2730 local bounds) of the current simplification process; any simproc
2731 etc. that calls the Simplifier recursively should do this! Removed
2732 former Simplifier.inherit_bounds, which is already included here --
2733 INCOMPATIBILITY. Tools based on low-level rewriting may even have to
2734 specify an explicit context using Simplifier.context/theory_context.
2736 * Simplifier/Classical Reasoner: more abstract interfaces
2737 change_simpset/claset for modifying the simpset/claset reference of a
2738 theory; raw versions simpset/claset_ref etc. have been discontinued --
2741 * Provers: more generic wrt. syntax of object-logics, avoid hardwired
2747 * settings: the default heap location within ISABELLE_HOME_USER now
2748 includes ISABELLE_IDENTIFIER. This simplifies use of multiple
2749 Isabelle installations.
2751 * isabelle-process: option -S (secure mode) disables some critical
2752 operations, notably runtime compilation and evaluation of ML source
2755 * Basic Isabelle mode for jEdit, see Isabelle/lib/jedit/.
2757 * Support for parallel execution, using native multicore support of
2758 Poly/ML 5.1. The theory loader exploits parallelism when processing
2759 independent theories, according to the given theory header
2760 specifications. The maximum number of worker threads is specified via
2761 usedir option -M or the "max-threads" setting in Proof General. A
2762 speedup factor of 1.5--3.5 can be expected on a 4-core machine, and up
2763 to 6 on a 8-core machine. User-code needs to observe certain
2764 guidelines for thread-safe programming, see appendix A in the Isar
2765 Implementation manual.
2769 New in Isabelle2005 (October 2005)
2770 ----------------------------------
2774 * Theory headers: the new header syntax for Isar theories is
2777 imports <theory1> ... <theoryN>
2778 uses <file1> ... <fileM>
2781 where the 'uses' part is optional. The previous syntax
2783 theory <name> = <theory1> + ... + <theoryN>:
2785 will disappear in the next release. Use isatool fixheaders to convert
2786 existing theory files. Note that there is no change in ancient
2787 non-Isar theories now, but these will disappear soon.
2789 * Theory loader: parent theories can now also be referred to via
2790 relative and absolute paths.
2792 * Command 'find_theorems' searches for a list of criteria instead of a
2793 list of constants. Known criteria are: intro, elim, dest, name:string,
2794 simp:term, and any term. Criteria can be preceded by '-' to select
2795 theorems that do not match. Intro, elim, dest select theorems that
2796 match the current goal, name:s selects theorems whose fully qualified
2797 name contain s, and simp:term selects all simplification rules whose
2798 lhs match term. Any other term is interpreted as pattern and selects
2799 all theorems matching the pattern. Available in ProofGeneral under
2800 'ProofGeneral -> Find Theorems' or C-c C-f. Example:
2802 C-c C-f (100) "(_::nat) + _ + _" intro -name: "HOL."
2804 prints the last 100 theorems matching the pattern "(_::nat) + _ + _",
2805 matching the current goal as introduction rule and not having "HOL."
2806 in their name (i.e. not being defined in theory HOL).
2808 * Command 'thms_containing' has been discontinued in favour of
2809 'find_theorems'; INCOMPATIBILITY.
2811 * Communication with Proof General is now 8bit clean, which means that
2812 Unicode text in UTF-8 encoding may be used within theory texts (both
2813 formal and informal parts). Cf. option -U of the Isabelle Proof
2814 General interface. Here are some simple examples (cf. src/HOL/ex):
2816 http://isabelle.in.tum.de/library/HOL/ex/Hebrew.html
2817 http://isabelle.in.tum.de/library/HOL/ex/Chinese.html
2819 * Improved efficiency of the Simplifier and, to a lesser degree, the
2820 Classical Reasoner. Typical big applications run around 2 times
2824 *** Document preparation ***
2826 * Commands 'display_drafts' and 'print_drafts' perform simple output
2827 of raw sources. Only those symbols that do not require additional
2828 LaTeX packages (depending on comments in isabellesym.sty) are
2829 displayed properly, everything else is left verbatim. isatool display
2830 and isatool print are used as front ends (these are subject to the
2831 DVI/PDF_VIEWER and PRINT_COMMAND settings, respectively).
2833 * Command tags control specific markup of certain regions of text,
2834 notably folding and hiding. Predefined tags include "theory" (for
2835 theory begin and end), "proof" for proof commands, and "ML" for
2836 commands involving ML code; the additional tags "visible" and
2837 "invisible" are unused by default. Users may give explicit tag
2838 specifications in the text, e.g. ''by %invisible (auto)''. The
2839 interpretation of tags is determined by the LaTeX job during document
2840 preparation: see option -V of isatool usedir, or options -n and -t of
2841 isatool document, or even the LaTeX macros \isakeeptag, \isafoldtag,
2844 Several document versions may be produced at the same time via isatool
2845 usedir (the generated index.html will link all of them). Typical
2846 specifications include ''-V document=theory,proof,ML'' to present
2847 theory/proof/ML parts faithfully, ''-V outline=/proof,/ML'' to fold
2848 proof and ML commands, and ''-V mutilated=-theory,-proof,-ML'' to omit
2849 these parts without any formal replacement text. The Isabelle site
2850 default settings produce ''document'' and ''outline'' versions as
2853 * Several new antiquotations:
2855 @{term_type term} prints a term with its type annotated;
2857 @{typeof term} prints the type of a term;
2859 @{const const} is the same as @{term const}, but checks that the
2860 argument is a known logical constant;
2862 @{term_style style term} and @{thm_style style thm} print a term or
2863 theorem applying a "style" to it
2867 Predefined styles are 'lhs' and 'rhs' printing the lhs/rhs of
2868 definitions, equations, inequations etc., 'concl' printing only the
2869 conclusion of a meta-logical statement theorem, and 'prem1' .. 'prem19'
2870 to print the specified premise. TermStyle.add_style provides an ML
2871 interface for introducing further styles. See also the "LaTeX Sugar"
2872 document practical applications. The ML antiquotation prints
2873 type-checked ML expressions verbatim.
2875 * Markup commands 'chapter', 'section', 'subsection', 'subsubsection',
2876 and 'text' support optional locale specification '(in loc)', which
2877 specifies the default context for interpreting antiquotations. For
2878 example: 'text (in lattice) {* @{thm inf_assoc}*}'.
2880 * Option 'locale=NAME' of antiquotations specifies an alternative
2881 context interpreting the subsequent argument. For example: @{thm
2882 [locale=lattice] inf_assoc}.
2884 * Proper output of proof terms (@{prf ...} and @{full_prf ...}) within
2887 * Proper output of antiquotations for theory commands involving a
2888 proof context (such as 'locale' or 'theorem (in loc) ...').
2890 * Delimiters of outer tokens (string etc.) now produce separate LaTeX
2891 macros (\isachardoublequoteopen, isachardoublequoteclose etc.).
2893 * isatool usedir: new option -C (default true) controls whether option
2894 -D should include a copy of the original document directory; -C false
2895 prevents unwanted effects such as copying of administrative CVS data.
2900 * Considerably improved version of 'constdefs' command. Now performs
2901 automatic type-inference of declared constants; additional support for
2902 local structure declarations (cf. locales and HOL records), see also
2903 isar-ref manual. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY: need to observe strictly
2904 sequential dependencies of definitions within a single 'constdefs'
2905 section; moreover, the declared name needs to be an identifier. If
2906 all fails, consider to fall back on 'consts' and 'defs' separately.
2908 * Improved indexed syntax and implicit structures. First of all,
2909 indexed syntax provides a notational device for subscripted
2910 application, using the new syntax \<^bsub>term\<^esub> for arbitrary
2911 expressions. Secondly, in a local context with structure
2912 declarations, number indexes \<^sub>n or the empty index (default
2913 number 1) refer to a certain fixed variable implicitly; option
2914 show_structs controls printing of implicit structures. Typical
2915 applications of these concepts involve record types and locales.
2917 * New command 'no_syntax' removes grammar declarations (and
2918 translations) resulting from the given syntax specification, which is
2919 interpreted in the same manner as for the 'syntax' command.
2921 * 'Advanced' translation functions (parse_translation etc.) may depend
2922 on the signature of the theory context being presently used for
2923 parsing/printing, see also isar-ref manual.
2925 * Improved 'oracle' command provides a type-safe interface to turn an
2926 ML expression of type theory -> T -> term into a primitive rule of
2927 type theory -> T -> thm (i.e. the functionality of Thm.invoke_oracle
2928 is already included here); see also FOL/ex/IffExample.thy;
2931 * axclass: name space prefix for class "c" is now "c_class" (was "c"
2932 before); "cI" is no longer bound, use "c.intro" instead.
2933 INCOMPATIBILITY. This change avoids clashes of fact bindings for
2934 axclasses vs. locales.
2936 * Improved internal renaming of symbolic identifiers -- attach primes
2937 instead of base 26 numbers.
2939 * New flag show_question_marks controls printing of leading question
2940 marks in schematic variable names.
2942 * In schematic variable names, *any* symbol following \<^isub> or
2943 \<^isup> is now treated as part of the base name. For example, the
2944 following works without printing of awkward ".0" indexes:
2946 lemma "x\<^isub>1 = x\<^isub>2 ==> x\<^isub>2 = x\<^isub>1"
2949 * Inner syntax includes (*(*nested*) comments*).
2951 * Pretty printer now supports unbreakable blocks, specified in mixfix
2952 annotations as "(00...)".
2954 * Clear separation of logical types and nonterminals, where the latter
2955 may only occur in 'syntax' specifications or type abbreviations.
2956 Before that distinction was only partially implemented via type class
2957 "logic" vs. "{}". Potential INCOMPATIBILITY in rare cases of improper
2958 use of 'types'/'consts' instead of 'nonterminals'/'syntax'. Some very
2959 exotic syntax specifications may require further adaption
2960 (e.g. Cube/Cube.thy).
2962 * Removed obsolete type class "logic", use the top sort {} instead.
2963 Note that non-logical types should be declared as 'nonterminals'
2964 rather than 'types'. INCOMPATIBILITY for new object-logic
2967 * Attributes 'induct' and 'cases': type or set names may now be
2968 locally fixed variables as well.
2970 * Simplifier: can now control the depth to which conditional rewriting
2971 is traced via the PG menu Isabelle -> Settings -> Trace Simp Depth
2974 * Simplifier: simplification procedures may now take the current
2975 simpset into account (cf. Simplifier.simproc(_i) / mk_simproc
2976 interface), which is very useful for calling the Simplifier
2977 recursively. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY: the 'prems' argument of simprocs
2978 is gone -- use prems_of_ss on the simpset instead. Moreover, the
2979 low-level mk_simproc no longer applies Logic.varify internally, to
2980 allow for use in a context of fixed variables.
2982 * thin_tac now works even if the assumption being deleted contains !!
2983 or ==>. More generally, erule now works even if the major premise of
2984 the elimination rule contains !! or ==>.
2986 * Method 'rules' has been renamed to 'iprover'. INCOMPATIBILITY.
2988 * Reorganized bootstrapping of the Pure theories; CPure is now derived
2989 from Pure, which contains all common declarations already. Both
2990 theories are defined via plain Isabelle/Isar .thy files.
2991 INCOMPATIBILITY: elements of CPure (such as the CPure.intro /
2992 CPure.elim / CPure.dest attributes) now appear in the Pure name space;
2993 use isatool fixcpure to adapt your theory and ML sources.
2995 * New syntax 'name(i-j, i-, i, ...)' for referring to specific
2996 selections of theorems in named facts via index ranges.
2998 * 'print_theorems': in theory mode, really print the difference
2999 wrt. the last state (works for interactive theory development only),
3000 in proof mode print all local facts (cf. 'print_facts');
3002 * 'hide': option '(open)' hides only base names.
3004 * More efficient treatment of intermediate checkpoints in interactive
3007 * Code generator is now invoked via code_module (incremental code
3008 generation) and code_library (modular code generation, ML structures
3009 for each theory). INCOMPATIBILITY: new keywords 'file' and 'contains'
3010 must be quoted when used as identifiers.
3012 * New 'value' command for reading, evaluating and printing terms using
3013 the code generator. INCOMPATIBILITY: command keyword 'value' must be
3014 quoted when used as identifier.
3019 * New commands for the interpretation of locale expressions in
3020 theories (1), locales (2) and proof contexts (3). These generate
3021 proof obligations from the expression specification. After the
3022 obligations have been discharged, theorems of the expression are added
3023 to the theory, target locale or proof context. The synopsis of the
3024 commands is a follows:
3026 (1) interpretation expr inst
3027 (2) interpretation target < expr
3028 (3) interpret expr inst
3030 Interpretation in theories and proof contexts require a parameter
3031 instantiation of terms from the current context. This is applied to
3032 specifications and theorems of the interpreted expression.
3033 Interpretation in locales only permits parameter renaming through the
3034 locale expression. Interpretation is smart in that interpretations
3035 that are active already do not occur in proof obligations, neither are
3036 instantiated theorems stored in duplicate. Use 'print_interps' to
3037 inspect active interpretations of a particular locale. For details,
3038 see the Isar Reference manual. Examples can be found in
3039 HOL/Finite_Set.thy and HOL/Algebra/UnivPoly.thy.
3041 INCOMPATIBILITY: former 'instantiate' has been withdrawn, use
3042 'interpret' instead.
3044 * New context element 'constrains' for adding type constraints to
3047 * Context expressions: renaming of parameters with syntax
3050 * Locale declaration: 'includes' disallowed.
3052 * Proper static binding of attribute syntax -- i.e. types / terms /
3053 facts mentioned as arguments are always those of the locale definition
3054 context, independently of the context of later invocations. Moreover,
3055 locale operations (renaming and type / term instantiation) are applied
3056 to attribute arguments as expected.
3058 INCOMPATIBILITY of the ML interface: always pass Attrib.src instead of
3059 actual attributes; rare situations may require Attrib.attribute to
3060 embed those attributes into Attrib.src that lack concrete syntax.
3061 Attribute implementations need to cooperate properly with the static
3062 binding mechanism. Basic parsers Args.XXX_typ/term/prop and
3063 Attrib.XXX_thm etc. already do the right thing without further
3064 intervention. Only unusual applications -- such as "where" or "of"
3065 (cf. src/Pure/Isar/attrib.ML), which process arguments depending both
3066 on the context and the facts involved -- may have to assign parsed
3067 values to argument tokens explicitly.
3069 * Changed parameter management in theorem generation for long goal
3070 statements with 'includes'. INCOMPATIBILITY: produces a different
3071 theorem statement in rare situations.
3073 * Locale inspection command 'print_locale' omits notes elements. Use
3074 'print_locale!' to have them included in the output.
3079 * Provers/hypsubst.ML: improved version of the subst method, for
3080 single-step rewriting: it now works in bound variable contexts. New is
3081 'subst (asm)', for rewriting an assumption. INCOMPATIBILITY: may
3082 rewrite a different subterm than the original subst method, which is
3083 still available as 'simplesubst'.
3085 * Provers/quasi.ML: new transitivity reasoners for transitivity only
3088 * Provers/trancl.ML: new transitivity reasoner for transitive and
3089 reflexive-transitive closure of relations.
3091 * Provers/blast.ML: new reference depth_limit to make blast's depth
3092 limit (previously hard-coded with a value of 20) user-definable.
3094 * Provers/simplifier.ML has been moved to Pure, where Simplifier.setup
3095 is peformed already. Object-logics merely need to finish their
3096 initial simpset configuration as before. INCOMPATIBILITY.
3101 * Symbolic syntax of Hilbert Choice Operator is now as follows:
3104 "_Eps" :: "[pttrn, bool] => 'a" ("(3\<some>_./ _)" [0, 10] 10)
3106 The symbol \<some> is displayed as the alternative epsilon of LaTeX
3107 and x-symbol; use option '-m epsilon' to get it actually printed.
3108 Moreover, the mathematically important symbolic identifier \<epsilon>
3109 becomes available as variable, constant etc. INCOMPATIBILITY,
3111 * "x > y" abbreviates "y < x" and "x >= y" abbreviates "y <= x".
3112 Similarly for all quantifiers: "ALL x > y" etc. The x-symbol for >=
3113 is \<ge>. New transitivity rules have been added to HOL/Orderings.thy to
3114 support corresponding Isar calculations.
3116 * "{x:A. P}" abbreviates "{x. x:A & P}", and similarly for "\<in>"
3119 * theory SetInterval: changed the syntax for open intervals:
3128 The old syntax is still supported but will disappear in the next
3129 release. For conversion use the following Emacs search and replace
3130 patterns (these are not perfect but work quite well):
3132 {)\([^\.]*\)\.\. -> {\1<\.\.}
3133 \.\.\([^(}]*\)(} -> \.\.<\1}
3135 * Theory Commutative_Ring (in Library): method comm_ring for proving
3136 equalities in commutative rings; method 'algebra' provides a generic
3139 * Theory Finite_Set: changed the syntax for 'setsum', summation over
3140 finite sets: "setsum (%x. e) A", which used to be "\<Sum>x:A. e", is
3141 now either "SUM x:A. e" or "\<Sum>x \<in> A. e". The bound variable can
3144 Some new syntax forms are available:
3146 "\<Sum>x | P. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {x. P}"
3147 "\<Sum>x = a..b. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {a..b}"
3148 "\<Sum>x = a..<b. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {a..<b}"
3149 "\<Sum>x < k. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {..<k}"
3151 The latter form "\<Sum>x < k. e" used to be based on a separate
3152 function "Summation", which has been discontinued.
3154 * theory Finite_Set: in structured induction proofs, the insert case
3155 is now 'case (insert x F)' instead of the old counterintuitive 'case
3158 * The 'refute' command has been extended to support a much larger
3159 fragment of HOL, including axiomatic type classes, constdefs and
3160 typedefs, inductive datatypes and recursion.
3162 * New tactics 'sat' and 'satx' to prove propositional tautologies.
3163 Requires zChaff with proof generation to be installed. See
3164 HOL/ex/SAT_Examples.thy for examples.
3166 * Datatype induction via method 'induct' now preserves the name of the
3167 induction variable. For example, when proving P(xs::'a list) by
3168 induction on xs, the induction step is now P(xs) ==> P(a#xs) rather
3169 than P(list) ==> P(a#list) as previously. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY
3170 in unstructured proof scripts.
