1 Isabelle NEWS -- history user-relevant changes
2 ==============================================
9 * More uniform information about legacy features, notably a
10 warning/error of "Legacy feature: ...", depending on the state of the
11 tolerate_legacy_features flag (default true). FUTURE INCOMPATIBILITY:
12 legacy features will disappear eventually.
14 * Theory syntax: the header format ``theory A = B + C:'' has been
15 discontinued in favour of ``theory A imports B C begin''. Use isatool
16 fixheaders to convert existing theory files. INCOMPATIBILITY.
18 * Theory syntax: the old non-Isar theory file format has been
19 discontinued altogether. Note that ML proof scripts may still be used
20 with Isar theories; migration is usually quite simple with the ML
21 function use_legacy_bindings. INCOMPATIBILITY.
23 * Theory syntax: some popular names (e.g. 'class', 'declaration',
24 'fun', 'help', 'if') are now keywords. INCOMPATIBILITY, use double
27 * Theory loader: be more serious about observing the static theory
28 header specifications (including optional directories), but not the
29 accidental file locations of previously successful loads. The strict
30 update policy of former update_thy is now already performed by
31 use_thy, so the former has been removed; use_thys updates several
32 theories simultaneously, just as 'imports' within a theory header
33 specification, but without merging the results. Potential
34 INCOMPATIBILITY: may need to refine theory headers and commands
35 ROOT.ML which depend on load order.
37 * Theory loader: optional support for content-based file
38 identification, instead of the traditional scheme of full physical
39 path plus date stamp; configured by the ISABELLE_FILE_IDENT setting
40 (cf. the system manual). The new scheme allows to work with
41 non-finished theories in persistent session images, such that source
42 files may be moved later on without requiring reloads.
44 * Theory loader: old-style ML proof scripts being *attached* to a thy
45 file (with the same base name as the theory) are considered a legacy
46 feature, which will disappear eventually. Even now, the theory loader
47 no longer maintains dependencies on such files.
49 * Syntax: the scope for resolving ambiguities via type-inference is
50 now limited to individual terms, instead of whole simultaneous
51 specifications as before. This greatly reduces the complexity of the
52 syntax module and improves flexibility by separating parsing and
53 type-checking. INCOMPATIBILITY: additional type-constraints (explicit
54 'fixes' etc.) are required in rare situations.
56 * Legacy goal package: reduced interface to the bare minimum required
57 to keep existing proof scripts running. Most other user-level
58 functions are now part of the OldGoals structure, which is *not* open
59 by default (consider isatool expandshort before open OldGoals).
60 Removed top_sg, prin, printyp, pprint_term/typ altogether, because
61 these tend to cause confusion about the actual goal (!) context being
62 used here, which is not necessarily the same as the_context().
64 * Command 'find_theorems': supports "*" wild-card in "name:"
65 criterion; "with_dups" option. Certain ProofGeneral versions might
66 support a specific search form (see ProofGeneral/CHANGES).
68 * The ``prems limit'' option (cf. ProofContext.prems_limit) is now -1
69 by default, which means that "prems" (and also "fixed variables") are
70 suppressed from proof state output. Note that the ProofGeneral
71 settings mechanism allows to change and save options persistently, but
72 older versions of Isabelle will fail to start up if a negative prems
75 * Local theory targets may be specified by non-nested blocks of
76 ``context/locale/class ... begin'' followed by ``end''. The body may
77 contain definitions, theorems etc., including any derived mechanism
78 that has been implemented on top of these primitives. This concept
79 generalizes the existing ``theorem (in ...)'' towards more versatility
82 * Proof General interface: proper undo of final 'end' command;
83 discontinued Isabelle/classic mode (ML proof scripts).
86 *** Document preparation ***
88 * Added antiquotation @{theory name} which prints the given name,
89 after checking that it refers to a valid ancestor theory in the
92 * Added antiquotations @{ML_type text} and @{ML_struct text} which
93 check the given source text as ML type/structure, printing verbatim.
95 * Added antiquotation @{abbrev "c args"} which prints the abbreviation
96 "c args == rhs" given in the current context. (Any number of
97 arguments may be given on the LHS.)