3172 * Reworked implementation of records. Improved scalability for
3173 records with many fields, avoiding performance problems for type
3174 inference. Records are no longer composed of nested field types, but
3175 of nested extension types. Therefore the record type only grows linear
3176 in the number of extensions and not in the number of fields. The
3177 top-level (users) view on records is preserved. Potential
3178 INCOMPATIBILITY only in strange cases, where the theory depends on the
3179 old record representation. The type generated for a record is called
3180 <record_name>_ext_type.
3182 Flag record_quick_and_dirty_sensitive can be enabled to skip the
3183 proofs triggered by a record definition or a simproc (if
3184 quick_and_dirty is enabled). Definitions of large records can take
3187 New simproc record_upd_simproc for simplification of multiple record
3188 updates enabled by default. Moreover, trivial updates are also
3189 removed: r(|x := x r|) = r. INCOMPATIBILITY: old proofs break
3190 occasionally, since simplification is more powerful by default.
3192 * typedef: proper support for polymorphic sets, which contain extra
3193 type-variables in the term.
3195 * Simplifier: automatically reasons about transitivity chains
3196 involving "trancl" (r^+) and "rtrancl" (r^*) by setting up tactics
3197 provided by Provers/trancl.ML as additional solvers. INCOMPATIBILITY:
3198 old proofs break occasionally as simplification may now solve more
3199 goals than previously.
3201 * Simplifier: converts x <= y into x = y if assumption y <= x is
3202 present. Works for all partial orders (class "order"), in particular
3203 numbers and sets. For linear orders (e.g. numbers) it treats ~ x < y
3206 * Simplifier: new simproc for "let x = a in f x". If a is a free or
3207 bound variable or a constant then the let is unfolded. Otherwise
3208 first a is simplified to b, and then f b is simplified to g. If
3209 possible we abstract b from g arriving at "let x = b in h x",
3210 otherwise we unfold the let and arrive at g. The simproc can be
3211 enabled/disabled by the reference use_let_simproc. Potential
3212 INCOMPATIBILITY since simplification is more powerful by default.
3214 * Classical reasoning: the meson method now accepts theorems as arguments.
3216 * Prover support: pre-release of the Isabelle-ATP linkup, which runs background
3217 jobs to provide advice on the provability of subgoals.
3219 * Theory OrderedGroup and Ring_and_Field: various additions and
3220 improvements to faciliate calculations involving equalities and
3223 The following theorems have been eliminated or modified
3226 abs_eq now named abs_of_nonneg
3227 abs_of_ge_0 now named abs_of_nonneg
3228 abs_minus_eq now named abs_of_nonpos
3229 imp_abs_id now named abs_of_nonneg
3230 imp_abs_neg_id now named abs_of_nonpos
3231 mult_pos now named mult_pos_pos
3232 mult_pos_le now named mult_nonneg_nonneg
3233 mult_pos_neg_le now named mult_nonneg_nonpos
3234 mult_pos_neg2_le now named mult_nonneg_nonpos2
3235 mult_neg now named mult_neg_neg
3236 mult_neg_le now named mult_nonpos_nonpos
3238 * The following lemmas in Ring_and_Field have been added to the simplifier:
3241 not_square_less_zero
3243 The following lemmas have been deleted from Real/RealPow:
3253 * Theory Parity: added rules for simplifying exponents.
3257 The following theorems have been eliminated or modified
3260 list_all_Nil now named list_all.simps(1)
3261 list_all_Cons now named list_all.simps(2)
3262 list_all_conv now named list_all_iff
3263 set_mem_eq now named mem_iff
3265 * Theories SetsAndFunctions and BigO (see HOL/Library) support
3266 asymptotic "big O" calculations. See the notes in BigO.thy.
3271 * Theory RealDef: better support for embedding natural numbers and
3272 integers in the reals.
3274 The following theorems have been eliminated or modified
3277 exp_ge_add_one_self now requires no hypotheses
3278 real_of_int_add reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric])
3279 real_of_int_minus reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric])
3280 real_of_int_diff reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric])
3281 real_of_int_mult reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric])
3283 * Theory RComplete: expanded support for floor and ceiling functions.
3285 * Theory Ln is new, with properties of the natural logarithm
3287 * Hyperreal: There is a new type constructor "star" for making
3288 nonstandard types. The old type names are now type synonyms:
3292 hcomplex = complex star
3294 * Hyperreal: Many groups of similarly-defined constants have been
3295 replaced by polymorphic versions (INCOMPATIBILITY):
3297 star_of <-- hypreal_of_real, hypnat_of_nat, hcomplex_of_complex
3299 starset <-- starsetNat, starsetC
3300 *s* <-- *sNat*, *sc*
3301 starset_n <-- starsetNat_n, starsetC_n
3302 *sn* <-- *sNatn*, *scn*
3303 InternalSets <-- InternalNatSets, InternalCSets
3305 starfun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}
3306 *f* <-- *fNat*, *fNat2*, *fc*, *fRc*, *fcR*
3307 starfun_n <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_n
3308 *fn* <-- *fNatn*, *fNat2n*, *fcn*, *fRcn*, *fcRn*
3309 InternalFuns <-- InternalNatFuns, InternalNatFuns2, Internal{C,RC,CR}Funs
3311 * Hyperreal: Many type-specific theorems have been removed in favor of
3312 theorems specific to various axiomatic type classes (INCOMPATIBILITY):
3314 add_commute <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_commute
3315 add_assoc <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_assocs
3316 OrderedGroup.add_0 <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_zero_left
3317 OrderedGroup.add_0_right <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_add_zero_right
3318 right_minus <-- hypreal_add_minus
3319 left_minus <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_add_minus_left
3320 mult_commute <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_mult_commute
3321 mult_assoc <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_mult_assoc
3322 mult_1_left <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_mult_1, hcomplex_mult_one_left
3323 mult_1_right <-- hcomplex_mult_one_right
3324 mult_zero_left <-- hcomplex_mult_zero_left
3325 left_distrib <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_mult_distrib
3326 right_distrib <-- hypnat_add_mult_distrib2
3327 zero_neq_one <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_zero_not_eq_one
3328 right_inverse <-- hypreal_mult_inverse
3329 left_inverse <-- hypreal_mult_inverse_left, hcomplex_mult_inv_left
3330 order_refl <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_refl
3331 order_trans <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_trans
3332 order_antisym <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_anti_sym
3333 order_less_le <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_less_le
3334 linorder_linear <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_linear
3335 add_left_mono <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_add_left_mono
3336 mult_strict_left_mono <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_mult_less_mono2
3337 add_nonneg_nonneg <-- hypreal_le_add_order
3339 * Hyperreal: Separate theorems having to do with type-specific
3340 versions of constants have been merged into theorems that apply to the
3341 new polymorphic constants (INCOMPATIBILITY):
3343 STAR_UNIV_set <-- {STAR_real,NatStar_real,STARC_complex}_set
3344 STAR_empty_set <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_empty_set
3345 STAR_Un <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_Un
3346 STAR_Int <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_Int
3347 STAR_Compl <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_Compl
3348 STAR_subset <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_subset
3349 STAR_mem <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_mem
3350 STAR_mem_Compl <-- {STAR,STARC}_mem_Compl
3351 STAR_diff <-- {STAR,STARC}_diff
3352 STAR_star_of_image_subset <-- {STAR_hypreal_of_real, NatStar_hypreal_of_real,
3353 STARC_hcomplex_of_complex}_image_subset
3354 starset_n_Un <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_Un
3355 starset_n_Int <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_Int
3356 starset_n_Compl <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_Compl
3357 starset_n_diff <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_diff
3358 InternalSets_Un <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_Un
3359 InternalSets_Int <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_Int
3360 InternalSets_Compl <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_Compl
3361 InternalSets_diff <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_diff
3362 InternalSets_UNIV_diff <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_UNIV_diff
3363 InternalSets_starset_n <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_starset{Nat,C}_n
3364 starset_starset_n_eq <-- starset{Nat,C}_starset{Nat,C}_n_eq
3365 starset_n_starset <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_starset{Nat,C}
3366 starfun_n_starfun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_n_starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}
3367 starfun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}
3368 starfun_mult <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_mult
3369 starfun_add <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_add
3370 starfun_minus <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_minus
3371 starfun_diff <-- starfun{C,RC,CR}_diff
3372 starfun_o <-- starfun{NatNat2,Nat2,_stafunNat,C,C_starfunRC,_starfunCR}_o
3373 starfun_o2 <-- starfun{NatNat2,_stafunNat,C,C_starfunRC,_starfunCR}_o2
3374 starfun_const_fun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_const_fun
3375 starfun_inverse <-- starfun{Nat,C,RC,CR}_inverse
3376 starfun_eq <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_eq
3377 starfun_eq_iff <-- starfun{C,RC,CR}_eq_iff
3378 starfun_Id <-- starfunC_Id
3379 starfun_approx <-- starfun{Nat,CR}_approx
3380 starfun_capprox <-- starfun{C,RC}_capprox
3381 starfun_abs <-- starfunNat_rabs
3382 starfun_lambda_cancel <-- starfun{C,CR,RC}_lambda_cancel
3383 starfun_lambda_cancel2 <-- starfun{C,CR,RC}_lambda_cancel2
3384 starfun_mult_HFinite_approx <-- starfunCR_mult_HFinite_capprox
3385 starfun_mult_CFinite_capprox <-- starfun{C,RC}_mult_CFinite_capprox
3386 starfun_add_capprox <-- starfun{C,RC}_add_capprox
3387 starfun_add_approx <-- starfunCR_add_approx
3388 starfun_inverse_inverse <-- starfunC_inverse_inverse
3389 starfun_divide <-- starfun{C,CR,RC}_divide
3390 starfun_n <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n
3391 starfun_n_mult <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_mult
3392 starfun_n_add <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_add
3393 starfun_n_add_minus <-- starfunNat_n_add_minus
3394 starfun_n_const_fun <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_const_fun
3395 starfun_n_minus <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_minus
3396 starfun_n_eq <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_eq
3398 star_n_add <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add
3399 star_n_minus <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_minus
3400 star_n_diff <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_diff
3401 star_n_mult <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_mult
3402 star_n_inverse <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_inverse
3403 star_n_le <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le
3404 star_n_less <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_less
3405 star_n_zero_num <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_zero_num
3406 star_n_one_num <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_one_num
3407 star_n_abs <-- hypreal_hrabs
3408 star_n_divide <-- hcomplex_divide
3410 star_of_add <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_add
3411 star_of_minus <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_minus
3412 star_of_diff <-- hypreal_of_real_diff
3413 star_of_mult <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_mult
3414 star_of_one <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_one
3415 star_of_zero <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_zero
3416 star_of_le <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat}_le_iff
3417 star_of_less <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat}_less_iff
3418 star_of_eq <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_eq_iff
3419 star_of_inverse <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_inverse
3420 star_of_divide <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_divide
3421 star_of_of_nat <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_of_nat
3422 star_of_of_int <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_of_int
3423 star_of_number_of <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_number_of
3424 star_of_number_less <-- number_of_less_hypreal_of_real_iff
3425 star_of_number_le <-- number_of_le_hypreal_of_real_iff
3426 star_of_eq_number <-- hypreal_of_real_eq_number_of_iff
3427 star_of_less_number <-- hypreal_of_real_less_number_of_iff
3428 star_of_le_number <-- hypreal_of_real_le_number_of_iff
3429 star_of_power <-- hypreal_of_real_power
3430 star_of_eq_0 <-- hcomplex_of_complex_zero_iff
3432 * Hyperreal: new method "transfer" that implements the transfer
3433 principle of nonstandard analysis. With a subgoal that mentions
3434 nonstandard types like "'a star", the command "apply transfer"
3435 replaces it with an equivalent one that mentions only standard types.
3436 To be successful, all free variables must have standard types; non-
3437 standard variables must have explicit universal quantifiers.
3439 * Hyperreal: A theory of Taylor series.
3444 * Discontinued special version of 'constdefs' (which used to support
3445 continuous functions) in favor of the general Pure one with full
3448 * New simplification procedure for solving continuity conditions; it
3449 is much faster on terms with many nested lambda abstractions (cubic
3450 instead of exponential time).
3452 * New syntax for domain package: selector names are now optional.
3453 Parentheses should be omitted unless argument is lazy, for example:
3455 domain 'a stream = cons "'a" (lazy "'a stream")
3457 * New command 'fixrec' for defining recursive functions with pattern
3458 matching; defining multiple functions with mutual recursion is also
3459 supported. Patterns may include the constants cpair, spair, up, sinl,
3460 sinr, or any data constructor defined by the domain package. The given
3461 equations are proven as rewrite rules. See HOLCF/ex/Fixrec_ex.thy for
3462 syntax and examples.
3464 * New commands 'cpodef' and 'pcpodef' for defining predicate subtypes
3465 of cpo and pcpo types. Syntax is exactly like the 'typedef' command,
3466 but the proof obligation additionally includes an admissibility
3467 requirement. The packages generate instances of class cpo or pcpo,
3468 with continuity and strictness theorems for Rep and Abs.
3470 * HOLCF: Many theorems have been renamed according to a more standard naming
3471 scheme (INCOMPATIBILITY):
3473 foo_inject: "foo$x = foo$y ==> x = y"
3474 foo_eq: "(foo$x = foo$y) = (x = y)"
3475 foo_less: "(foo$x << foo$y) = (x << y)"
3476 foo_strict: "foo$UU = UU"
3477 foo_defined: "... ==> foo$x ~= UU"
3478 foo_defined_iff: "(foo$x = UU) = (x = UU)"
3483 * ZF/ex: theories Group and Ring provide examples in abstract algebra,
3484 including the First Isomorphism Theorem (on quotienting by the kernel
3487 * ZF/Simplifier: install second copy of type solver that actually
3488 makes use of TC rules declared to Isar proof contexts (or locales);
3489 the old version is still required for ML proof scripts.
3494 * Converted to Isar theory format; use locales instead of axiomatic
3500 * Pure/library.ML: added ##>, ##>>, #>> -- higher-order counterparts
3503 * Pure/library.ML no longer defines its own option datatype, but uses
3504 that of the SML basis, which has constructors NONE and SOME instead of
3505 None and Some, as well as exception Option.Option instead of OPTION.
3506 The functions the, if_none, is_some, is_none have been adapted
3507 accordingly, while Option.map replaces apsome.
3509 * Pure/library.ML: the exception LIST has been given up in favour of
3510 the standard exceptions Empty and Subscript, as well as
3511 Library.UnequalLengths. Function like Library.hd and Library.tl are
3512 superceded by the standard hd and tl functions etc.
3514 A number of basic list functions are no longer exported to the ML
3515 toplevel, as they are variants of predefined functions. The following
3516 suggests how one can translate existing code:
3518 rev_append xs ys = List.revAppend (xs, ys)
3519 nth_elem (i, xs) = List.nth (xs, i)
3520 last_elem xs = List.last xs
3521 flat xss = List.concat xss
3522 seq fs = List.app fs
3523 partition P xs = List.partition P xs
3524 mapfilter f xs = List.mapPartial f xs
3526 * Pure/library.ML: several combinators for linear functional
3527 transformations, notably reverse application and composition:
3530 (x, y) |-> f f #-> g
3532 * Pure/library.ML: introduced/changed precedence of infix operators:
3534 infix 1 |> |-> ||> ||>> |>> |>>> #> #->;
3536 infix 3 o oo ooo oooo;
3537 infix 4 ~~ upto downto;
3539 Maybe INCOMPATIBILITY when any of those is used in conjunction with other
3542 * Pure/library.ML: natural list combinators fold, fold_rev, and
3543 fold_map support linear functional transformations and nesting. For
3546 fold f [x1, ..., xN] y =
3547 y |> f x1 |> ... |> f xN
3549 (fold o fold) f [xs1, ..., xsN] y =
3550 y |> fold f xs1 |> ... |> fold f xsN
3552 fold f [x1, ..., xN] =
3555 (fold o fold) f [xs1, ..., xsN] =
3556 fold f xs1 #> ... #> fold f xsN
3558 * Pure/library.ML: the following selectors on type 'a option are
3561 the: 'a option -> 'a (*partial*)
3562 these: 'a option -> 'a where 'a = 'b list
3563 the_default: 'a -> 'a option -> 'a
3564 the_list: 'a option -> 'a list
3566 * Pure/General: structure AList (cf. Pure/General/alist.ML) provides
3567 basic operations for association lists, following natural argument
3568 order; moreover the explicit equality predicate passed here avoids
3569 potentially expensive polymorphic runtime equality checks.
3570 The old functions may be expressed as follows:
3572 assoc = uncurry (AList.lookup (op =))
3573 assocs = these oo AList.lookup (op =)
3574 overwrite = uncurry (AList.update (op =)) o swap
3576 * Pure/General: structure AList (cf. Pure/General/alist.ML) provides
3578 val make: ('a -> 'b) -> 'a list -> ('a * 'b) list
3579 val find: ('a * 'b -> bool) -> ('c * 'b) list -> 'a -> 'c list
3581 replacing make_keylist and keyfilter (occassionally used)
3584 make_keylist = AList.make
3585 keyfilter = AList.find (op =)
3587 * eq_fst and eq_snd now take explicit equality parameter, thus
3588 avoiding eqtypes. Naive rewrites:
3590 eq_fst = eq_fst (op =)
3591 eq_snd = eq_snd (op =)
3593 * Removed deprecated apl and apr (rarely used).
3596 apl (n, op) =>>= curry op n
3597 apr (op, m) =>>= fn n => op (n, m)
3599 * Pure/General: structure OrdList (cf. Pure/General/ord_list.ML)
3600 provides a reasonably efficient light-weight implementation of sets as
3603 * Pure/General: generic tables (cf. Pure/General/table.ML) provide a
3604 few new operations; existing lookup and update are now curried to
3605 follow natural argument order (for use with fold etc.);
3606 INCOMPATIBILITY, use (uncurry Symtab.lookup) etc. as last resort.
3608 * Pure/General: output via the Isabelle channels of
3609 writeln/warning/error etc. is now passed through Output.output, with a
3610 hook for arbitrary transformations depending on the print_mode
3611 (cf. Output.add_mode -- the first active mode that provides a output
3612 function wins). Already formatted output may be embedded into further
3613 text via Output.raw; the result of Pretty.string_of/str_of and derived
3614 functions (string_of_term/cterm/thm etc.) is already marked raw to
3615 accommodate easy composition of diagnostic messages etc. Programmers
3616 rarely need to care about Output.output or Output.raw at all, with
3617 some notable exceptions: Output.output is required when bypassing the
3618 standard channels (writeln etc.), or in token translations to produce
3619 properly formatted results; Output.raw is required when capturing
3620 already output material that will eventually be presented to the user
3621 a second time. For the default print mode, both Output.output and
3622 Output.raw have no effect.
3624 * Pure/General: Output.time_accumulator NAME creates an operator ('a
3625 -> 'b) -> 'a -> 'b to measure runtime and count invocations; the
3626 cumulative results are displayed at the end of a batch session.
3628 * Pure/General: File.sysify_path and File.quote_sysify path have been
3629 replaced by File.platform_path and File.shell_path (with appropriate
3630 hooks). This provides a clean interface for unusual systems where the
3631 internal and external process view of file names are different.
3633 * Pure: more efficient orders for basic syntactic entities: added
3634 fast_string_ord, fast_indexname_ord, fast_term_ord; changed sort_ord
3635 and typ_ord to use fast_string_ord and fast_indexname_ord (term_ord is
3636 NOT affected); structures Symtab, Vartab, Typtab, Termtab use the fast
3637 orders now -- potential INCOMPATIBILITY for code that depends on a
3638 particular order for Symtab.keys, Symtab.dest, etc. (consider using
3639 Library.sort_strings on result).
3641 * Pure/term.ML: combinators fold_atyps, fold_aterms, fold_term_types,
3642 fold_types traverse types/terms from left to right, observing natural
3643 argument order. Supercedes previous foldl_XXX versions, add_frees,
3644 add_vars etc. have been adapted as well: INCOMPATIBILITY.
3646 * Pure: name spaces have been refined, with significant changes of the
3647 internal interfaces -- INCOMPATIBILITY. Renamed cond_extern(_table)
3648 to extern(_table). The plain name entry path is superceded by a
3649 general 'naming' context, which also includes the 'policy' to produce
3650 a fully qualified name and external accesses of a fully qualified
3651 name; NameSpace.extend is superceded by context dependent
3652 Sign.declare_name. Several theory and proof context operations modify
3653 the naming context. Especially note Theory.restore_naming and
3654 ProofContext.restore_naming to get back to a sane state; note that
3655 Theory.add_path is no longer sufficient to recover from
3656 Theory.absolute_path in particular.
3658 * Pure: new flags short_names (default false) and unique_names
3659 (default true) for controlling output of qualified names. If
3660 short_names is set, names are printed unqualified. If unique_names is
3661 reset, the name prefix is reduced to the minimum required to achieve
3662 the original result when interning again, even if there is an overlap
3663 with earlier declarations.
3665 * Pure/TheoryDataFun: change of the argument structure; 'prep_ext' is
3666 now 'extend', and 'merge' gets an additional Pretty.pp argument
3667 (useful for printing error messages). INCOMPATIBILITY.
3669 * Pure: major reorganization of the theory context. Type Sign.sg and
3670 Theory.theory are now identified, referring to the universal
3671 Context.theory (see Pure/context.ML). Actual signature and theory
3672 content is managed as theory data. The old code and interfaces were
3673 spread over many files and structures; the new arrangement introduces
3674 considerable INCOMPATIBILITY to gain more clarity:
3676 Context -- theory management operations (name, identity, inclusion,
3677 parents, ancestors, merge, etc.), plus generic theory data;
3679 Sign -- logical signature and syntax operations (declaring consts,
3680 types, etc.), plus certify/read for common entities;
3682 Theory -- logical theory operations (stating axioms, definitions,
3683 oracles), plus a copy of logical signature operations (consts,
3684 types, etc.); also a few basic management operations (Theory.copy,
3687 The most basic sign_of operations (Theory.sign_of, Thm.sign_of_thm
3688 etc.) as well as the sign field in Thm.rep_thm etc. have been retained
3689 for convenience -- they merely return the theory.
3691 * Pure: type Type.tsig is superceded by theory in most interfaces.
3693 * Pure: the Isar proof context type is already defined early in Pure
3694 as Context.proof (note that ProofContext.context and Proof.context are
3695 aliases, where the latter is the preferred name). This enables other
3696 Isabelle components to refer to that type even before Isar is present.
3698 * Pure/sign/theory: discontinued named name spaces (i.e. classK,
3699 typeK, constK, axiomK, oracleK), but provide explicit operations for
3700 any of these kinds. For example, Sign.intern typeK is now
3701 Sign.intern_type, Theory.hide_space Sign.typeK is now
3702 Theory.hide_types. Also note that former
3703 Theory.hide_classes/types/consts are now
3704 Theory.hide_classes_i/types_i/consts_i, while the non '_i' versions
3705 internalize their arguments! INCOMPATIBILITY.
3707 * Pure: get_thm interface (of PureThy and ProofContext) expects
3708 datatype thmref (with constructors Name and NameSelection) instead of
3709 plain string -- INCOMPATIBILITY;
3711 * Pure: cases produced by proof methods specify options, where NONE
3712 means to remove case bindings -- INCOMPATIBILITY in
3715 * Pure: the following operations retrieve axioms or theorems from a
3716 theory node or theory hierarchy, respectively:
3718 Theory.axioms_of: theory -> (string * term) list
3719 Theory.all_axioms_of: theory -> (string * term) list
3720 PureThy.thms_of: theory -> (string * thm) list
3721 PureThy.all_thms_of: theory -> (string * thm) list
3723 * Pure: print_tac now outputs the goal through the trace channel.
3725 * Isar toplevel: improved diagnostics, mostly for Poly/ML only.
3726 Reference Toplevel.debug (default false) controls detailed printing
3727 and tracing of low-level exceptions; Toplevel.profiling (default 0)
3728 controls execution profiling -- set to 1 for time and 2 for space
3729 (both increase the runtime).
3731 * Isar session: The initial use of ROOT.ML is now always timed,
3732 i.e. the log will show the actual process times, in contrast to the
3733 elapsed wall-clock time that the outer shell wrapper produces.
3735 * Simplifier: improved handling of bound variables (nameless
3736 representation, avoid allocating new strings). Simprocs that invoke
3737 the Simplifier recursively should use Simplifier.inherit_bounds to
3738 avoid local name clashes. Failure to do so produces warnings
3739 "Simplifier: renamed bound variable ..."; set Simplifier.debug_bounds
3740 for further details.
3742 * ML functions legacy_bindings and use_legacy_bindings produce ML fact
3743 bindings for all theorems stored within a given theory; this may help
3744 in porting non-Isar theories to Isar ones, while keeping ML proof
3745 scripts for the time being.
3747 * ML operator HTML.with_charset specifies the charset begin used for
3748 generated HTML files. For example:
3750 HTML.with_charset "utf-8" use_thy "Hebrew";
3751 HTML.with_charset "utf-8" use_thy "Chinese";
3756 * Allow symlinks to all proper Isabelle executables (Isabelle,
3757 isabelle, isatool etc.).
3759 * ISABELLE_DOC_FORMAT setting specifies preferred document format (for
3760 isatool doc, isatool mkdir, display_drafts etc.).
3762 * isatool usedir: option -f allows specification of the ML file to be
3763 used by Isabelle; default is ROOT.ML.
3765 * New isatool version outputs the version identifier of the Isabelle
3766 distribution being used.
3768 * HOL: new isatool dimacs2hol converts files in DIMACS CNF format
3769 (containing Boolean satisfiability problems) into Isabelle/HOL
3774 New in Isabelle2004 (April 2004)
3775 --------------------------------
3779 * Provers/order.ML: new efficient reasoner for partial and linear orders.
3780 Replaces linorder.ML.
3782 * Pure: Greek letters (except small lambda, \<lambda>), as well as Gothic
3783 (\<aa>...\<zz>\<AA>...\<ZZ>), calligraphic (\<A>...\<Z>), and Euler
3784 (\<a>...\<z>), are now considered normal letters, and can therefore
3785 be used anywhere where an ASCII letter (a...zA...Z) has until
3786 now. COMPATIBILITY: This obviously changes the parsing of some
3787 terms, especially where a symbol has been used as a binder, say
3788 '\<Pi>x. ...', which is now a type error since \<Pi>x will be parsed
3789 as an identifier. Fix it by inserting a space around former
3790 symbols. Call 'isatool fixgreek' to try to fix parsing errors in
3791 existing theory and ML files.
3793 * Pure: Macintosh and Windows line-breaks are now allowed in theory files.
3795 * Pure: single letter sub/superscripts (\<^isub> and \<^isup>) are now
3796 allowed in identifiers. Similar to Greek letters \<^isub> is now considered
3797 a normal (but invisible) letter. For multiple letter subscripts repeat
3798 \<^isub> like this: x\<^isub>1\<^isub>2.
3800 * Pure: There are now sub-/superscripts that can span more than one
3801 character. Text between \<^bsub> and \<^esub> is set in subscript in
3802 ProofGeneral and LaTeX, text between \<^bsup> and \<^esup> in
3803 superscript. The new control characters are not identifier parts.
3805 * Pure: Control-symbols of the form \<^raw:...> will literally print the
3806 content of "..." to the latex file instead of \isacntrl... . The "..."
3807 may consist of any printable characters excluding the end bracket >.
3809 * Pure: Using new Isar command "finalconsts" (or the ML functions
3810 Theory.add_finals or Theory.add_finals_i) it is now possible to
3811 declare constants "final", which prevents their being given a definition
3812 later. It is useful for constants whose behaviour is fixed axiomatically
3813 rather than definitionally, such as the meta-logic connectives.
3815 * Pure: 'instance' now handles general arities with general sorts
3816 (i.e. intersections of classes),
3818 * Presentation: generated HTML now uses a CSS style sheet to make layout
3819 (somewhat) independent of content. It is copied from lib/html/isabelle.css.
3820 It can be changed to alter the colors/layout of generated pages.
3825 * Tactic emulation methods rule_tac, erule_tac, drule_tac, frule_tac,
3826 cut_tac, subgoal_tac and thin_tac:
3827 - Now understand static (Isar) contexts. As a consequence, users of Isar
3828 locales are no longer forced to write Isar proof scripts.
3829 For details see Isar Reference Manual, paragraph 4.3.2: Further tactic
3831 - INCOMPATIBILITY: names of variables to be instantiated may no
3832 longer be enclosed in quotes. Instead, precede variable name with `?'.
3833 This is consistent with the instantiation attribute "where".
3835 * Attributes "where" and "of":
3836 - Now take type variables of instantiated theorem into account when reading
3837 the instantiation string. This fixes a bug that caused instantiated
3838 theorems to have too special types in some circumstances.
3839 - "where" permits explicit instantiations of type variables.
3841 * Calculation commands "moreover" and "also" no longer interfere with
3842 current facts ("this"), admitting arbitrary combinations with "then"
3846 - Goal statements involving the context element "includes" no longer
3847 generate theorems with internal delta predicates (those ending on
3848 "_axioms") in the premise.
3849 Resolve particular premise with <locale>.intro to obtain old form.
3850 - Fixed bug in type inference ("unify_frozen") that prevented mix of target
3851 specification and "includes" elements in goal statement.
3852 - Rule sets <locale>.intro and <locale>.axioms no longer declared as
3853 [intro?] and [elim?] (respectively) by default.
3854 - Experimental command for instantiation of locales in proof contexts:
3855 instantiate <label>[<attrs>]: <loc>
3856 Instantiates locale <loc> and adds all its theorems to the current context
3857 taking into account their attributes. Label and attrs are optional
3858 modifiers, like in theorem declarations. If present, names of
3859 instantiated theorems are qualified with <label>, and the attributes
3860 <attrs> are applied after any attributes these theorems might have already.
3861 If the locale has assumptions, a chained fact of the form
3862 "<loc> t1 ... tn" is expected from which instantiations of the parameters
3863 are derived. The command does not support old-style locales declared
3864 with "locale (open)".
3865 A few (very simple) examples can be found in FOL/ex/LocaleInst.thy.
3867 * HOL: Tactic emulation methods induct_tac and case_tac understand static
3873 * Proof import: new image HOL4 contains the imported library from
3874 the HOL4 system with about 2500 theorems. It is imported by
3875 replaying proof terms produced by HOL4 in Isabelle. The HOL4 image
3876 can be used like any other Isabelle image. See
3877 HOL/Import/HOL/README for more information.
3880 - Much improved handling of linear and partial orders.
3881 Reasoners for linear and partial orders are set up for type classes
3882 "linorder" and "order" respectively, and are added to the default simpset
3883 as solvers. This means that the simplifier can build transitivity chains
3884 to solve goals from the assumptions.
3885 - INCOMPATIBILITY: old proofs break occasionally. Typically, applications
3886 of blast or auto after simplification become unnecessary because the goal
3887 is solved by simplification already.
3889 * Numerics: new theory Ring_and_Field contains over 250 basic numerical laws,
3890 all proved in axiomatic type classes for semirings, rings and fields.
3893 - Numeric types (nat, int, and in HOL-Complex rat, real, complex, etc.) are
3894 now formalized using the Ring_and_Field theory mentioned above.
3895 - INCOMPATIBILITY: simplification and arithmetic behaves somewhat differently
3896 than before, because now they are set up once in a generic manner.
3897 - INCOMPATIBILITY: many type-specific arithmetic laws have gone.
3898 Look for the general versions in Ring_and_Field (and Power if they concern
3901 * Type "rat" of the rational numbers is now available in HOL-Complex.
3904 - Record types are now by default printed with their type abbreviation
3905 instead of the list of all field types. This can be configured via
3906 the reference "print_record_type_abbr".
3907 - Simproc "record_upd_simproc" for simplification of multiple updates added
3908 (not enabled by default).
3909 - Simproc "record_ex_sel_eq_simproc" to simplify EX x. sel r = x resp.
3910 EX x. x = sel r to True (not enabled by default).
3911 - Tactic "record_split_simp_tac" to split and simplify records added.
3913 * 'specification' command added, allowing for definition by
3914 specification. There is also an 'ax_specification' command that
3915 introduces the new constants axiomatically.
3917 * arith(_tac) is now able to generate counterexamples for reals as well.
3919 * HOL-Algebra: new locale "ring" for non-commutative rings.
3921 * HOL-ex: InductiveInvariant_examples illustrates advanced recursive function
3922 definitions, thanks to Sava Krsti\'{c} and John Matthews.
3924 * HOL-Matrix: a first theory for matrices in HOL with an application of
3925 matrix theory to linear programming.
3927 * Unions and Intersections:
3928 The latex output syntax of UN and INT has been changed
3929 from "\Union x \in A. B" to "\Union_{x \in A} B"
3930 i.e. the index formulae has become a subscript.
3931 Similarly for "\Union x. B", and for \Inter instead of \Union.
3933 * Unions and Intersections over Intervals:
3934 There is new short syntax "UN i<=n. A" for "UN i:{0..n}. A". There is
3935 also an x-symbol version with subscripts "\<Union>\<^bsub>i <= n\<^esub>. A"
3936 like in normal math, and corresponding versions for < and for intersection.
3938 * HOL/List: Ordering "lexico" is renamed "lenlex" and the standard
3939 lexicographic dictonary ordering has been added as "lexord".
3941 * ML: the legacy theory structures Int and List have been removed. They had
3942 conflicted with ML Basis Library structures having the same names.
3944 * 'refute' command added to search for (finite) countermodels. Only works
3945 for a fragment of HOL. The installation of an external SAT solver is
3946 highly recommended. See "HOL/Refute.thy" for details.
3948 * 'quickcheck' command: Allows to find counterexamples by evaluating
3949 formulae under an assignment of free variables to random values.
3950 In contrast to 'refute', it can deal with inductive datatypes,
3951 but cannot handle quantifiers. See "HOL/ex/Quickcheck_Examples.thy"
3957 * Streams now come with concatenation and are part of the HOLCF image
3961 New in Isabelle2003 (May 2003)
3962 ------------------------------
3966 * Provers/simplifier:
3968 - Completely reimplemented method simp (ML: Asm_full_simp_tac):
3969 Assumptions are now subject to complete mutual simplification,
3970 not just from left to right. The simplifier now preserves
3971 the order of assumptions.
3973 Potential INCOMPATIBILITY:
3975 -- simp sometimes diverges where the old version did
3976 not, e.g. invoking simp on the goal
3978 [| P (f x); y = x; f x = f y |] ==> Q
3980 now gives rise to the infinite reduction sequence
3982 P(f x) --(f x = f y)--> P(f y) --(y = x)--> P(f x) --(f x = f y)--> ...
3984 Using "simp (asm_lr)" (ML: Asm_lr_simp_tac) instead often solves this
3987 -- Tactics combining classical reasoner and simplification (such as auto)
3988 are also affected by this change, because many of them rely on
3989 simp. They may sometimes diverge as well or yield a different numbers
3990 of subgoals. Try to use e.g. force, fastsimp, or safe instead of auto
3991 in case of problems. Sometimes subsequent calls to the classical
3992 reasoner will fail because a preceeding call to the simplifier too
3993 eagerly simplified the goal, e.g. deleted redundant premises.
3995 - The simplifier trace now shows the names of the applied rewrite rules
3997 - You can limit the number of recursive invocations of the simplifier
3998 during conditional rewriting (where the simplifie tries to solve the
3999 conditions before applying the rewrite rule):
4000 ML "simp_depth_limit := n"
4001 where n is an integer. Thus you can force termination where previously
4002 the simplifier would diverge.
4004 - Accepts free variables as head terms in congruence rules. Useful in Isar.
4006 - No longer aborts on failed congruence proof. Instead, the
4007 congruence is ignored.
4009 * Pure: New generic framework for extracting programs from constructive
4010 proofs. See HOL/Extraction.thy for an example instantiation, as well
4011 as HOL/Extraction for some case studies.
4013 * Pure: The main goal of the proof state is no longer shown by default, only
4014 the subgoals. This behaviour is controlled by a new flag.
4015 PG menu: Isabelle/Isar -> Settings -> Show Main Goal
4016 (ML: Proof.show_main_goal).