103 * Code generator: consts in 'consts_code' Isar commands are now
104 referred to by usual term syntax (including optional type
107 * Code generator: basic definitions (from 'definition', 'constdefs',
108 or primitive 'instance' definitions) are added automatically to the
109 table of defining equations. Primitive defs are not used as defining
110 equations by default any longer. defining equations are now definitly
111 restricted to meta "==" and object equality "=".
113 * The 'class' package offers a combination of axclass and locale to
114 achieve Haskell-like type classes in Isabelle. See
115 HOL/ex/Classpackage.thy for examples.
117 * Yet another code generator framework allows to generate executable
118 code for ML and Haskell (including Isabelle classes). A short usage
121 internal compilation:
122 code_gen <list of constants (term syntax)> in SML
123 writing SML code to a file:
124 code_gen <list of constants (term syntax)> in SML <filename>
125 writing OCaml code to a file:
126 code_gen <list of constants (term syntax)> in OCaml <filename>
127 writing Haskell code to a bunch of files:
128 code_gen <list of constants (term syntax)> in Haskell <filename>
130 Reasonable default setup of framework in HOL/Main.
132 Theorem attributs for selecting and transforming function equations theorems:
134 [code fun]: select a theorem as function equation for a specific constant
135 [code fun del]: deselect a theorem as function equation for a specific constant
136 [code inline]: select an equation theorem for unfolding (inlining) in place
137 [code inline del]: deselect an equation theorem for unfolding (inlining) in place
139 User-defined serializations (target in {SML, OCaml, Haskell}):
141 code_const <and-list of constants (term syntax)>
142 {(target) <and-list of const target syntax>}+
144 code_type <and-list of type constructors>
145 {(target) <and-list of type target syntax>}+
147 code_instance <and-list of instances>
149 where instance ::= <type constructor> :: <class>
151 code_class <and_list of classes>
152 {(target) <and-list of class target syntax>}+
153 where class target syntax ::= <class name> {where {<classop> == <target syntax>}+}?
155 code_instance and code_class only apply to target Haskell.
157 For example usage see HOL/ex/Codegenerator.thy and
158 HOL/ex/Codegenerator_Pretty.thy. A separate tutorial on code
159 generation from Isabelle/HOL theories is available via "isatool doc
162 * Command 'no_translations' removes translation rules from theory
165 * Overloaded definitions are now actually checked for acyclic
166 dependencies. The overloading scheme is slightly more general than
167 that of Haskell98, although Isabelle does not demand an exact
168 correspondence to type class and instance declarations.
169 INCOMPATIBILITY, use ``defs (unchecked overloaded)'' to admit more
170 exotic versions of overloading -- at the discretion of the user!
172 Polymorphic constants are represented via type arguments, i.e. the
173 instantiation that matches an instance against the most general
174 declaration given in the signature. For example, with the declaration
175 c :: 'a => 'a => 'a, an instance c :: nat => nat => nat is represented
176 as c(nat). Overloading is essentially simultaneous structural
177 recursion over such type arguments. Incomplete specification patterns
178 impose global constraints on all occurrences, e.g. c('a * 'a) on the
179 LHS means that more general c('a * 'b) will be disallowed on any RHS.
180 Command 'print_theory' outputs the normalized system of recursive
181 equations, see section "definitions".
183 * Configuration options are maintained within the theory or proof
184 context (with name and type bool/int/string), providing a very simple
185 interface to a poor-man's version of general context data. Tools may
186 declare options in ML (e.g. using Attrib.config_int) and then refer to
187 these values using Config.get etc. Users may change options via an
188 associated attribute of the same name. This form of context
189 declaration works particularly well with commands 'declare' or
190 'using', for example ``declare [[foo = 42]]''. Thus it has become
191 very easy to avoid global references, which would not observe Isar
192 toplevel undo/redo and fail to work with multithreading.