4018 * Pure: You can find all matching introduction rules for subgoal 1, i.e. all
4019 rules whose conclusion matches subgoal 1:
4020 PG menu: Isabelle/Isar -> Show me -> matching rules
4021 The rules are ordered by how closely they match the subgoal.
4022 In particular, rules that solve a subgoal outright are displayed first
4023 (or rather last, the way they are printed).
4024 (ML: ProofGeneral.print_intros())
4026 * Pure: New flag trace_unify_fail causes unification to print
4027 diagnostic information (PG: in trace buffer) when it fails. This is
4028 useful for figuring out why single step proofs like rule, erule or
4031 * Pure: Locale specifications now produce predicate definitions
4032 according to the body of text (covering assumptions modulo local
4033 definitions); predicate "loc_axioms" covers newly introduced text,
4034 while "loc" is cumulative wrt. all included locale expressions; the
4035 latter view is presented only on export into the global theory
4036 context; potential INCOMPATIBILITY, use "(open)" option to fall back
4037 on the old view without predicates;
4039 * Pure: predefined locales "var" and "struct" are useful for sharing
4040 parameters (as in CASL, for example); just specify something like
4041 ``var x + var y + struct M'' as import;
4043 * Pure: improved thms_containing: proper indexing of facts instead of
4044 raw theorems; check validity of results wrt. current name space;
4045 include local facts of proof configuration (also covers active
4046 locales), cover fixed variables in index; may use "_" in term
4047 specification; an optional limit for the number of printed facts may
4048 be given (the default is 40);
4050 * Pure: disallow duplicate fact bindings within new-style theory files
4053 * Provers: improved induct method: assumptions introduced by case
4054 "foo" are split into "foo.hyps" (from the rule) and "foo.prems" (from
4055 the goal statement); "foo" still refers to all facts collectively;
4057 * Provers: the function blast.overloaded has been removed: all constants
4058 are regarded as potentially overloaded, which improves robustness in exchange
4059 for slight decrease in efficiency;
4061 * Provers/linorder: New generic prover for transitivity reasoning over
4062 linear orders. Note: this prover is not efficient!
4064 * Isar: preview of problems to finish 'show' now produce an error
4065 rather than just a warning (in interactive mode);
4072 - Produces a counter example if it cannot prove a goal.
4073 Note that the counter example may be spurious if the goal is not a formula
4074 of quantifier-free linear arithmetic.
4075 In ProofGeneral the counter example appears in the trace buffer.
4077 - Knows about div k and mod k where k is a numeral of type nat or int.
4079 - Calls full Presburger arithmetic (by Amine Chaieb) if quantifier-free
4080 linear arithmetic fails. This takes account of quantifiers and divisibility.
4081 Presburger arithmetic can also be called explicitly via presburger(_tac).
4083 * simp's arithmetic capabilities have been enhanced a bit: it now
4084 takes ~= in premises into account (by performing a case split);
4086 * simp reduces "m*(n div m) + n mod m" to n, even if the two summands
4087 are distributed over a sum of terms;
4089 * New tactic "trans_tac" and method "trans" instantiate
4090 Provers/linorder.ML for axclasses "order" and "linorder" (predicates
4093 * function INCOMPATIBILITIES: Pi-sets have been redefined and moved from main
4094 HOL to Library/FuncSet; constant "Fun.op o" is now called "Fun.comp";
4096 * 'typedef' command has new option "open" to suppress the set
4099 * functions Min and Max on finite sets have been introduced (theory
4102 * attribute [symmetric] now works for relations as well; it turns
4103 (x,y) : R^-1 into (y,x) : R, and vice versa;
4105 * induct over a !!-quantified statement (say !!x1..xn):
4106 each "case" automatically performs "fix x1 .. xn" with exactly those names.
4108 * Map: `empty' is no longer a constant but a syntactic abbreviation for
4109 %x. None. Warning: empty_def now refers to the previously hidden definition
4112 * Algebra: formalization of classical algebra. Intended as base for
4113 any algebraic development in Isabelle. Currently covers group theory
4114 (up to Sylow's theorem) and ring theory (Universal Property of
4115 Univariate Polynomials). Contributions welcome;
4117 * GroupTheory: deleted, since its material has been moved to Algebra;
4119 * Complex: new directory of the complex numbers with numeric constants,
4120 nonstandard complex numbers, and some complex analysis, standard and
4121 nonstandard (Jacques Fleuriot);
4123 * HOL-Complex: new image for analysis, replacing HOL-Real and HOL-Hyperreal;
4125 * Hyperreal: introduced Gauge integration and hyperreal logarithms (Jacques
4128 * Real/HahnBanach: updated and adapted to locales;
4130 * NumberTheory: added Gauss's law of quadratic reciprocity (by Avigad,
4133 * UNITY: added the Meier-Sanders theory of progress sets;
4135 * MicroJava: bytecode verifier and lightweight bytecode verifier
4136 as abstract algorithms, instantiated to the JVM;
4138 * Bali: Java source language formalization. Type system, operational
4139 semantics, axiomatic semantics. Supported language features:
4140 classes, interfaces, objects,virtual methods, static methods,
4141 static/instance fields, arrays, access modifiers, definite
4142 assignment, exceptions.
4147 * ZF/Constructible: consistency proof for AC (Gdel's constructible
4150 * Main ZF: virtually all theories converted to new-style format;
4155 * Pure: Tactic.prove provides sane interface for internal proofs;
4156 omits the infamous "standard" operation, so this is more appropriate
4157 than prove_goalw_cterm in many situations (e.g. in simprocs);
4159 * Pure: improved error reporting of simprocs;
4161 * Provers: Simplifier.simproc(_i) provides sane interface for setting
4165 *** Document preparation ***
4167 * uses \par instead of \\ for line breaks in theory text. This may
4168 shift some page breaks in large documents. To get the old behaviour
4169 use \renewcommand{\isanewline}{\mbox{}\\\mbox{}} in root.tex.
4171 * minimized dependencies of isabelle.sty and isabellesym.sty on
4174 * \<euro> now needs package babel/greek instead of marvosym (which
4177 * normal size for \<zero>...\<nine> (uses \mathbf instead of
4182 New in Isabelle2002 (March 2002)
4183 --------------------------------
4185 *** Document preparation ***
4187 * greatly simplified document preparation setup, including more
4188 graceful interpretation of isatool usedir -i/-d/-D options, and more
4189 instructive isatool mkdir; users should basically be able to get
4190 started with "isatool mkdir HOL Test && isatool make"; alternatively,
4191 users may run a separate document processing stage manually like this:
4192 "isatool usedir -D output HOL Test && isatool document Test/output";
4194 * theory dependency graph may now be incorporated into documents;
4195 isatool usedir -g true will produce session_graph.eps/.pdf for use
4196 with \includegraphics of LaTeX;
4198 * proper spacing of consecutive markup elements, especially text
4199 blocks after section headings;
4201 * support bold style (for single symbols only), input syntax is like
4202 this: "\<^bold>\<alpha>" or "\<^bold>A";
4204 * \<bullet> is now output as bold \cdot by default, which looks much
4205 better in printed text;
4207 * added default LaTeX bindings for \<tturnstile> and \<TTurnstile>;
4208 note that these symbols are currently unavailable in Proof General /
4209 X-Symbol; new symbols \<zero>, \<one>, ..., \<nine>, and \<euro>;
4211 * isatool latex no longer depends on changed TEXINPUTS, instead
4212 isatool document copies the Isabelle style files to the target
4218 * Pure/Provers: improved proof by cases and induction;
4219 - 'case' command admits impromptu naming of parameters (such as
4221 - 'induct' method divinates rule instantiation from the inductive
4222 claim; no longer requires excessive ?P bindings for proper
4223 instantiation of cases;
4224 - 'induct' method properly enumerates all possibilities of set/type
4225 rules; as a consequence facts may be also passed through *type*
4226 rules without further ado;
4227 - 'induct' method now derives symbolic cases from the *rulified*
4228 rule (before it used to rulify cases stemming from the internal
4229 atomized version); this means that the context of a non-atomic
4230 statement becomes is included in the hypothesis, avoiding the
4231 slightly cumbersome show "PROP ?case" form;
4232 - 'induct' may now use elim-style induction rules without chaining
4233 facts, using ``missing'' premises from the goal state; this allows
4234 rules stemming from inductive sets to be applied in unstructured
4235 scripts, while still benefitting from proper handling of non-atomic
4236 statements; NB: major inductive premises need to be put first, all
4237 the rest of the goal is passed through the induction;
4238 - 'induct' proper support for mutual induction involving non-atomic
4239 rule statements (uses the new concept of simultaneous goals, see
4241 - append all possible rule selections, but only use the first
4242 success (no backtracking);
4243 - removed obsolete "(simplified)" and "(stripped)" options of methods;
4244 - undeclared rule case names default to numbers 1, 2, 3, ...;
4245 - added 'print_induct_rules' (covered by help item in recent Proof
4247 - moved induct/cases attributes to Pure, methods to Provers;
4248 - generic method setup instantiated for FOL and HOL;
4250 * Pure: support multiple simultaneous goal statements, for example
4251 "have a: A and b: B" (same for 'theorem' etc.); being a pure
4252 meta-level mechanism, this acts as if several individual goals had
4253 been stated separately; in particular common proof methods need to be
4254 repeated in order to cover all claims; note that a single elimination
4255 step is *not* sufficient to establish the two conjunctions, so this
4258 assume "A & B" then have A and B .. (*".." fails*)
4260 better use "obtain" in situations as above; alternative refer to
4261 multi-step methods like 'auto', 'simp_all', 'blast+' etc.;
4263 * Pure: proper integration with ``locales''; unlike the original
4264 version by Florian Kammller, Isar locales package high-level proof
4265 contexts rather than raw logical ones (e.g. we admit to include
4266 attributes everywhere); operations on locales include merge and
4267 rename; support for implicit arguments (``structures''); simultaneous
4268 type-inference over imports and text; see also HOL/ex/Locales.thy for
4271 * Pure: the following commands have been ``localized'', supporting a
4272 target locale specification "(in name)": 'lemma', 'theorem',
4273 'corollary', 'lemmas', 'theorems', 'declare'; the results will be
4274 stored both within the locale and at the theory level (exported and
4275 qualified by the locale name);
4277 * Pure: theory goals may now be specified in ``long'' form, with
4278 ad-hoc contexts consisting of arbitrary locale elements. for example
4279 ``lemma foo: fixes x assumes "A x" shows "B x"'' (local syntax and
4280 definitions may be given, too); the result is a meta-level rule with
4281 the context elements being discharged in the obvious way;
4283 * Pure: new proof command 'using' allows to augment currently used
4284 facts after a goal statement ('using' is syntactically analogous to
4285 'apply', but acts on the goal's facts only); this allows chained facts
4286 to be separated into parts given before and after a claim, as in
4287 ``from a and b have C using d and e <proof>'';
4289 * Pure: renamed "antecedent" case to "rule_context";
4291 * Pure: new 'judgment' command records explicit information about the
4292 object-logic embedding (used by several tools internally); no longer
4293 use hard-wired "Trueprop";
4295 * Pure: added 'corollary' command;
4297 * Pure: fixed 'token_translation' command;
4299 * Pure: removed obsolete 'exported' attribute;
4301 * Pure: dummy pattern "_" in is/let is now automatically lifted over
4302 bound variables: "ALL x. P x --> Q x" (is "ALL x. _ --> ?C x")
4303 supersedes more cumbersome ... (is "ALL x. _ x --> ?C x");
4305 * Pure: method 'atomize' presents local goal premises as object-level
4306 statements (atomic meta-level propositions); setup controlled via
4307 rewrite rules declarations of 'atomize' attribute; example
4308 application: 'induct' method with proper rule statements in improper
4311 * Pure: emulation of instantiation tactics (rule_tac, cut_tac, etc.)
4312 now consider the syntactic context of assumptions, giving a better
4313 chance to get type-inference of the arguments right (this is
4314 especially important for locales);
4316 * Pure: "sorry" no longer requires quick_and_dirty in interactive
4319 * Pure/obtain: the formal conclusion "thesis", being marked as
4320 ``internal'', may no longer be reference directly in the text;
4321 potential INCOMPATIBILITY, may need to use "?thesis" in rare
4324 * Pure: generic 'sym' attribute which declares a rule both as pure
4325 'elim?' and for the 'symmetric' operation;
4327 * Pure: marginal comments ``--'' may now occur just anywhere in the
4328 text; the fixed correlation with particular command syntax has been
4331 * Pure: new method 'rules' is particularly well-suited for proof
4332 search in intuitionistic logic; a bit slower than 'blast' or 'fast',
4333 but often produces more compact proof terms with less detours;
4335 * Pure/Provers/classical: simplified integration with pure rule
4336 attributes and methods; the classical "intro?/elim?/dest?"
4337 declarations coincide with the pure ones; the "rule" method no longer
4338 includes classically swapped intros; "intro" and "elim" methods no
4339 longer pick rules from the context; also got rid of ML declarations
4340 AddXIs/AddXEs/AddXDs; all of this has some potential for
4343 * Provers/classical: attribute 'swapped' produces classical inversions
4344 of introduction rules;
4346 * Provers/simplifier: 'simplified' attribute may refer to explicit
4347 rules instead of full simplifier context; 'iff' attribute handles
4350 * HOL: 'typedef' now allows alternative names for Rep/Abs morphisms;
4352 * HOL: 'recdef' now fails on unfinished automated proofs, use
4353 "(permissive)" option to recover old behavior;
4355 * HOL: 'inductive' no longer features separate (collective) attributes
4356 for 'intros' (was found too confusing);
4358 * HOL: properly declared induction rules less_induct and
4364 * HOL: moved over to sane numeral syntax; the new policy is as
4367 - 0 and 1 are polymorphic constants, which are defined on any
4368 numeric type (nat, int, real etc.);
4370 - 2, 3, 4, ... and -1, -2, -3, ... are polymorphic numerals, based
4371 binary representation internally;
4373 - type nat has special constructor Suc, and generally prefers Suc 0
4374 over 1::nat and Suc (Suc 0) over 2::nat;
4376 This change may cause significant problems of INCOMPATIBILITY; here
4377 are some hints on converting existing sources:
4379 - due to the new "num" token, "-0" and "-1" etc. are now atomic
4380 entities, so expressions involving "-" (unary or binary minus) need
4381 to be spaced properly;
4383 - existing occurrences of "1" may need to be constraint "1::nat" or
4384 even replaced by Suc 0; similar for old "2";
4386 - replace "#nnn" by "nnn", and "#-nnn" by "-nnn";
4388 - remove all special provisions on numerals in proofs;
4390 * HOL: simp rules nat_number expand numerals on nat to Suc/0
4391 representation (depends on bin_arith_simps in the default context);
4393 * HOL: symbolic syntax for x^2 (numeral 2);
4395 * HOL: the class of all HOL types is now called "type" rather than
4396 "term"; INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt references to this type class
4397 in axclass/classes, instance/arities, and (usually rare) occurrences
4398 in typings (of consts etc.); internally the class is called
4399 "HOL.type", ML programs should refer to HOLogic.typeS;
4401 * HOL/record package improvements:
4402 - new derived operations "fields" to build a partial record section,
4403 "extend" to promote a fixed record to a record scheme, and
4404 "truncate" for the reverse; cf. theorems "xxx.defs", which are *not*
4405 declared as simp by default;
4406 - shared operations ("more", "fields", etc.) now need to be always
4407 qualified) --- potential INCOMPATIBILITY;
4408 - removed "make_scheme" operations (use "make" with "extend") --
4410 - removed "more" class (simply use "term") -- INCOMPATIBILITY;
4411 - provides cases/induct rules for use with corresponding Isar
4412 methods (for concrete records, record schemes, concrete more
4413 parts, and schematic more parts -- in that order);
4414 - internal definitions directly based on a light-weight abstract
4415 theory of product types over typedef rather than datatype;
4417 * HOL: generic code generator for generating executable ML code from
4418 specifications; specific support for HOL constructs such as inductive
4419 datatypes and sets, as well as recursive functions; can be invoked
4420 via 'generate_code' theory section;
4422 * HOL: canonical cases/induct rules for n-tuples (n = 3..7);
4424 * HOL: consolidated and renamed several theories. In particular:
4425 Ord.thy has been absorbed into HOL.thy
4426 String.thy has been absorbed into List.thy
4428 * HOL: concrete setsum syntax "\<Sum>i:A. b" == "setsum (%i. b) A"
4429 (beware of argument permutation!);
4431 * HOL: linorder_less_split superseded by linorder_cases;
4433 * HOL/List: "nodups" renamed to "distinct";
4435 * HOL: added "The" definite description operator; move Hilbert's "Eps"
4436 to peripheral theory "Hilbert_Choice"; some INCOMPATIBILITIES:
4437 - Ex_def has changed, now need to use some_eq_ex
4439 * HOL: made split_all_tac safe; EXISTING PROOFS MAY FAIL OR LOOP, so
4440 in this (rare) case use:
4442 delSWrapper "split_all_tac"
4443 addSbefore ("unsafe_split_all_tac", unsafe_split_all_tac)
4445 * HOL: added safe wrapper "split_conv_tac" to claset; EXISTING PROOFS
4448 * HOL: introduced f^n = f o ... o f; warning: due to the limits of
4449 Isabelle's type classes, ^ on functions and relations has too general
4450 a domain, namely ('a * 'b) set and 'a => 'b; this means that it may be
4451 necessary to attach explicit type constraints;
4453 * HOL/Relation: the prefix name of the infix "O" has been changed from
4454 "comp" to "rel_comp"; INCOMPATIBILITY: a few theorems have been
4455 renamed accordingly (eg "compI" -> "rel_compI").