194 Various global ML references of Pure and HOL have been turned into
195 configuration options:
197 Unify.search_bound unify_search_bound
198 Unify.trace_bound unify_trace_bound
199 Unify.trace_simp unify_trace_simp
200 Unify.trace_types unify_trace_types
201 Simplifier.simp_depth_limit simp_depth_limit
202 Blast.depth_limit blast_depth_limit
203 DatatypeProp.dtK datatype_distinctness_limit
204 fast_arith_neq_limit fast_arith_neq_limit
205 fast_arith_split_limit fast_arith_split_limit
207 * Named collections of theorems may be easily installed as context
208 data using the functor NamedThmsFun (see also
209 src/Pure/Tools/named_thms.ML). The user may add or delete facts via
210 attributes; there is also a toplevel print command. This facility is
211 just a common case of general context data, which is the preferred way
212 for anything more complex than just a list of facts in canonical
215 * Isar: command 'declaration' augments a local theory by generic
216 declaration functions written in ML. This enables arbitrary content
217 being added to the context, depending on a morphism that tells the
218 difference of the original declaration context wrt. the application
219 context encountered later on.
221 * Isar: proper interfaces for simplification procedures. Command
222 'simproc_setup' declares named simprocs (with match patterns, and body
223 text in ML). Attribute "simproc" adds/deletes simprocs in the current
224 context. ML antiquotation @{simproc name} retrieves named simprocs.
226 * Isar: an extra pair of brackets around attribute declarations
227 abbreviates a theorem reference involving an internal dummy fact,
228 which will be ignored later --- only the effect of the attribute on
229 the background context will persist. This form of in-place
230 declarations is particularly useful with commands like 'declare' and
231 'using', for example ``have A using [[simproc a]] by simp''.
233 * Isar: method "assumption" (and implicit closing of subproofs) now
234 takes simple non-atomic goal assumptions into account: after applying
235 an assumption as a rule the resulting subgoals are solved by atomic
236 assumption steps. This is particularly useful to finish 'obtain'
237 goals, such as "!!x. (!!x. P x ==> thesis) ==> P x ==> thesis",
238 without referring to the original premise "!!x. P x ==> thesis" in the
239 Isar proof context. POTENTIAL INCOMPATIBILITY: method "assumption" is
242 * Isar: implicit use of prems from the Isar proof context is
243 considered a legacy feature. Common applications like ``have A .''
244 may be replaced by ``have A by fact'' or ``note `A`''. In general,
245 referencing facts explicitly here improves readability and
246 maintainability of proof texts.
248 * Isar: improper proof element 'guess' is like 'obtain', but derives
249 the obtained context from the course of reasoning! For example:
251 assume "EX x y. A x & B y" -- "any previous fact"
252 then guess x and y by clarify
254 This technique is potentially adventurous, depending on the facts and
255 proof tools being involved here.
257 * Isar: known facts from the proof context may be specified as literal
258 propositions, using ASCII back-quote syntax. This works wherever
259 named facts used to be allowed so far, in proof commands, proof
260 methods, attributes etc. Literal facts are retrieved from the context
261 according to unification of type and term parameters. For example,
262 provided that "A" and "A ==> B" and "!!x. P x ==> Q x" are known
263 theorems in the current context, then these are valid literal facts:
264 `A` and `A ==> B` and `!!x. P x ==> Q x" as well as `P a ==> Q a` etc.
266 There is also a proof method "fact" which does the same composition
267 for explicit goal states, e.g. the following proof texts coincide with
268 certain special cases of literal facts:
270 have "A" by fact == note `A`
271 have "A ==> B" by fact == note `A ==> B`
272 have "!!x. P x ==> Q x" by fact == note `!!x. P x ==> Q x`
273 have "P a ==> Q a" by fact == note `P a ==> Q a`
275 * Isar: ":" (colon) is no longer a symbolic identifier character in
276 outer syntax. Thus symbolic identifiers may be used without
277 additional white space in declarations like this: ``assume *: A''.
279 * Isar: 'print_facts' prints all local facts of the current context,
280 both named and unnamed ones.
282 * Isar: 'def' now admits simultaneous definitions, e.g.:
284 def x == "t" and y == "u"
286 * Isar: added command 'unfolding', which is structurally similar to
287 'using', but affects both the goal state and facts by unfolding given
288 rewrite rules. Thus many occurrences of the 'unfold' method or
289 'unfolded' attribute may be replaced by first-class proof text.
291 * Isar: methods 'unfold' / 'fold', attributes 'unfolded' / 'folded',
292 and command 'unfolding' now all support object-level equalities
293 (potentially conditional). The underlying notion of rewrite rule is
294 analogous to the 'rule_format' attribute, but *not* that of the
295 Simplifier (which is usually more generous).
297 * Isar: the new attribute [rotated n] (default n = 1) rotates the
298 premises of a theorem by n. Useful in conjunction with drule.
300 * Isar: the goal restriction operator [N] (default N = 1) evaluates a
301 method expression within a sandbox consisting of the first N
302 sub-goals, which need to exist. For example, ``simp_all [3]''
303 simplifies the first three sub-goals, while (rule foo, simp_all)[]
304 simplifies all new goals that emerge from applying rule foo to the
305 originally first one.
307 * Isar: schematic goals are no longer restricted to higher-order
308 patterns; e.g. ``lemma "?P(?x)" by (rule TrueI)'' now works as
311 * Isar: the conclusion of a long theorem statement is now either
312 'shows' (a simultaneous conjunction, as before), or 'obtains'
313 (essentially a disjunction of cases with local parameters and
314 assumptions). The latter allows to express general elimination rules
315 adequately; in this notation common elimination rules look like this:
317 lemma exE: -- "EX x. P x ==> (!!x. P x ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
319 obtains x where "P x"
321 lemma conjE: -- "A & B ==> (A ==> B ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
325 lemma disjE: -- "A | B ==> (A ==> thesis) ==> (B ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
331 The subsequent classical rules even refer to the formal "thesis"
334 lemma classical: -- "(~ thesis ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
337 lemma Peirce's_Law: -- "((thesis ==> something) ==> thesis) ==> thesis"
338 obtains "thesis ==> something"
340 The actual proof of an 'obtains' statement is analogous to that of the
341 Isar proof element 'obtain', only that there may be several cases.
342 Optional case names may be specified in parentheses; these will be
343 available both in the present proof and as annotations in the
344 resulting rule, for later use with the 'cases' method (cf. attribute
347 * Isar: the assumptions of a long theorem statement are available as
348 "assms" fact in the proof context. This is more appropriate than the
349 (historical) "prems", which refers to all assumptions of the current
350 context, including those from the target locale, proof body etc.
352 * Isar: 'print_statement' prints theorems from the current theory or
353 proof context in long statement form, according to the syntax of a
356 * Isar: 'obtain' takes an optional case name for the local context
357 introduction rule (default "that").
359 * Isar: removed obsolete 'concl is' patterns. INCOMPATIBILITY, use
360 explicit (is "_ ==> ?foo") in the rare cases where this still happens
363 * Pure: syntax "CONST name" produces a fully internalized constant
364 according to the current context. This is particularly useful for
365 syntax translations that should refer to internal constant
366 representations independently of name spaces.
368 * Pure: syntax constant for foo (binder "FOO ") is called "foo_binder"
369 instead of "FOO ". This allows multiple binder declarations to coexist
370 in the same context. INCOMPATIBILITY.
372 * Isar/locales: 'notation' provides a robust interface to the 'syntax'
373 primitive that also works in a locale context (both for constants and
374 fixed variables). Type declaration and internal syntactic representation
375 of given constants retrieved from the context. Likewise, the
376 'no_notation' command allows to remove given syntax annotations from the
379 * Isar/locales: new derived specification elements 'axiomatization',
380 'definition', 'abbreviation', which support type-inference, admit
381 object-level specifications (equality, equivalence). See also the
382 isar-ref manual. Examples:
385 eq (infix "===" 50) where
386 eq_refl: "x === x" and eq_subst: "x === y ==> P x ==> P y"
388 definition "f x y = x + y + 1"
389 definition g where "g x = f x x"
392 neq (infix "=!=" 50) where
393 "x =!= y == ~ (x === y)"
395 These specifications may be also used in a locale context. Then the
396 constants being introduced depend on certain fixed parameters, and the
397 constant name is qualified by the locale base name. An internal
398 abbreviation takes care for convenient input and output, making the
399 parameters implicit and using the original short name. See also
400 HOL/ex/Abstract_NAT.thy for an example of deriving polymorphic
401 entities from a monomorphic theory.