4457 * HOL: syntax translations now work properly with numerals and records
4460 * HOL: bounded abstraction now uses syntax "%" / "\<lambda>" instead
4461 of "lam" -- INCOMPATIBILITY;
4463 * HOL: got rid of some global declarations (potential INCOMPATIBILITY
4464 for ML tools): const "()" renamed "Product_Type.Unity", type "unit"
4465 renamed "Product_Type.unit";
4467 * HOL: renamed rtrancl_into_rtrancl2 to converse_rtrancl_into_rtrancl
4469 * HOL: removed obsolete theorem "optionE" (use "option.exhaust", or
4470 the "cases" method);
4472 * HOL/GroupTheory: group theory examples including Sylow's theorem (by
4475 * HOL/IMP: updated and converted to new-style theory format; several
4476 parts turned into readable document, with proper Isar proof texts and
4477 some explanations (by Gerwin Klein);
4479 * HOL-Real: added Complex_Numbers (by Gertrud Bauer);
4481 * HOL-Hyperreal is now a logic image;
4486 * Isar: consts/constdefs supports mixfix syntax for continuous
4489 * Isar: domain package adapted to new-style theory format, e.g. see
4492 * theory Lift: proper use of rep_datatype lift instead of ML hacks --
4493 potential INCOMPATIBILITY; now use plain induct_tac instead of former
4494 lift.induct_tac, always use UU instead of Undef;
4496 * HOLCF/IMP: updated and converted to new-style theory;
4501 * Isar: proper integration of logic-specific tools and packages,
4502 including theory commands '(co)inductive', '(co)datatype',
4503 'rep_datatype', 'inductive_cases', as well as methods 'ind_cases',
4504 'induct_tac', 'case_tac', and 'typecheck' (with attribute 'TC');
4506 * theory Main no longer includes AC; for the Axiom of Choice, base
4507 your theory on Main_ZFC;
4509 * the integer library now covers quotients and remainders, with many
4510 laws relating division to addition, multiplication, etc.;
4512 * ZF/UNITY: Chandy and Misra's UNITY is now available in ZF, giving a
4513 typeless version of the formalism;
4515 * ZF/AC, Coind, IMP, Resid: updated and converted to new-style theory
4518 * ZF/Induct: new directory for examples of inductive definitions,
4519 including theory Multiset for multiset orderings; converted to
4520 new-style theory format;
4522 * ZF: many new theorems about lists, ordinals, etc.;
4527 * Pure/kernel: meta-level proof terms (by Stefan Berghofer); reference
4528 variable proof controls level of detail: 0 = no proofs (only oracle
4529 dependencies), 1 = lemma dependencies, 2 = compact proof terms; see
4530 also ref manual for further ML interfaces;
4532 * Pure/axclass: removed obsolete ML interface
4533 goal_subclass/goal_arity;
4535 * Pure/syntax: new token syntax "num" for plain numerals (without "#"
4536 of "xnum"); potential INCOMPATIBILITY, since -0, -1 etc. are now
4537 separate tokens, so expressions involving minus need to be spaced
4540 * Pure/syntax: support non-oriented infixes, using keyword "infix"
4541 rather than "infixl" or "infixr";
4543 * Pure/syntax: concrete syntax for dummy type variables admits genuine
4544 sort constraint specifications in type inference; e.g. "x::_::foo"
4545 ensures that the type of "x" is of sort "foo" (but not necessarily a
4548 * Pure/syntax: print modes "type_brackets" and "no_type_brackets"
4549 control output of nested => (types); the default behavior is
4552 * Pure/syntax: builtin parse translation for "_constify" turns valued
4553 tokens into AST constants;
4555 * Pure/syntax: prefer later declarations of translations and print
4556 translation functions; potential INCOMPATIBILITY: need to reverse
4557 multiple declarations for same syntax element constant;
4559 * Pure/show_hyps reset by default (in accordance to existing Isar
4562 * Provers/classical: renamed addaltern to addafter, addSaltern to
4565 * Provers/clasimp: ``iff'' declarations now handle conditional rules
4568 * system: tested support for MacOS X; should be able to get Isabelle +
4569 Proof General to work in a plain Terminal after installing Poly/ML
4570 (e.g. from the Isabelle distribution area) and GNU bash alone
4571 (e.g. from http://www.apple.com); full X11, XEmacs and X-Symbol
4572 support requires further installations, e.g. from
4573 http://fink.sourceforge.net/);
4575 * system: support Poly/ML 4.1.1 (able to manage larger heaps);
4577 * system: reduced base memory usage by Poly/ML (approx. 20 MB instead
4578 of 40 MB), cf. ML_OPTIONS;
4580 * system: Proof General keywords specification is now part of the
4581 Isabelle distribution (see etc/isar-keywords.el);
4583 * system: support for persistent Proof General sessions (refrain from
4584 outdating all loaded theories on startup); user may create writable
4585 logic images like this: ``isabelle -q HOL Test'';
4587 * system: smart selection of Isabelle process versus Isabelle
4588 interface, accommodates case-insensitive file systems (e.g. HFS+); may
4589 run both "isabelle" and "Isabelle" even if file names are badly
4590 damaged (executable inspects the case of the first letter of its own
4591 name); added separate "isabelle-process" and "isabelle-interface";
4593 * system: refrain from any attempt at filtering input streams; no
4594 longer support ``8bit'' encoding of old isabelle font, instead proper
4595 iso-latin characters may now be used; the related isatools
4596 "symbolinput" and "nonascii" have disappeared as well;
4598 * system: removed old "xterm" interface (the print modes "xterm" and
4599 "xterm_color" are still available for direct use in a suitable
4604 New in Isabelle99-2 (February 2001)
4605 -----------------------------------
4607 *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES ***
4609 * HOL: please note that theories in the Library and elsewhere often use the
4610 new-style (Isar) format; to refer to their theorems in an ML script you must
4611 bind them to ML identifers by e.g. val thm_name = thm "thm_name";
4613 * HOL: inductive package no longer splits induction rule aggressively,
4614 but only as far as specified by the introductions given; the old
4615 format may be recovered via ML function complete_split_rule or attribute
4616 'split_rule (complete)';
4618 * HOL: induct renamed to lfp_induct, lfp_Tarski to lfp_unfold,
4619 gfp_Tarski to gfp_unfold;
4621 * HOL: contrapos, contrapos2 renamed to contrapos_nn, contrapos_pp;
4623 * HOL: infix "dvd" now has priority 50 rather than 70 (because it is a
4624 relation); infix "^^" has been renamed "``"; infix "``" has been
4625 renamed "`"; "univalent" has been renamed "single_valued";
4627 * HOL/Real: "rinv" and "hrinv" replaced by overloaded "inverse"
4630 * HOLCF: infix "`" has been renamed "$"; the symbol syntax is \<cdot>;
4632 * Isar: 'obtain' no longer declares "that" fact as simp/intro;
4634 * Isar/HOL: method 'induct' now handles non-atomic goals; as a
4635 consequence, it is no longer monotonic wrt. the local goal context
4636 (which is now passed through the inductive cases);
4638 * Document preparation: renamed standard symbols \<ll> to \<lless> and
4639 \<gg> to \<ggreater>;
4642 *** Document preparation ***
4644 * \isabellestyle{NAME} selects version of Isabelle output (currently
4645 available: are "it" for near math-mode best-style output, "sl" for
4646 slanted text style, and "tt" for plain type-writer; if no
4647 \isabellestyle command is given, output is according to slanted
4650 * support sub/super scripts (for single symbols only), input syntax is
4651 like this: "A\<^sup>*" or "A\<^sup>\<star>";
4653 * some more standard symbols; see Appendix A of the system manual for
4654 the complete list of symbols defined in isabellesym.sty;
4656 * improved isabelle style files; more abstract symbol implementation
4657 (should now use \isamath{...} and \isatext{...} in custom symbol
4660 * antiquotation @{goals} and @{subgoals} for output of *dynamic* goals
4661 state; Note that presentation of goal states does not conform to
4662 actual human-readable proof documents. Please do not include goal
4663 states into document output unless you really know what you are doing!
4665 * proper indentation of antiquoted output with proportional LaTeX
4668 * no_document ML operator temporarily disables LaTeX document
4671 * isatool unsymbolize tunes sources for plain ASCII communication;
4676 * Pure: Isar now suffers initial goal statements to contain unbound
4677 schematic variables (this does not conform to actual readable proof
4678 documents, due to unpredictable outcome and non-compositional proof
4679 checking); users who know what they are doing may use schematic goals
4680 for Prolog-style synthesis of proven results;
4682 * Pure: assumption method (an implicit finishing) now handles actual
4685 * Pure: improved 'obtain' --- moved to Pure, insert "that" into
4686 initial goal, declare "that" only as Pure intro (only for single
4687 steps); the "that" rule assumption may now be involved in implicit
4688 finishing, thus ".." becomes a feasible for trivial obtains;
4690 * Pure: default proof step now includes 'intro_classes'; thus trivial
4691 instance proofs may be performed by "..";
4693 * Pure: ?thesis / ?this / "..." now work for pure meta-level
4696 * Pure: more robust selection of calculational rules;
4698 * Pure: the builtin notion of 'finished' goal now includes the ==-refl
4699 rule (as well as the assumption rule);
4701 * Pure: 'thm_deps' command visualizes dependencies of theorems and
4702 lemmas, using the graph browser tool;
4704 * Pure: predict failure of "show" in interactive mode;
4706 * Pure: 'thms_containing' now takes actual terms as arguments;
4708 * HOL: improved method 'induct' --- now handles non-atomic goals
4709 (potential INCOMPATIBILITY); tuned error handling;
4711 * HOL: cases and induct rules now provide explicit hints about the
4712 number of facts to be consumed (0 for "type" and 1 for "set" rules);
4713 any remaining facts are inserted into the goal verbatim;
4715 * HOL: local contexts (aka cases) may now contain term bindings as
4716 well; the 'cases' and 'induct' methods new provide a ?case binding for
4717 the result to be shown in each case;
4719 * HOL: added 'recdef_tc' command;
4721 * isatool convert assists in eliminating legacy ML scripts;
4726 * HOL/Library: a collection of generic theories to be used together
4727 with main HOL; the theory loader path already includes this directory
4728 by default; the following existing theories have been moved here:
4729 HOL/Induct/Multiset, HOL/Induct/Acc (as Accessible_Part), HOL/While
4730 (as While_Combinator), HOL/Lex/Prefix (as List_Prefix);
4732 * HOL/Unix: "Some aspects of Unix file-system security", a typical
4733 modelling and verification task performed in Isabelle/HOL +
4734 Isabelle/Isar + Isabelle document preparation (by Markus Wenzel).
4736 * HOL/Algebra: special summation operator SUM no longer exists, it has
4737 been replaced by setsum; infix 'assoc' now has priority 50 (like
4738 'dvd'); axiom 'one_not_zero' has been moved from axclass 'ring' to
4739 'domain', this makes the theory consistent with mathematical
4742 * HOL basics: added overloaded operations "inverse" and "divide"
4743 (infix "/"), syntax for generic "abs" operation, generic summation
4746 * HOL/typedef: simplified package, provide more useful rules (see also
4749 * HOL/datatype: induction rule for arbitrarily branching datatypes is
4750 now expressed as a proper nested rule (old-style tactic scripts may
4751 require atomize_strip_tac to cope with non-atomic premises);
4753 * HOL: renamed theory "Prod" to "Product_Type", renamed "split" rule
4754 to "split_conv" (old name still available for compatibility);
4756 * HOL: improved concrete syntax for strings (e.g. allows translation
4757 rules with string literals);
4759 * HOL-Real-Hyperreal: this extends HOL-Real with the hyperreals
4760 and Fleuriot's mechanization of analysis, including the transcendental
4761 functions for the reals;
4763 * HOL/Real, HOL/Hyperreal: improved arithmetic simplification;
4768 * CTT: x-symbol support for Pi, Sigma, -->, : (membership); note that
4769 "lam" is displayed as TWO lambda-symbols
4771 * CTT: theory Main now available, containing everything (that is, Bool
4777 * Pure: the Simplifier has been implemented properly as a derived rule
4778 outside of the actual kernel (at last!); the overall performance
4779 penalty in practical applications is about 50%, while reliability of
4780 the Isabelle inference kernel has been greatly improved;
4782 * print modes "brackets" and "no_brackets" control output of nested =>
4783 (types) and ==> (props); the default behaviour is "brackets";
4785 * Provers: fast_tac (and friends) now handle actual object-logic rules
4786 as assumptions as well;
4788 * system: support Poly/ML 4.0;
4790 * system: isatool install handles KDE version 1 or 2;
4794 New in Isabelle99-1 (October 2000)
4795 ----------------------------------
4797 *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES ***
4799 * HOL: simplification of natural numbers is much changed; to partly
4800 recover the old behaviour (e.g. to prevent n+n rewriting to #2*n)
4801 issue the following ML commands:
4803 Delsimprocs Nat_Numeral_Simprocs.cancel_numerals;
4804 Delsimprocs [Nat_Numeral_Simprocs.combine_numerals];
4806 * HOL: simplification no longer dives into case-expressions; this is
4807 controlled by "t.weak_case_cong" for each datatype t;
4809 * HOL: nat_less_induct renamed to less_induct;
4811 * HOL: systematic renaming of the SOME (Eps) rules, may use isatool
4812 fixsome to patch .thy and .ML sources automatically;
4814 select_equality -> some_equality
4815 select_eq_Ex -> some_eq_ex
4816 selectI2EX -> someI2_ex
4819 select1_equality -> some1_equality
4820 Eps_sym_eq -> some_sym_eq_trivial
4821 Eps_eq -> some_eq_trivial
4823 * HOL: exhaust_tac on datatypes superceded by new generic case_tac;
4825 * HOL: removed obsolete theorem binding expand_if (refer to split_if
4828 * HOL: the recursion equations generated by 'recdef' are now called
4829 f.simps instead of f.rules;
4831 * HOL: qed_spec_mp now also handles bounded ALL as well;
4833 * HOL: 0 is now overloaded, so the type constraint ":: nat" may
4834 sometimes be needed;
4836 * HOL: the constant for "f``x" is now "image" rather than "op ``";
4838 * HOL: the constant for "f-``x" is now "vimage" rather than "op -``";
4840 * HOL: the disjoint sum is now "<+>" instead of "Plus"; the cartesian
4841 product is now "<*>" instead of "Times"; the lexicographic product is
4842 now "<*lex*>" instead of "**";
4844 * HOL: theory Sexp is now in HOL/Induct examples (it used to be part
4845 of main HOL, but was unused); better use HOL's datatype package;
4847 * HOL: removed "symbols" syntax for constant "override" of theory Map;
4848 the old syntax may be recovered as follows:
4851 override :: "('a ~=> 'b) => ('a ~=> 'b) => ('a ~=> 'b)"
4852 (infixl "\\<oplus>" 100)
4854 * HOL/Real: "rabs" replaced by overloaded "abs" function;
4856 * HOL/ML: even fewer consts are declared as global (see theories Ord,
4857 Lfp, Gfp, WF); this only affects ML packages that refer to const names
4860 * HOL and ZF: syntax for quotienting wrt an equivalence relation
4861 changed from A/r to A//r;
4863 * ZF: new treatment of arithmetic (nat & int) may break some old
4866 * Isar: renamed some attributes (RS -> THEN, simplify -> simplified,
4867 rulify -> rule_format, elimify -> elim_format, ...);
4869 * Isar/Provers: intro/elim/dest attributes changed; renamed
4870 intro/intro!/intro!! flags to intro!/intro/intro? (in most cases, one
4871 should have to change intro!! to intro? only); replaced "delrule" by
4874 * Isar/HOL: renamed "intrs" to "intros" in inductive definitions;
4876 * Provers: strengthened force_tac by using new first_best_tac;
4878 * LaTeX document preparation: several changes of isabelle.sty (see
4882 *** Document preparation ***
4884 * formal comments (text blocks etc.) in new-style theories may now
4885 contain antiquotations of thm/prop/term/typ/text to be presented
4886 according to latex print mode; concrete syntax is like this:
4887 @{term[show_types] "f(x) = a + x"};
4889 * isatool mkdir provides easy setup of Isabelle session directories,
4890 including proper document sources;
4892 * generated LaTeX sources are now deleted after successful run
4893 (isatool document -c); may retain a copy somewhere else via -D option
4896 * isatool usedir -D now lets isatool latex -o sty update the Isabelle
4897 style files, achieving self-contained LaTeX sources and simplifying
4900 * old-style theories now produce (crude) LaTeX output as well;
4902 * browser info session directories are now self-contained (may be put
4903 on WWW server seperately); improved graphs of nested sessions; removed
4904 graph for 'all sessions';
4906 * several improvements in isabelle style files; \isabellestyle{it}
4907 produces fake math mode output; \isamarkupheader is now \section by
4908 default; see lib/texinputs/isabelle.sty etc.;
4913 * Isar/Pure: local results and corresponding term bindings are now
4914 subject to Hindley-Milner polymorphism (similar to ML); this
4915 accommodates incremental type-inference very nicely;
4917 * Isar/Pure: new derived language element 'obtain' supports
4918 generalized existence reasoning;
4920 * Isar/Pure: new calculational elements 'moreover' and 'ultimately'
4921 support accumulation of results, without applying any rules yet;
4922 useful to collect intermediate results without explicit name
4923 references, and for use with transitivity rules with more than 2
4926 * Isar/Pure: scalable support for case-analysis type proofs: new
4927 'case' language element refers to local contexts symbolically, as
4928 produced by certain proof methods; internally, case names are attached
4929 to theorems as "tags";
4931 * Isar/Pure: theory command 'hide' removes declarations from
4932 class/type/const name spaces;
4934 * Isar/Pure: theory command 'defs' supports option "(overloaded)" to
4935 indicate potential overloading;
4937 * Isar/Pure: changed syntax of local blocks from {{ }} to { };
4939 * Isar/Pure: syntax of sorts made 'inner', i.e. have to write
4940 "{a,b,c}" instead of {a,b,c};
4942 * Isar/Pure now provides its own version of intro/elim/dest
4943 attributes; useful for building new logics, but beware of confusion
4944 with the version in Provers/classical;
4946 * Isar/Pure: the local context of (non-atomic) goals is provided via
4947 case name 'antecedent';
4949 * Isar/Pure: removed obsolete 'transfer' attribute (transfer of thms
4950 to the current context is now done automatically);
4952 * Isar/Pure: theory command 'method_setup' provides a simple interface
4953 for definining proof methods in ML;
4955 * Isar/Provers: intro/elim/dest attributes changed; renamed
4956 intro/intro!/intro!! flags to intro!/intro/intro? (INCOMPATIBILITY, in
4957 most cases, one should have to change intro!! to intro? only);
4958 replaced "delrule" by "rule del";
4960 * Isar/Provers: new 'hypsubst' method, plain 'subst' method and
4961 'symmetric' attribute (the latter supercedes [RS sym]);
4963 * Isar/Provers: splitter support (via 'split' attribute and 'simp'
4964 method modifier); 'simp' method: 'only:' modifier removes loopers as
4965 well (including splits);
4967 * Isar/Provers: Simplifier and Classical methods now support all kind
4968 of modifiers used in the past, including 'cong', 'iff', etc.