403 Presently, abbreviations are only available 'in' a target locale, but
404 not inherited by general import expressions. Also note that
405 'abbreviation' may be used as a type-safe replacement for 'syntax' +
406 'translations' in common applications. The "no_abbrevs" print mode
407 prevents folding of abbreviations in term output.
409 Concrete syntax is attached to specified constants in internal form,
410 independently of name spaces. The parse tree representation is
411 slightly different -- use 'notation' instead of raw 'syntax', and
412 'translations' with explicit "CONST" markup to accommodate this.
414 * Pure/Isar: unified syntax for new-style specification mechanisms
415 (e.g. 'definition', 'abbreviation', or 'inductive' in HOL) admits
416 full type inference and dummy patterns ("_"). For example:
418 definition "K x _ = x"
420 inductive conj for A B
421 where "A ==> B ==> conj A B"
423 * Pure: command 'print_abbrevs' prints all constant abbreviations of
424 the current context. Print mode "no_abbrevs" prevents inversion of
425 abbreviations on output.
427 * Isar/locales: improved parameter handling: use of locales "var" and
428 "struct" no longer necessary; - parameter renamings are no longer
429 required to be injective. For example, this allows to define
430 endomorphisms as locale endom = homom mult mult h.
432 * Isar/locales: changed the way locales with predicates are defined.
433 Instead of accumulating the specification, the imported expression is
434 now an interpretation. INCOMPATIBILITY: different normal form of
435 locale expressions. In particular, in interpretations of locales with
436 predicates, goals repesenting already interpreted fragments are not
437 removed automatically. Use methods `intro_locales' and
438 `unfold_locales'; see below.
440 * Isar/locales: new methods `intro_locales' and `unfold_locales'
441 provide backward reasoning on locales predicates. The methods are
442 aware of interpretations and discharge corresponding goals.
443 `intro_locales' is less aggressive then `unfold_locales' and does not
444 unfold predicates to assumptions.
446 * Isar/locales: the order in which locale fragments are accumulated
447 has changed. This enables to override declarations from fragments due
448 to interpretations -- for example, unwanted simp rules.
450 * Isar/locales: interpretation in theories and proof contexts has been
451 extended. One may now specify (and prove) equations, which are
452 unfolded in interpreted theorems. This is useful for replacing
453 defined concepts (constants depending on locale parameters) by
454 concepts already existing in the target context. Example:
456 interpretation partial_order ["op <= :: [int, int] => bool"]
457 where "partial_order.less (op <=) (x::int) y = (x < y)"
459 Typically, the constant `partial_order.less' is created by a
460 definition specification element in the context of locale
463 * Method "induct": improved internal context management to support
464 local fixes and defines on-the-fly. Thus explicit meta-level
465 connectives !! and ==> are rarely required anymore in inductive goals
466 (using object-logic connectives for this purpose has been long
467 obsolete anyway). Common proof patterns are explained in
468 HOL/Induct/Common_Patterns.thy, see also HOL/Isar_examples/Puzzle.thy
469 and src/HOL/Lambda for realistic examples.
471 * Method "induct": improved handling of simultaneous goals. Instead of
472 introducing object-level conjunction, the statement is now split into
473 several conclusions, while the corresponding symbolic cases are nested
474 accordingly. INCOMPATIBILITY, proofs need to be structured explicitly,
475 see HOL/Induct/Common_Patterns.thy, for example.
477 * Method "induct": mutual induction rules are now specified as a list
478 of rule sharing the same induction cases. HOL packages usually provide
479 foo_bar.inducts for mutually defined items foo and bar (e.g. inductive
480 predicates/sets or datatypes). INCOMPATIBILITY, users need to specify
481 mutual induction rules differently, i.e. like this:
483 (induct rule: foo_bar.inducts)
484 (induct set: foo bar)
485 (induct pred: foo bar)
486 (induct type: foo bar)
488 The ML function ProjectRule.projections turns old-style rules into the
491 * Method "coinduct": dual of induction, see
492 src/HOL/Library/Coinductive_List.thy for various examples.
494 * Method "cases", "induct", "coinduct": the ``(open)'' option is
495 considered a legacy feature.
497 * Attribute "symmetric" produces result with standardized schematic
498 variables (index 0). Potential INCOMPATIBILITY.
500 * Simplifier: by default the simplifier trace only shows top level
501 rewrites now. That is, trace_simp_depth_limit is set to 1 by
502 default. Thus there is less danger of being flooded by the trace. The
503 trace indicates where parts have been suppressed.
505 * Provers/classical: removed obsolete classical version of elim_format
506 attribute; classical elim/dest rules are now treated uniformly when
507 manipulating the claset.
509 * Provers/classical: stricter checks to ensure that supplied intro,
510 dest and elim rules are well-formed; dest and elim rules must have at
513 * Provers/classical: attributes dest/elim/intro take an optional
514 weight argument for the rule (just as the Pure versions). Weights are
515 ignored by automated tools, but determine the search order of single
518 * Syntax: input syntax now supports dummy variable binding "%_. b",
519 where the body does not mention the bound variable. Note that dummy
520 patterns implicitly depend on their context of bounds, which makes
521 "{_. _}" match any set comprehension as expected. Potential
522 INCOMPATIBILITY -- parse translations need to cope with syntactic
523 constant "_idtdummy" in the binding position.
525 * Syntax: removed obsolete syntactic constant "_K" and its associated
526 parse translation. INCOMPATIBILITY -- use dummy abstraction instead,
527 for example "A -> B" => "Pi A (%_. B)".
529 * Pure: 'class_deps' command visualizes the subclass relation, using
530 the graph browser tool.
532 * Pure: 'print_theory' now suppresses certain internal declarations by
533 default; use '!' option for full details.
538 * New "auto_quickcheck" feature tests outermost goal statements for
539 potential counter-examples. Controlled by ML references
540 auto_quickcheck (default true) and auto_quickcheck_time_limit (default
543 * Internal reorganisation of `size' of datatypes: size theorems
544 "foo.size" are no longer subsumed by "foo.simps" (but are still
545 simplification rules by default!); theorems "prod.size" now named
548 * The transitivity reasoner for partial and linear orders is set up
549 for locales "order" and "linorder" generated by the new class package
550 (instead of axiomatic type classes used before). Instances of the
551 reasoner are available in all contexts importing or interpreting these
552 locales. Method "order" invokes the reasoner separately; the reasoner
553 is also integrated with the Simplifier as a solver. Diagnostic
554 command 'print_orders' shows the available instances of the reasoner
555 in the current context.
557 * Formulation of theorem "dense" changed slightly due to integration
558 with new class dense_linear_order.
560 * HOL/Finite_Set: "name-space" locales Lattice, Distrib_lattice,
561 Linorder etc. have disappeared; operations defined in terms of
562 fold_set now are named Inf_fin, Sup_fin. INCOMPATIBILITY.
564 * HOL-Word: New extensive library and type for generic, fixed size
565 machine words, with arithemtic, bit-wise, shifting and rotating
566 operations, reflection into int, nat, and bool lists, automation for
567 linear arithmetic (by automatic reflection into nat or int), including
568 lemmas on overflow and monotonicity. Instantiated to all appropriate
569 arithmetic type classes, supporting automatic simplification of
570 numerals on all operations.
572 * Library/Boolean_Algebra: locales for abstract boolean algebras.
574 * Library/Numeral_Type: numbers as types, e.g. TYPE(32).
576 * Code generator library theories:
577 - Pretty_Int represents HOL integers by big integer literals in target
579 - Pretty_Char represents HOL characters by character literals in target
581 - Pretty_Char_chr like Pretty_Char, but also offers treatment of character
582 codes; includes Pretty_Int.
583 - Executable_Set allows to generate code for finite sets using lists.