4970 * Isar/Provers: added 'fastsimp' and 'clarsimp' methods (combination
4971 of Simplifier and Classical reasoner);
4973 * Isar/HOL: new proof method 'cases' and improved version of 'induct'
4974 now support named cases; major packages (inductive, datatype, primrec,
4975 recdef) support case names and properly name parameters;
4977 * Isar/HOL: new transitivity rules for substitution in inequalities --
4978 monotonicity conditions are extracted to be proven at end of
4981 * Isar/HOL: removed 'case_split' thm binding, should use 'cases' proof
4984 * Isar/HOL: removed old expand_if = split_if; theorems if_splits =
4985 split_if split_if_asm; datatype package provides theorems foo.splits =
4986 foo.split foo.split_asm for each datatype;
4988 * Isar/HOL: tuned inductive package, rename "intrs" to "intros"
4989 (potential INCOMPATIBILITY), emulation of mk_cases feature for proof
4990 scripts: new 'inductive_cases' command and 'ind_cases' method; (Note:
4991 use "(cases (simplified))" method in proper proof texts);
4993 * Isar/HOL: added global 'arith_split' attribute for 'arith' method;
4995 * Isar: names of theorems etc. may be natural numbers as well;
4997 * Isar: 'pr' command: optional arguments for goals_limit and
4998 ProofContext.prems_limit; no longer prints theory contexts, but only
5001 * Isar: diagnostic commands 'pr', 'thm', 'prop', 'term', 'typ' admit
5002 additional print modes to be specified; e.g. "pr(latex)" will print
5003 proof state according to the Isabelle LaTeX style;
5005 * Isar: improved support for emulating tactic scripts, including proof
5006 methods 'rule_tac' etc., 'cut_tac', 'thin_tac', 'subgoal_tac',
5007 'rename_tac', 'rotate_tac', 'tactic', and 'case_tac' / 'induct_tac'
5008 (for HOL datatypes);
5010 * Isar: simplified (more robust) goal selection of proof methods: 1st
5011 goal, all goals, or explicit goal specifier (tactic emulation); thus
5012 'proof method scripts' have to be in depth-first order;
5014 * Isar: tuned 'let' syntax: replaced 'as' keyword by 'and';
5016 * Isar: removed 'help' command, which hasn't been too helpful anyway;
5017 should instead use individual commands for printing items
5018 (print_commands, print_methods etc.);
5020 * Isar: added 'nothing' --- the empty list of theorems;
5025 * HOL/MicroJava: formalization of a fragment of Java, together with a
5026 corresponding virtual machine and a specification of its bytecode
5027 verifier and a lightweight bytecode verifier, including proofs of
5028 type-safety; by Gerwin Klein, Tobias Nipkow, David von Oheimb, and
5029 Cornelia Pusch (see also the homepage of project Bali at
5030 http://isabelle.in.tum.de/Bali/);
5032 * HOL/Algebra: new theory of rings and univariate polynomials, by
5035 * HOL/NumberTheory: fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, Chinese
5036 Remainder Theorem, Fermat/Euler Theorem, Wilson's Theorem, by Thomas M
5039 * HOL/Lattice: fundamental concepts of lattice theory and order
5040 structures, including duals, properties of bounds versus algebraic
5041 laws, lattice operations versus set-theoretic ones, the Knaster-Tarski
5042 Theorem for complete lattices etc.; may also serve as a demonstration
5043 for abstract algebraic reasoning using axiomatic type classes, and
5044 mathematics-style proof in Isabelle/Isar; by Markus Wenzel;
5046 * HOL/Prolog: a (bare-bones) implementation of Lambda-Prolog, by David
5049 * HOL/IMPP: extension of IMP with local variables and mutually
5050 recursive procedures, by David von Oheimb;
5052 * HOL/Lambda: converted into new-style theory and document;
5054 * HOL/ex/Multiquote: example of multiple nested quotations and
5055 anti-quotations -- basically a generalized version of de-Bruijn
5056 representation; very useful in avoiding lifting of operations;
5058 * HOL/record: added general record equality rule to simpset; fixed
5059 select-update simplification procedure to handle extended records as
5060 well; admit "r" as field name;
5062 * HOL: 0 is now overloaded over the new sort "zero", allowing its use with
5063 other numeric types and also as the identity of groups, rings, etc.;
5065 * HOL: new axclass plus_ac0 for addition with the AC-laws and 0 as identity.
5066 Types nat and int belong to this axclass;
5068 * HOL: greatly improved simplification involving numerals of type nat, int, real:
5069 (i + #8 + j) = Suc k simplifies to #7 + (i + j) = k
5070 i*j + k + j*#3*i simplifies to #4*(i*j) + k
5071 two terms #m*u and #n*u are replaced by #(m+n)*u
5072 (where #m, #n and u can implicitly be 1; this is simproc combine_numerals)
5073 and the term/formula #m*u+x ~~ #n*u+y simplifies simplifies to #(m-n)+x ~~ y
5074 or x ~~ #(n-m)+y, where ~~ is one of = < <= or - (simproc cancel_numerals);
5076 * HOL: meson_tac is available (previously in ex/meson.ML); it is a
5077 powerful prover for predicate logic but knows nothing of clasets; see
5078 ex/mesontest.ML and ex/mesontest2.ML for example applications;
5080 * HOL: new version of "case_tac" subsumes both boolean case split and
5081 "exhaust_tac" on datatypes; INCOMPATIBILITY: exhaust_tac no longer
5082 exists, may define val exhaust_tac = case_tac for ad-hoc portability;
5084 * HOL: simplification no longer dives into case-expressions: only the
5085 selector expression is simplified, but not the remaining arms; to
5086 enable full simplification of case-expressions for datatype t, you may
5087 remove t.weak_case_cong from the simpset, either globally (Delcongs
5088 [thm"t.weak_case_cong"];) or locally (delcongs [...]).
5090 * HOL/recdef: the recursion equations generated by 'recdef' for
5091 function 'f' are now called f.simps instead of f.rules; if all
5092 termination conditions are proved automatically, these simplification
5093 rules are added to the simpset, as in primrec; rules may be named
5094 individually as well, resulting in a separate list of theorems for
5097 * HOL/While is a new theory that provides a while-combinator. It
5098 permits the definition of tail-recursive functions without the
5099 provision of a termination measure. The latter is necessary once the
5100 invariant proof rule for while is applied.
5102 * HOL: new (overloaded) notation for the set of elements below/above
5103 some element: {..u}, {..u(}, {l..}, {)l..}. See theory SetInterval.
5105 * HOL: theorems impI, allI, ballI bound as "strip";
5107 * HOL: new tactic induct_thm_tac: thm -> string -> int -> tactic
5108 induct_tac th "x1 ... xn" expects th to have a conclusion of the form
5109 P v1 ... vn and abbreviates res_inst_tac [("v1","x1"),...,("vn","xn")] th;
5111 * HOL/Real: "rabs" replaced by overloaded "abs" function;
5113 * HOL: theory Sexp now in HOL/Induct examples (it used to be part of
5114 main HOL, but was unused);
5116 * HOL: fewer consts declared as global (e.g. have to refer to
5117 "Lfp.lfp" instead of "lfp" internally; affects ML packages only);
5119 * HOL: tuned AST representation of nested pairs, avoiding bogus output
5120 in case of overlap with user translations (e.g. judgements over
5121 tuples); (note that the underlying logical represenation is still
5127 * ZF: simplification automatically cancels common terms in arithmetic
5128 expressions over nat and int;
5130 * ZF: new treatment of nat to minimize type-checking: all operators
5131 coerce their operands to a natural number using the function natify,
5132 making the algebraic laws unconditional;
5134 * ZF: as above, for int: operators coerce their operands to an integer
5135 using the function intify;
5137 * ZF: the integer library now contains many of the usual laws for the
5138 orderings, including $<=, and monotonicity laws for $+ and $*;
5140 * ZF: new example ZF/ex/NatSum to demonstrate integer arithmetic
5143 * FOL and ZF: AddIffs now available, giving theorems of the form P<->Q
5144 to the simplifier and classical reasoner simultaneously;
5149 * Provers: blast_tac now handles actual object-logic rules as
5150 assumptions; note that auto_tac uses blast_tac internally as well;
5152 * Provers: new functions rulify/rulify_no_asm: thm -> thm for turning
5153 outer -->/All/Ball into ==>/!!; qed_spec_mp now uses rulify_no_asm;
5155 * Provers: delrules now handles destruct rules as well (no longer need
5156 explicit make_elim);
5158 * Provers: Blast_tac now warns of and ignores "weak elimination rules" e.g.
5159 [| inj ?f; ?f ?x = ?f ?y; ?x = ?y ==> ?W |] ==> ?W
5160 use instead the strong form,
5161 [| inj ?f; ~ ?W ==> ?f ?x = ?f ?y; ?x = ?y ==> ?W |] ==> ?W
5162 in HOL, FOL and ZF the function cla_make_elim will create such rules
5163 from destruct-rules;
5165 * Provers: Simplifier.easy_setup provides a fast path to basic
5166 Simplifier setup for new object-logics;
5168 * Pure: AST translation rules no longer require constant head on LHS;
5170 * Pure: improved name spaces: ambiguous output is qualified; support
5171 for hiding of names;
5173 * system: smart setup of canonical ML_HOME, ISABELLE_INTERFACE, and
5174 XSYMBOL_HOME; no longer need to do manual configuration in most
5177 * system: compression of ML heaps images may now be controlled via -c
5178 option of isabelle and isatool usedir (currently only observed by
5181 * system: isatool installfonts may handle X-Symbol fonts as well (very
5182 useful for remote X11);
5184 * system: provide TAGS file for Isabelle sources;
5186 * ML: infix 'OF' is a version of 'MRS' with more appropriate argument
5189 * ML: renamed flags Syntax.trace_norm_ast to Syntax.trace_ast; global
5190 timing flag supersedes proof_timing and Toplevel.trace;
5192 * ML: new combinators |>> and |>>> for incremental transformations
5193 with secondary results (e.g. certain theory extensions):
5195 * ML: PureThy.add_defs gets additional argument to indicate potential
5196 overloading (usually false);
5198 * ML: PureThy.add_thms/add_axioms/add_defs now return theorems as
5203 New in Isabelle99 (October 1999)
5204 --------------------------------
5206 *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES (see below for more details) ***
5208 * HOL: The THEN and ELSE parts of conditional expressions (if P then x else y)
5209 are no longer simplified. (This allows the simplifier to unfold recursive
5210 functional programs.) To restore the old behaviour, declare
5212 Delcongs [if_weak_cong];
5214 * HOL: Removed the obsolete syntax "Compl A"; use -A for set
5217 * HOL: the predicate "inj" is now defined by translation to "inj_on";
5219 * HOL/datatype: mutual_induct_tac no longer exists --
5220 use induct_tac "x_1 ... x_n" instead of mutual_induct_tac ["x_1", ..., "x_n"]
5222 * HOL/typedef: fixed type inference for representing set; type
5223 arguments now have to occur explicitly on the rhs as type constraints;
5225 * ZF: The con_defs part of an inductive definition may no longer refer
5226 to constants declared in the same theory;
5228 * HOL, ZF: the function mk_cases, generated by the inductive
5229 definition package, has lost an argument. To simplify its result, it
5230 uses the default simpset instead of a supplied list of theorems.
5232 * HOL/List: the constructors of type list are now Nil and Cons;
5234 * Simplifier: the type of the infix ML functions
5235 setSSolver addSSolver setSolver addSolver
5236 is now simpset * solver -> simpset where `solver' is a new abstract type
5237 for packaging solvers. A solver is created via
5238 mk_solver: string -> (thm list -> int -> tactic) -> solver
5239 where the string argument is only a comment.
5244 * Provers/Arith/fast_lin_arith.ML contains a functor for creating a
5245 decision procedure for linear arithmetic. Currently it is used for
5246 types `nat', `int', and `real' in HOL (see below); it can, should and
5247 will be instantiated for other types and logics as well.
5249 * The simplifier now accepts rewrite rules with flexible heads, eg
5250 hom ?f ==> ?f(?x+?y) = ?f ?x + ?f ?y
5251 They are applied like any rule with a non-pattern lhs, i.e. by first-order
5257 * New Isabelle/Isar subsystem provides an alternative to traditional
5258 tactical theorem proving; together with the ProofGeneral/isar user
5259 interface it offers an interactive environment for developing human
5260 readable proof documents (Isar == Intelligible semi-automated
5261 reasoning); for further information see isatool doc isar-ref,
5262 src/HOL/Isar_examples and http://isabelle.in.tum.de/Isar/
5264 * improved and simplified presentation of theories: better HTML markup
5265 (including colors), graph views in several sizes; isatool usedir now
5266 provides a proper interface for user theories (via -P option); actual
5267 document preparation based on (PDF)LaTeX is available as well (for
5268 new-style theories only); see isatool doc system for more information;
5270 * native support for Proof General, both for classic Isabelle and
5273 * ML function thm_deps visualizes dependencies of theorems and lemmas,
5274 using the graph browser tool;
5276 * Isabelle manuals now also available as PDF;
5278 * theory loader rewritten from scratch (may not be fully
5279 bug-compatible); old loadpath variable has been replaced by show_path,
5280 add_path, del_path, reset_path functions; new operations such as
5281 update_thy, touch_thy, remove_thy, use/update_thy_only (see also
5284 * improved isatool install: option -k creates KDE application icon,
5285 option -p DIR installs standalone binaries;
5287 * added ML_PLATFORM setting (useful for cross-platform installations);
5288 more robust handling of platform specific ML images for SML/NJ;
5290 * the settings environment is now statically scoped, i.e. it is never
5291 created again in sub-processes invoked from isabelle, isatool, or
5294 * path element specification '~~' refers to '$ISABELLE_HOME';
5296 * in locales, the "assumes" and "defines" parts may be omitted if
5299 * new print_mode "xsymbols" for extended symbol support (e.g. genuine
5302 * new print_mode "HTML";
5304 * new flag show_tags controls display of tags of theorems (which are
5305 basically just comments that may be attached by some tools);
5307 * Isamode 2.6 requires patch to accomodate change of Isabelle font
5308 mode and goal output format:
5310 diff -r Isamode-2.6/elisp/isa-load.el Isamode/elisp/isa-load.el
5312 < (list (isa-getenv "ISABELLE") "-msymbols" logic-name)
5314 > (list (isa-getenv "ISABELLE") "-misabelle_font" "-msymbols" logic-name)
5315 diff -r Isabelle-2.6/elisp/isa-proofstate.el Isamode/elisp/isa-proofstate.el
5317 < (defconst proofstate-proofstart-regexp "^Level [0-9]+$"
5319 > (defconst proofstate-proofstart-regexp "^Level [0-9]+"
5321 * function bind_thms stores lists of theorems (cf. bind_thm);
5323 * new shorthand tactics ftac, eatac, datac, fatac;
5325 * qed (and friends) now accept "" as result name; in that case the
5326 theorem is not stored, but proper checks and presentation of the
5329 * theorem database now also indexes constants "Trueprop", "all",
5330 "==>", "=="; thus thms_containing, findI etc. may retrieve more rules;
5335 ** HOL arithmetic **
5337 * There are now decision procedures for linear arithmetic over nat and
5340 1. arith_tac copes with arbitrary formulae involving `=', `<', `<=',
5341 `+', `-', `Suc', `min', `max' and numerical constants; other subterms
5342 are treated as atomic; subformulae not involving type `nat' or `int'
5343 are ignored; quantified subformulae are ignored unless they are
5344 positive universal or negative existential. The tactic has to be
5345 invoked by hand and can be a little bit slow. In particular, the
5346 running time is exponential in the number of occurrences of `min' and
5347 `max', and `-' on `nat'.
5349 2. fast_arith_tac is a cut-down version of arith_tac: it only takes
5350 (negated) (in)equalities among the premises and the conclusion into
5351 account (i.e. no compound formulae) and does not know about `min' and
5352 `max', and `-' on `nat'. It is fast and is used automatically by the
5355 NB: At the moment, these decision procedures do not cope with mixed
5356 nat/int formulae where the two parts interact, such as `m < n ==>
5359 * HOL/Numeral provides a generic theory of numerals (encoded
5360 efficiently as bit strings); setup for types nat/int/real is in place;
5361 INCOMPATIBILITY: since numeral syntax is now polymorphic, rather than
5362 int, existing theories and proof scripts may require a few additional
5365 * integer division and remainder can now be performed on constant
5368 * many properties of integer multiplication, division and remainder
5371 * An interface to the Stanford Validity Checker (SVC) is available through the
5372 tactic svc_tac. Propositional tautologies and theorems of linear arithmetic
5373 are proved automatically. SVC must be installed separately, and its results
5374 must be TAKEN ON TRUST (Isabelle does not check the proofs, but tags any
5375 invocation of the underlying oracle). For SVC see
5376 http://verify.stanford.edu/SVC
5378 * IsaMakefile: the HOL-Real target now builds an actual image;
5383 * HOL/Real/HahnBanach: the Hahn-Banach theorem for real vector spaces
5384 (in Isabelle/Isar) -- by Gertrud Bauer;
5386 * HOL/BCV: generic model of bytecode verification, i.e. data-flow
5387 analysis for assembly languages with subtypes;
5389 * HOL/TLA (Lamport's Temporal Logic of Actions): major reorganization
5390 -- avoids syntactic ambiguities and treats state, transition, and
5391 temporal levels more uniformly; introduces INCOMPATIBILITIES due to
5392 changed syntax and (many) tactics;
5394 * HOL/inductive: Now also handles more general introduction rules such
5395 as "ALL y. (y, x) : r --> y : acc r ==> x : acc r"; monotonicity
5396 theorems are now maintained within the theory (maintained via the
5399 * HOL/datatype: Now also handles arbitrarily branching datatypes
5400 (using function types) such as
5402 datatype 'a tree = Atom 'a | Branch "nat => 'a tree"
5404 * HOL/record: record_simproc (part of the default simpset) takes care
5405 of selectors applied to updated records; record_split_tac is no longer
5406 part of the default claset; update_defs may now be removed from the
5407 simpset in many cases; COMPATIBILITY: old behavior achieved by
5409 claset_ref () := claset() addSWrapper record_split_wrapper;
5410 Delsimprocs [record_simproc]
5412 * HOL/typedef: fixed type inference for representing set; type
5413 arguments now have to occur explicitly on the rhs as type constraints;
5415 * HOL/recdef (TFL): 'congs' syntax now expects comma separated list of theorem
5416 names rather than an ML expression;
5418 * HOL/defer_recdef (TFL): like recdef but the well-founded relation can be
5419 supplied later. Program schemes can be defined, such as
5420 "While B C s = (if B s then While B C (C s) else s)"
5421 where the well-founded relation can be chosen after B and C have been given.
5423 * HOL/List: the constructors of type list are now Nil and Cons;
5424 INCOMPATIBILITY: while [] and infix # syntax is still there, of
5425 course, ML tools referring to List.list.op # etc. have to be adapted;
5427 * HOL_quantifiers flag superseded by "HOL" print mode, which is
5428 disabled by default; run isabelle with option -m HOL to get back to
5429 the original Gordon/HOL-style output;
5431 * HOL/Ord.thy: new bounded quantifier syntax (input only): ALL x<y. P,
5432 ALL x<=y. P, EX x<y. P, EX x<=y. P;
5434 * HOL basic syntax simplified (more orthogonal): all variants of
5435 All/Ex now support plain / symbolic / HOL notation; plain syntax for
5436 Eps operator is provided as well: "SOME x. P[x]";
5438 * HOL/Sum.thy: sum_case has been moved to HOL/Datatype;
5440 * HOL/Univ.thy: infix syntax <*>, <+>, <**>, <+> eliminated and made
5441 thus available for user theories;
5443 * HOLCF/IOA/Sequents: renamed 'Cons' to 'Consq' to avoid clash with
5444 HOL/List; hardly an INCOMPATIBILITY since '>>' syntax is used all the
5447 * HOL: new tactic smp_tac: int -> int -> tactic, which applies spec
5448 several times and then mp;
5453 * the notation <<...>> is now available as a notation for sequences of
5456 * the simplifier is now installed
5458 * the axiom system has been generalized (thanks to Soren Heilmann)
5460 * the classical reasoner now has a default rule database
5465 * new primrec section allows primitive recursive functions to be given
5466 directly (as in HOL) over datatypes and the natural numbers;
5468 * new tactics induct_tac and exhaust_tac for induction (or case
5469 analysis) over datatypes and the natural numbers;
5471 * the datatype declaration of type T now defines the recursor T_rec;
5473 * simplification automatically does freeness reasoning for datatype
5476 * automatic type-inference, with AddTCs command to insert new
5477 type-checking rules;
5479 * datatype introduction rules are now added as Safe Introduction rules
5482 * the syntax "if P then x else y" is now available in addition to
5486 *** Internal programming interfaces ***
5488 * tuned simplifier trace output; new flag debug_simp;
5490 * structures Vartab / Termtab (instances of TableFun) offer efficient
5491 tables indexed by indexname_ord / term_ord (compatible with aconv);
5493 * AxClass.axclass_tac lost the theory argument;
5495 * tuned current_goals_markers semantics: begin / end goal avoids
5496 printing empty lines;
5498 * removed prs and prs_fn hook, which was broken because it did not
5499 include \n in its semantics, forcing writeln to add one
5500 uncoditionally; replaced prs_fn by writeln_fn; consider std_output:
5501 string -> unit if you really want to output text without newline;
5503 * Symbol.output subject to print mode; INCOMPATIBILITY: defaults to
5504 plain output, interface builders may have to enable 'isabelle_font'
5505 mode to get Isabelle font glyphs as before;
5507 * refined token_translation interface; INCOMPATIBILITY: output length
5508 now of type real instead of int;
5510 * theory loader actions may be traced via new ThyInfo.add_hook
5511 interface (see src/Pure/Thy/thy_info.ML); example application: keep
5512 your own database of information attached to *whole* theories -- as
5513 opposed to intra-theory data slots offered via TheoryDataFun;
5515 * proper handling of dangling sort hypotheses (at last!);
5516 Thm.strip_shyps and Drule.strip_shyps_warning take care of removing
5517 extra sort hypotheses that can be witnessed from the type signature;
5518 the force_strip_shyps flag is gone, any remaining shyps are simply
5519 left in the theorem (with a warning issued by strip_shyps_warning);
5523 New in Isabelle98-1 (October 1998)
5524 ----------------------------------
5526 *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES (see below for more details) ***
5528 * several changes of automated proof tools;
5530 * HOL: major changes to the inductive and datatype packages, including
5531 some minor incompatibilities of theory syntax;
5533 * HOL: renamed r^-1 to 'converse' from 'inverse'; 'inj_onto' is now
5536 * HOL: removed duplicate thms in Arith:
5537 less_imp_add_less should be replaced by trans_less_add1
5538 le_imp_add_le should be replaced by trans_le_add1
5540 * HOL: unary minus is now overloaded (new type constraints may be
5543 * HOL and ZF: unary minus for integers is now #- instead of #~. In
5544 ZF, expressions such as n#-1 must be changed to n#- 1, since #-1 is
5545 now taken as an integer constant.
5547 * Pure: ML function 'theory_of' renamed to 'theory';
5553 1. Asm_full_simp_tac is now more aggressive.
5554 1. It will sometimes reorient premises if that increases their power to
5556 2. It does no longer proceed strictly from left to right but may also
5557 rotate premises to achieve further simplification.
5558 For compatibility reasons there is now Asm_lr_simp_tac which is like the
5559 old Asm_full_simp_tac in that it does not rotate premises.
5560 2. The simplifier now knows a little bit about nat-arithmetic.
5562 * Classical reasoner: wrapper mechanism for the classical reasoner now
5563 allows for selected deletion of wrappers, by introduction of names for
5564 wrapper functionals. This implies that addbefore, addSbefore,
5565 addaltern, and addSaltern now take a pair (name, tactic) as argument,
5566 and that adding two tactics with the same name overwrites the first
5567 one (emitting a warning).
5568 type wrapper = (int -> tactic) -> (int -> tactic)
5569 setWrapper, setSWrapper, compWrapper and compSWrapper are replaced by
5570 addWrapper, addSWrapper: claset * (string * wrapper) -> claset
5571 delWrapper, delSWrapper: claset * string -> claset
5572 getWrapper is renamed to appWrappers, getSWrapper to appSWrappers;
5574 * Classical reasoner: addbefore/addSbefore now have APPEND/ORELSE
5575 semantics; addbefore now affects only the unsafe part of step_tac
5576 etc.; this affects addss/auto_tac/force_tac, so EXISTING PROOFS MAY
5577 FAIL, but proofs should be fixable easily, e.g. by replacing Auto_tac
5580 * Classical reasoner: setwrapper to setWrapper and compwrapper to
5581 compWrapper; added safe wrapper (and access functions for it);
5583 * HOL/split_all_tac is now much faster and fails if there is nothing
5584 to split. Some EXISTING PROOFS MAY REQUIRE ADAPTION because the order
5585 and the names of the automatically generated variables have changed.
5586 split_all_tac has moved within claset() from unsafe wrappers to safe
5587 wrappers, which means that !!-bound variables are split much more
5588 aggressively, and safe_tac and clarify_tac now split such variables.
5589 If this splitting is not appropriate, use delSWrapper "split_all_tac".
5590 Note: the same holds for record_split_tac, which does the job of
5591 split_all_tac for record fields.
5593 * HOL/Simplifier: Rewrite rules for case distinctions can now be added
5594 permanently to the default simpset using Addsplits just like
5595 Addsimps. They can be removed via Delsplits just like
5596 Delsimps. Lower-case versions are also available.
5598 * HOL/Simplifier: The rule split_if is now part of the default
5599 simpset. This means that the simplifier will eliminate all occurrences
5600 of if-then-else in the conclusion of a goal. To prevent this, you can
5601 either remove split_if completely from the default simpset by
5602 `Delsplits [split_if]' or remove it in a specific call of the
5603 simplifier using `... delsplits [split_if]'. You can also add/delete
5604 other case splitting rules to/from the default simpset: every datatype
5605 generates suitable rules `split_t_case' and `split_t_case_asm' (where
5606 t is the name of the datatype).
5608 * Classical reasoner / Simplifier combination: new force_tac (and
5609 derivatives Force_tac, force) combines rewriting and classical
5610 reasoning (and whatever other tools) similarly to auto_tac, but is
5611 aimed to solve the given subgoal completely.
5616 * new top-level commands `Goal' and `Goalw' that improve upon `goal'
5617 and `goalw': the theory is no longer needed as an explicit argument -
5618 the current theory context is used; assumptions are no longer returned
5619 at the ML-level unless one of them starts with ==> or !!; it is
5620 recommended to convert to these new commands using isatool fixgoal
5621 (backup your sources first!);
5623 * new top-level commands 'thm' and 'thms' for retrieving theorems from
5624 the current theory context, and 'theory' to lookup stored theories;
5626 * new theory section 'locale' for declaring constants, assumptions and
5627 definitions that have local scope;
5629 * new theory section 'nonterminals' for purely syntactic types;
5631 * new theory section 'setup' for generic ML setup functions
5632 (e.g. package initialization);
5634 * the distribution now includes Isabelle icons: see
5635 lib/logo/isabelle-{small,tiny}.xpm;
5637 * isatool install - install binaries with absolute references to
5640 * isatool logo -- create instances of the Isabelle logo (as EPS);
5642 * print mode 'emacs' reserved for Isamode;
5644 * support multiple print (ast) translations per constant name;
5646 * theorems involving oracles are now printed with a suffixed [!];
5651 * there is now a tutorial on Isabelle/HOL (do 'isatool doc tutorial');
5653 * HOL/inductive package reorganized and improved: now supports mutual
5659 oddI "n : EVEN ==> Suc n : ODD"
5660 evenI "n : ODD ==> Suc n : EVEN"
5662 new theorem list "elims" contains an elimination rule for each of the
5663 recursive sets; inductive definitions now handle disjunctive premises
5664 correctly (also ZF);
5666 INCOMPATIBILITIES: requires Inductive as an ancestor; component
5667 "mutual_induct" no longer exists - the induction rule is always
5668 contained in "induct";
5671 * HOL/datatype package re-implemented and greatly improved: now
5672 supports mutually recursive datatypes such as
5675 'a aexp = IF_THEN_ELSE ('a bexp) ('a aexp) ('a aexp)
5676 | SUM ('a aexp) ('a aexp)
5677 | DIFF ('a aexp) ('a aexp)
5680 'a bexp = LESS ('a aexp) ('a aexp)
5681 | AND ('a bexp) ('a bexp)
5682 | OR ('a bexp) ('a bexp)
5684 as well as indirectly recursive datatypes such as
5687 ('a, 'b) term = Var 'a
5688 | App 'b ((('a, 'b) term) list)
5690 The new tactic mutual_induct_tac [<var_1>, ..., <var_n>] i performs
5691 induction on mutually / indirectly recursive datatypes.
5693 Primrec equations are now stored in theory and can be accessed via
5694 <function_name>.simps.
5698 - Theories using datatypes must now have theory Datatype as an
5700 - The specific <typename>.induct_tac no longer exists - use the
5701 generic induct_tac instead.
5702 - natE has been renamed to nat.exhaust - use exhaust_tac
5703 instead of res_inst_tac ... natE. Note that the variable
5704 names in nat.exhaust differ from the names in natE, this
5705 may cause some "fragile" proofs to fail.
5706 - The theorems split_<typename>_case and split_<typename>_case_asm
5707 have been renamed to <typename>.split and <typename>.split_asm.
5708 - Since default sorts of type variables are now handled correctly,
5709 some datatype definitions may have to be annotated with explicit
5711 - Primrec definitions no longer require function name and type
5712 of recursive argument.
5714 Consider using isatool fixdatatype to adapt your theories and proof
5715 scripts to the new package (backup your sources first!).
5718 * HOL/record package: considerably improved implementation; now
5719 includes concrete syntax for record types, terms, updates; theorems
5720 for surjective pairing and splitting !!-bound record variables; proof
5721 support is as follows:
5723 1) standard conversions (selectors or updates applied to record
5724 constructor terms) are part of the standard simpset;
5726 2) inject equations of the form ((x, y) = (x', y')) == x=x' & y=y' are
5727 made part of standard simpset and claset via addIffs;
5729 3) a tactic for record field splitting (record_split_tac) is part of
5730 the standard claset (addSWrapper);
5732 To get a better idea about these rules you may retrieve them via
5733 something like 'thms "foo.simps"' or 'thms "foo.iffs"', where "foo" is
5734 the name of your record type.
5736 The split tactic 3) conceptually simplifies by the following rule:
5738 "(!!x. PROP ?P x) == (!!a b. PROP ?P (a, b))"
5740 Thus any record variable that is bound by meta-all will automatically
5741 blow up into some record constructor term, consequently the
5742 simplifications of 1), 2) apply. Thus force_tac, auto_tac etc. shall
5743 solve record problems automatically.
5746 * reorganized the main HOL image: HOL/Integ and String loaded by
5747 default; theory Main includes everything;
5749 * automatic simplification of integer sums and comparisons, using cancellation;
5751 * added option_map_eq_Some and not_Some_eq to the default simpset and claset;
5753 * added disj_not1 = "(~P | Q) = (P --> Q)" to the default simpset;
5755 * many new identities for unions, intersections, set difference, etc.;
5757 * expand_if, expand_split, expand_sum_case and expand_nat_case are now
5758 called split_if, split_split, split_sum_case and split_nat_case (to go
5759 with add/delsplits);
5761 * HOL/Prod introduces simplification procedure unit_eq_proc rewriting
5762 (?x::unit) = (); this is made part of the default simpset, which COULD
5763 MAKE EXISTING PROOFS FAIL under rare circumstances (consider
5764 'Delsimprocs [unit_eq_proc];' as last resort); also note that
5765 unit_abs_eta_conv is added in order to counter the effect of
5766 unit_eq_proc on (%u::unit. f u), replacing it by f rather than by
5769 * HOL/Fun INCOMPATIBILITY: `inj_onto' is now called `inj_on' (which
5772 * HOL/Set INCOMPATIBILITY: rule `equals0D' is now a well-formed destruct rule;
5773 It and 'sym RS equals0D' are now in the default claset, giving automatic
5774 disjointness reasoning but breaking a few old proofs.
5776 * HOL/Relation INCOMPATIBILITY: renamed the relational operator r^-1
5777 to 'converse' from 'inverse' (for compatibility with ZF and some
5780 * HOL/recdef can now declare non-recursive functions, with {} supplied as
5781 the well-founded relation;
5783 * HOL/Set INCOMPATIBILITY: the complement of set A is now written -A instead of
5784 Compl A. The "Compl" syntax remains available as input syntax for this
5787 * HOL/Update: new theory of function updates:
5788 f(a:=b) == %x. if x=a then b else f x
5789 may also be iterated as in f(a:=b,c:=d,...);
5791 * HOL/Vimage: new theory for inverse image of a function, syntax f-``B;
5794 - new function list_update written xs[i:=v] that updates the i-th
5795 list position. May also be iterated as in xs[i:=a,j:=b,...].
5796 - new function `upt' written [i..j(] which generates the list
5797 [i,i+1,...,j-1], i.e. the upper bound is excluded. To include the upper
5798 bound write [i..j], which is a shorthand for [i..j+1(].
5799 - new lexicographic orderings and corresponding wellfoundedness theorems.
5802 - removed 'pred' (predecessor) function;
5803 - generalized some theorems about n-1;
5804 - many new laws about "div" and "mod";
5805 - new laws about greatest common divisors (see theory ex/Primes);
5807 * HOL/Relation: renamed the relational operator r^-1 "converse"
5808 instead of "inverse";
5810 * HOL/Induct/Multiset: a theory of multisets, including the wellfoundedness
5811 of the multiset ordering;
5813 * directory HOL/Real: a construction of the reals using Dedekind cuts
5814 (not included by default);
5816 * directory HOL/UNITY: Chandy and Misra's UNITY formalism;
5818 * directory HOL/Hoare: a new version of Hoare logic which permits many-sorted
5819 programs, i.e. different program variables may have different types.
5821 * calling (stac rew i) now fails if "rew" has no effect on the goal
5822 [previously, this check worked only if the rewrite rule was unconditional]
5823 Now rew can involve either definitions or equalities (either == or =).
5828 * theory Main includes everything; INCOMPATIBILITY: theory ZF.thy contains
5829 only the theorems proved on ZF.ML;
5831 * ZF INCOMPATIBILITY: rule `equals0D' is now a well-formed destruct rule;
5832 It and 'sym RS equals0D' are now in the default claset, giving automatic
5833 disjointness reasoning but breaking a few old proofs.
5835 * ZF/Update: new theory of function updates
5836 with default rewrite rule f(x:=y) ` z = if(z=x, y, f`z)
5837 may also be iterated as in f(a:=b,c:=d,...);
5839 * in let x=t in u(x), neither t nor u(x) has to be an FOL term.