584 - Executable_Rat implements rational numbers as triples (sign, enumerator,
586 - Executable_Real implements a subset of real numbers, namly those
587 representable by rational numbers.
588 - Efficient_Nat implements natural numbers by integers, which in general will
589 result in higher efficency; pattern matching with 0/Suc is eliminated;
591 - ML_String provides an additional datatype ml_string; in the HOL default
592 setup, strings in HOL are mapped to lists of HOL characters in SML; values
593 of type ml_string are mapped to strings in SML.
594 - ML_Int provides an additional datatype ml_int which is mapped to to SML
597 * New package for inductive predicates
599 An n-ary predicate p with m parameters z_1, ..., z_m can now be defined via
602 p :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => T_1 => ... => T_n => bool"
603 for z_1 :: U_1 and ... and z_n :: U_m
605 rule_1: "... ==> p z_1 ... z_m t_1_1 ... t_1_n"
608 with full support for type-inference, rather than
610 consts s :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => (T_1 * ... * T_n) set"
612 abbreviation p :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => T_1 => ... => T_n => bool"
613 where "p z_1 ... z_m x_1 ... x_n == (x_1, ..., x_n) : s z_1 ... z_m"
615 inductive "s z_1 ... z_m"
617 rule_1: "... ==> (t_1_1, ..., t_1_n) : s z_1 ... z_m"
620 For backward compatibility, there is a wrapper allowing inductive
621 sets to be defined with the new package via
624 s :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => (T_1 * ... * T_n) set"
625 for z_1 :: U_1 and ... and z_n :: U_m
627 rule_1: "... ==> (t_1_1, ..., t_1_n) : s z_1 ... z_m"
633 s :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => (T_1 * ... * T_n) set"
634 and p :: "U_1 => ... => U_m => T_1 => ... => T_n => bool"
635 for z_1 :: U_1 and ... and z_n :: U_m
637 "p z_1 ... z_m x_1 ... x_n == (x_1, ..., x_n) : s z_1 ... z_m"
638 | rule_1: "... ==> p z_1 ... z_m t_1_1 ... t_1_n"
641 if the additional syntax "p ..." is required.
643 Numerous examples can be found in the subdirectories HOL/Auth, HOL/Bali,
644 HOL/Induct, and HOL/MicroJava.
648 - Since declaration and definition of inductive sets or predicates
649 is no longer separated, abbreviations involving the newly
650 introduced sets or predicates must be specified together with the
651 introduction rules after the 'where' keyword (see above), rather
652 than before the actual inductive definition.
654 - The variables in induction and elimination rules are now
655 quantified in the order of their occurrence in the introduction
656 rules, rather than in alphabetical order. Since this may break
657 some proofs, these proofs either have to be repaired, e.g. by
658 reordering the variables a_i_1 ... a_i_{k_i} in Isar 'case'
659 statements of the form
661 case (rule_i a_i_1 ... a_i_{k_i})
663 or the old order of quantification has to be restored by explicitly adding
664 meta-level quantifiers in the introduction rules, i.e.
666 | rule_i: "!!a_i_1 ... a_i_{k_i}. ... ==> p z_1 ... z_m t_i_1 ... t_i_n"
668 - The format of the elimination rules is now
670 p z_1 ... z_m x_1 ... x_n ==>
671 (!!a_1_1 ... a_1_{k_1}. x_1 = t_1_1 ==> ... ==> x_n = t_1_n ==> ... ==> P)
676 (x_1, ..., x_n) : s z_1 ... z_m ==>
677 (!!a_1_1 ... a_1_{k_1}. x_1 = t_1_1 ==> ... ==> x_n = t_1_n ==> ... ==> P)
682 x : s z_1 ... z_m ==>
683 (!!a_1_1 ... a_1_{k_1}. x = (t_1_1, ..., t_1_n) ==> ... ==> P)
686 This may require terms in goals to be expanded to n-tuples
687 (e.g. using case_tac or simplification with the split_paired_all
688 rule) before the above elimination rule is applicable.
690 - The elimination or case analysis rules for (mutually) inductive
691 sets or predicates are now called "p_1.cases" ... "p_k.cases". The
692 list of rules "p_1_..._p_k.elims" is no longer available.