5841 * calling (stac rew i) now fails if "rew" has no effect on the goal
5842 [previously, this check worked only if the rewrite rule was unconditional]
5843 Now rew can involve either definitions or equalities (either == or =).
5845 * case_tac provided for compatibility with HOL
5846 (like the old excluded_middle_tac, but with subgoals swapped)
5849 *** Internal programming interfaces ***
5851 * Pure: several new basic modules made available for general use, see
5852 also src/Pure/README;
5854 * improved the theory data mechanism to support encapsulation (data
5855 kind name replaced by private Object.kind, acting as authorization
5856 key); new type-safe user interface via functor TheoryDataFun; generic
5857 print_data function becomes basically useless;
5859 * removed global_names compatibility flag -- all theory declarations
5860 are qualified by default;
5862 * module Pure/Syntax now offers quote / antiquote translation
5863 functions (useful for Hoare logic etc. with implicit dependencies);
5864 see HOL/ex/Antiquote for an example use;
5866 * Simplifier now offers conversions (asm_)(full_)rewrite: simpset ->
5869 * new tactical CHANGED_GOAL for checking that a tactic modifies a
5872 * Display.print_goals function moved to Locale.print_goals;
5874 * standard print function for goals supports current_goals_markers
5875 variable for marking begin of proof, end of proof, start of goal; the
5876 default is ("", "", ""); setting current_goals_markers := ("<proof>",
5877 "</proof>", "<goal>") causes SGML like tagged proof state printing,
5882 New in Isabelle98 (January 1998)
5883 --------------------------------
5885 *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES (see below for more details) ***
5887 * changed lexical syntax of terms / types: dots made part of long
5888 identifiers, e.g. "%x.x" no longer possible, should be "%x. x";
5890 * simpset (and claset) reference variable replaced by functions
5891 simpset / simpset_ref;
5893 * no longer supports theory aliases (via merge) and non-trivial
5894 implicit merge of thms' signatures;
5896 * most internal names of constants changed due to qualified names;
5898 * changed Pure/Sequence interface (see Pure/seq.ML);
5901 *** General Changes ***
5903 * hierachically structured name spaces (for consts, types, axms, thms
5904 etc.); new lexical class 'longid' (e.g. Foo.bar.x) may render much of
5905 old input syntactically incorrect (e.g. "%x.x"); COMPATIBILITY:
5906 isatool fixdots ensures space after dots (e.g. "%x. x"); set
5907 long_names for fully qualified output names; NOTE: ML programs
5908 (special tactics, packages etc.) referring to internal names may have
5909 to be adapted to cope with fully qualified names; in case of severe
5910 backward campatibility problems try setting 'global_names' at compile
5911 time to have enrything declared within a flat name space; one may also
5912 fine tune name declarations in theories via the 'global' and 'local'
5915 * reimplemented the implicit simpset and claset using the new anytype
5916 data filed in signatures; references simpset:simpset ref etc. are
5917 replaced by functions simpset:unit->simpset and
5918 simpset_ref:unit->simpset ref; COMPATIBILITY: use isatool fixclasimp
5919 to patch your ML files accordingly;
5921 * HTML output now includes theory graph data for display with Java
5922 applet or isatool browser; data generated automatically via isatool
5923 usedir (see -i option, ISABELLE_USEDIR_OPTIONS);
5925 * defs may now be conditional; improved rewrite_goals_tac to handle
5926 conditional equations;
5928 * defs now admits additional type arguments, using TYPE('a) syntax;
5930 * theory aliases via merge (e.g. M=A+B+C) no longer supported, always
5931 creates a new theory node; implicit merge of thms' signatures is
5932 restricted to 'trivial' ones; COMPATIBILITY: one may have to use
5933 transfer:theory->thm->thm in (rare) cases;
5935 * improved handling of draft signatures / theories; draft thms (and
5936 ctyps, cterms) are automatically promoted to real ones;
5938 * slightly changed interfaces for oracles: admit many per theory, named
5939 (e.g. oracle foo = mlfun), additional name argument for invoke_oracle;
5941 * print_goals: optional output of const types (set show_consts and
5944 * improved output of warnings (###) and errors (***);
5946 * subgoal_tac displays a warning if the new subgoal has type variables;
5948 * removed old README and Makefiles;
5950 * replaced print_goals_ref hook by print_current_goals_fn and result_error_fn;
5952 * removed obsolete init_pps and init_database;
5954 * deleted the obsolete tactical STATE, which was declared by
5955 fun STATE tacfun st = tacfun st st;
5957 * cd and use now support path variables, e.g. $ISABELLE_HOME, or ~
5958 (which abbreviates $HOME);
5960 * changed Pure/Sequence interface (see Pure/seq.ML); COMPATIBILITY:
5961 use isatool fixseq to adapt your ML programs (this works for fully
5962 qualified references to the Sequence structure only!);
5964 * use_thy no longer requires writable current directory; it always
5965 reloads .ML *and* .thy file, if either one is out of date;
5968 *** Classical Reasoner ***
5970 * Clarify_tac, clarify_tac, clarify_step_tac, Clarify_step_tac: new
5971 tactics that use classical reasoning to simplify a subgoal without
5972 splitting it into several subgoals;
5974 * Safe_tac: like safe_tac but uses the default claset;
5979 * added simplification meta rules:
5980 (asm_)(full_)simplify: simpset -> thm -> thm;
5982 * simplifier.ML no longer part of Pure -- has to be loaded by object
5985 * added prems argument to simplification procedures;
5987 * HOL, FOL, ZF: added infix function `addsplits':
5988 instead of `<simpset> setloop (split_tac <thms>)'
5989 you can simply write `<simpset> addsplits <thms>'
5994 * TYPE('a) syntax for type reflection terms;
5996 * no longer handles consts with name "" -- declare as 'syntax' instead;
5998 * pretty printer: changed order of mixfix annotation preference (again!);
6000 * Pure: fixed idt/idts vs. pttrn/pttrns syntactic categories;
6005 * HOL: there is a new splitter `split_asm_tac' that can be used e.g.
6006 with `addloop' of the simplifier to faciliate case splitting in premises.
6008 * HOL/TLA: Stephan Merz's formalization of Lamport's Temporal Logic of Actions;
6010 * HOL/Auth: new protocol proofs including some for the Internet
6013 * HOL/Map: new theory of `maps' a la VDM;
6015 * HOL/simplifier: simplification procedures nat_cancel_sums for
6016 cancelling out common nat summands from =, <, <= (in)equalities, or
6017 differences; simplification procedures nat_cancel_factor for
6018 cancelling common factor from =, <, <= (in)equalities over natural
6019 sums; nat_cancel contains both kinds of procedures, it is installed by
6020 default in Arith.thy -- this COULD MAKE EXISTING PROOFS FAIL;
6022 * HOL/simplifier: terms of the form
6023 `? x. P1(x) & ... & Pn(x) & x=t & Q1(x) & ... Qn(x)' (or t=x)
6025 `P1(t) & ... & Pn(t) & Q1(t) & ... Qn(t)',
6026 and those of the form
6027 `! x. P1(x) & ... & Pn(x) & x=t & Q1(x) & ... Qn(x) --> R(x)' (or t=x)
6029 `P1(t) & ... & Pn(t) & Q1(t) & ... Qn(t) --> R(t)',
6032 Each datatype `t' now comes with a theorem `split_t_case' of the form
6034 P(t_case f1 ... fn x) =
6035 ( (!y1 ... ym1. x = C1 y1 ... ym1 --> P(f1 y1 ... ym1)) &
6037 (!y1 ... ymn. x = Cn y1 ... ymn --> P(f1 y1 ... ymn))
6040 and a theorem `split_t_case_asm' of the form
6042 P(t_case f1 ... fn x) =
6043 ~( (? y1 ... ym1. x = C1 y1 ... ym1 & ~P(f1 y1 ... ym1)) |
6045 (? y1 ... ymn. x = Cn y1 ... ymn & ~P(f1 y1 ... ymn))
6047 which can be added to a simpset via `addsplits'. The existing theorems
6048 expand_list_case and expand_option_case have been renamed to
6049 split_list_case and split_option_case.
6052 - `pred n' is automatically converted to `n-1'.
6053 Users are strongly encouraged not to use `pred' any longer,
6054 because it will disappear altogether at some point.
6055 - Users are strongly encouraged to write "0 < n" rather than
6056 "n ~= 0". Theorems and proof tools have been modified towards this
6060 the function "set_of_list" has been renamed "set" (and its theorems too);
6061 the function "nth" now takes its arguments in the reverse order and
6062 has acquired the infix notation "!" as in "xs!n".
6064 * HOL/Set: UNIV is now a constant and is no longer translated to Compl{};
6066 * HOL/Set: The operator (UN x.B x) now abbreviates (UN x:UNIV. B x) and its
6067 specialist theorems (like UN1_I) are gone. Similarly for (INT x.B x);
6069 * HOL/record: extensible records with schematic structural subtyping
6070 (single inheritance); EXPERIMENTAL version demonstrating the encoding,
6071 still lacks various theorems and concrete record syntax;
6076 * removed "axioms" and "generated by" sections;
6078 * replaced "ops" section by extended "consts" section, which is capable of
6079 handling the continuous function space "->" directly;
6082 . proves theorems immediately and stores them in the theory,
6083 . creates hierachical name space,
6084 . now uses normal mixfix annotations (instead of cinfix...),
6085 . minor changes to some names and values (for consistency),
6086 . e.g. cases -> casedist, dists_eq -> dist_eqs, [take_lemma] -> take_lemmas,
6087 . separator between mutual domain defs: changed "," to "and",
6088 . improved handling of sort constraints; now they have to
6089 appear on the left-hand side of the equations only;
6091 * fixed LAM <x,y,zs>.b syntax;
6093 * added extended adm_tac to simplifier in HOLCF -- can now discharge
6094 adm (%x. P (t x)), where P is chainfinite and t continuous;
6099 * FOL: there is a new splitter `split_asm_tac' that can be used e.g.
6100 with `addloop' of the simplifier to faciliate case splitting in premises.
6102 * qed_spec_mp, qed_goal_spec_mp, qed_goalw_spec_mp are available, as
6103 in HOL, they strip ALL and --> from proved theorems;
6107 New in Isabelle94-8 (May 1997)
6108 ------------------------------
6110 *** General Changes ***
6112 * new utilities to build / run / maintain Isabelle etc. (in parts
6113 still somewhat experimental); old Makefiles etc. still functional;
6115 * new 'Isabelle System Manual';
6117 * INSTALL text, together with ./configure and ./build scripts;
6119 * reimplemented type inference for greater efficiency, better error
6120 messages and clean internal interface;
6122 * prlim command for dealing with lots of subgoals (an easier way of
6123 setting goals_limit);
6128 * supports alternative (named) syntax tables (parser and pretty
6129 printer); internal interface is provided by add_modesyntax(_i);
6131 * Pure, FOL, ZF, HOL, HOLCF now support symbolic input and output; to
6132 be used in conjunction with the Isabelle symbol font; uses the
6133 "symbols" syntax table;
6135 * added token_translation interface (may translate name tokens in
6136 arbitrary ways, dependent on their type (free, bound, tfree, ...) and
6137 the current print_mode); IMPORTANT: user print translation functions
6138 are responsible for marking newly introduced bounds
6139 (Syntax.mark_boundT);
6141 * token translations for modes "xterm" and "xterm_color" that display
6142 names in bold, underline etc. or colors (which requires a color
6145 * infixes may now be declared with names independent of their syntax;
6147 * added typed_print_translation (like print_translation, but may
6148 access type of constant);
6151 *** Classical Reasoner ***
6153 Blast_tac: a new tactic! It is often more powerful than fast_tac, but has
6154 some limitations. Blast_tac...
6155 + ignores addss, addbefore, addafter; this restriction is intrinsic
6156 + ignores elimination rules that don't have the correct format
6157 (the conclusion MUST be a formula variable)
6158 + ignores types, which can make HOL proofs fail
6159 + rules must not require higher-order unification, e.g. apply_type in ZF
6160 [message "Function Var's argument not a bound variable" relates to this]
6161 + its proof strategy is more general but can actually be slower
6163 * substitution with equality assumptions no longer permutes other
6166 * minor changes in semantics of addafter (now called addaltern); renamed
6167 setwrapper to setWrapper and compwrapper to compWrapper; added safe wrapper
6168 (and access functions for it);
6170 * improved combination of classical reasoner and simplifier:
6171 + functions for handling clasimpsets
6172 + improvement of addss: now the simplifier is called _after_ the
6174 + safe variant of addss called addSss: uses safe simplifications
6175 _during_ the safe steps. It is more complete as it allows multiple
6176 instantiations of unknowns (e.g. with slow_tac).
6180 * added interface for simplification procedures (functions that
6181 produce *proven* rewrite rules on the fly, depending on current
6184 * ordering on terms as parameter (used for ordered rewriting);
6186 * new functions delcongs, deleqcongs, and Delcongs. richer rep_ss;
6188 * the solver is now split into a safe and an unsafe part.
6189 This should be invisible for the normal user, except that the
6190 functions setsolver and addsolver have been renamed to setSolver and
6191 addSolver; added safe_asm_full_simp_tac;
6196 * a generic induction tactic `induct_tac' which works for all datatypes and
6197 also for type `nat';
6199 * a generic case distinction tactic `exhaust_tac' which works for all
6200 datatypes and also for type `nat';
6202 * each datatype comes with a function `size';
6204 * patterns in case expressions allow tuple patterns as arguments to
6205 constructors, for example `case x of [] => ... | (x,y,z)#ps => ...';
6207 * primrec now also works with type nat;
6209 * recdef: a new declaration form, allows general recursive functions to be
6210 defined in theory files. See HOL/ex/Fib, HOL/ex/Primes, HOL/Subst/Unify.
6212 * the constant for negation has been renamed from "not" to "Not" to
6213 harmonize with FOL, ZF, LK, etc.;
6215 * HOL/ex/LFilter theory of a corecursive "filter" functional for
6218 * HOL/Modelcheck demonstrates invocation of model checker oracle;
6220 * HOL/ex/Ring.thy declares cring_simp, which solves equational
6221 problems in commutative rings, using axiomatic type classes for + and *;
6223 * more examples in HOL/MiniML and HOL/Auth;
6225 * more default rewrite rules for quantifiers, union/intersection;
6227 * a new constant `arbitrary == @x.False';
6229 * HOLCF/IOA replaces old HOL/IOA;
6231 * HOLCF changes: derived all rules and arities
6232 + axiomatic type classes instead of classes
6233 + typedef instead of faking type definitions
6234 + eliminated the internal constants less_fun, less_cfun, UU_fun, UU_cfun etc.
6235 + new axclasses cpo, chfin, flat with flat < chfin < pcpo < cpo < po
6236 + eliminated the types void, one, tr
6237 + use unit lift and bool lift (with translations) instead of one and tr
6238 + eliminated blift from Lift3.thy (use Def instead of blift)
6239 all eliminated rules are derived as theorems --> no visible changes ;
6244 * ZF now has Fast_tac, Simp_tac and Auto_tac. Union_iff is a now a default
6245 rewrite rule; this may affect some proofs. eq_cs is gone but can be put back
6246 as ZF_cs addSIs [equalityI];
6250 New in Isabelle94-7 (November 96)
6251 ---------------------------------
6253 * allowing negative levels (as offsets) in prlev and choplev;
6255 * super-linear speedup for large simplifications;
6257 * FOL, ZF and HOL now use miniscoping: rewriting pushes
6258 quantifications in as far as possible (COULD MAKE EXISTING PROOFS
6259 FAIL); can suppress it using the command Delsimps (ex_simps @
6260 all_simps); De Morgan laws are also now included, by default;
6262 * improved printing of ==> : ~:
6264 * new object-logic "Sequents" adds linear logic, while replacing LK
6265 and Modal (thanks to Sara Kalvala);
6267 * HOL/Auth: correctness proofs for authentication protocols;
6269 * HOL: new auto_tac combines rewriting and classical reasoning (many
6270 examples on HOL/Auth);
6272 * HOL: new command AddIffs for declaring theorems of the form P=Q to
6273 the rewriter and classical reasoner simultaneously;
6275 * function uresult no longer returns theorems in "standard" format;
6276 regain previous version by: val uresult = standard o uresult;
6283 * oracles -- these establish an interface between Isabelle and trusted
6284 external reasoners, which may deliver results as theorems;
6286 * proof objects (in particular record all uses of oracles);
6288 * Simp_tac, Fast_tac, etc. that refer to implicit simpset / claset;
6290 * "constdefs" section in theory files;
6292 * "primrec" section (HOL) no longer requires names;
6294 * internal type "tactic" now simply "thm -> thm Sequence.seq";
6301 * reduced space requirements;
6303 * automatic HTML generation from theories;
6305 * theory files no longer require "..." (quotes) around most types;
6307 * new examples, including two proofs of the Church-Rosser theorem;
6309 * non-curried (1994) version of HOL is no longer distributed;
6316 * greatly reduced space requirements;
6318 * theory files (.thy) no longer require \...\ escapes at line breaks;
6320 * searchable theorem database (see the section "Retrieving theorems" on
6321 page 8 of the Reference Manual);
6323 * new examples, including Grabczewski's monumental case study of the
6326 * The previous version of HOL renamed to Old_HOL;
6328 * The new version of HOL (previously called CHOL) uses a curried syntax
6329 for functions. Application looks like f a b instead of f(a,b);
6331 * Mutually recursive inductive definitions finally work in HOL;
6333 * In ZF, pattern-matching on tuples is now available in all abstractions and
6334 translates to the operator "split";
6341 * new infix operator, addss, allowing the classical reasoner to
6342 perform simplification at each step of its search. Example:
6343 fast_tac (cs addss ss)
6345 * a new logic, CHOL, the same as HOL, but with a curried syntax
6346 for functions. Application looks like f a b instead of f(a,b). Also pairs
6347 look like (a,b) instead of <a,b>;
6349 * PLEASE NOTE: CHOL will eventually replace HOL!
6351 * In CHOL, pattern-matching on tuples is now available in all abstractions.
6352 It translates to the operator "split". A new theory of integers is available;
6354 * In ZF, integer numerals now denote two's-complement binary integers.
6355 Arithmetic operations can be performed by rewriting. See ZF/ex/Bin.ML;
6357 * Many new examples: I/O automata, Church-Rosser theorem, equivalents
6358 of the Axiom of Choice;
6365 * Significantly faster resolution;
6367 * the different sections in a .thy file can now be mixed and repeated
6370 * Database of theorems for FOL, HOL and ZF. New
6371 commands including qed, qed_goal and bind_thm store theorems in the database.
6373 * Simple database queries: return a named theorem (get_thm) or all theorems of
6374 a given theory (thms_of), or find out what theory a theorem was proved in
6377 * Bugs fixed in the inductive definition and datatype packages;
6379 * The classical reasoner provides deepen_tac and depth_tac, making FOL_dup_cs
6380 and HOL_dup_cs obsolete;
6382 * Syntactic ambiguities caused by the new treatment of syntax in Isabelle94-1
6385 * Simpler definition of function space in ZF;
6387 * new results about cardinal and ordinal arithmetic in ZF;
6389 * 'subtype' facility in HOL for introducing new types as subsets of existing
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