694 * Method "metis" proves goals by applying the Metis general-purpose
695 resolution prover. Examples are in the directory MetisExamples. See
696 also http://gilith.com/software/metis/
698 WARNING: the Isabelle/HOL-Metis integration does not yet work properly
699 with multi-threading.
701 * Command 'sledgehammer' invokes external automatic theorem provers as
702 background processes. It generates calls to the "metis" method if
703 successful. These can be pasted into the proof. Users do not have to
704 wait for the automatic provers to return.
706 * Case-expressions allow arbitrary constructor-patterns (including
707 "_") and take their order into account, like in functional
708 programming. Internally, this is translated into nested
709 case-expressions; missing cases are added and mapped to the predefined
710 constant "undefined". In complicated cases printing may no longer show
711 the original input but the internal form. Lambda-abstractions allow
712 the same form of pattern matching: "% pat1 => e1 | ..." is an
713 abbreviation for "%x. case x of pat1 => e1 | ..." where x is a new
716 * IntDef: The constant "int :: nat => int" has been removed; now "int"
717 is an abbreviation for "of_nat :: nat => int". The simplification
718 rules for "of_nat" have been changed to work like "int" did
719 previously. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY:
720 - "of_nat (Suc m)" simplifies to "1 + of_nat m" instead of "of_nat m + 1"
721 - of_nat_diff and of_nat_mult are no longer default simp rules
723 * Method "algebra" solves polynomial equations over (semi)rings using
724 Groebner bases. The (semi)ring structure is defined by locales and the
725 tool setup depends on that generic context. Installing the method for
726 a specific type involves instantiating the locale and possibly adding
727 declarations for computation on the coefficients. The method is
728 already instantiated for natural numbers and for the axiomatic class
729 of idoms with numerals. See also the paper by Chaieb and Wenzel at
730 CALCULEMUS 2007 for the general principles underlying this
731 architecture of context-aware proof-tools.
733 * Former constant "List.op @" now named "List.append". Use ML
734 antiquotations @{const_name List.append} or @{term " ... @ ... "} to
735 circumvent possible incompatibilities when working on ML level.
737 * Some renaming of class constants due to canonical name prefixing in
738 the new 'class' package:
740 HOL.abs ~> HOL.minus_class.abs
741 HOL.divide ~> HOL.divide_class.divide
742 Nat.power ~> Nat.power_class.power
743 Nat.size ~> Nat.size_class.size
744 Numeral.number_of ~> Numeral.number_class.number_of
745 FixedPoint.Inf ~> FixedPoint.complete_lattice_class.Inf
746 FixedPoint.Sup ~> FixedPoint.complete_lattice_class.Sup
747 Orderings.min ~> Orderings.ord_class.min
748 Orderings.max ~> Orderings.ord_class.max
750 * New class "default" with associated constant "default".
752 * New constant "undefined" with axiom "undefined x = undefined".
754 * primrec: missing cases mapped to "undefined" instead of "arbitrary"
756 * New function listsum :: 'a list => 'a for arbitrary monoids.
757 Special syntax: "SUM x <- xs. f x" (and latex variants)
759 * New syntax for Haskell-like list comprehension (input only), eg.
760 [(x,y). x <- xs, y <- ys, x ~= y], see also HOL/List.thy.
762 * The special syntax for function "filter" has changed from [x :
763 xs. P] to [x <- xs. P] to avoid an ambiguity caused by list
764 comprehension syntax, and for uniformity. INCOMPATIBILITY.
766 * [a..b] is now defined for arbitrary linear orders. It used to be
767 defined on nat only, as an abbreviation for [a..<Suc b]
770 * Renamed lemma "set_take_whileD" to "set_takeWhileD".
772 * New functions "sorted" and "sort" in HOL/List.thy.
774 * Function "sgn" is now overloaded and available on int, real, complex
775 (and other numeric types), using class "sgn". Two possible defs of
776 sgn are given as equational assumptions in the classes sgn_if and
777 sgn_div_norm; ordered_idom now also inherits from sgn_if.
780 * New lemma collection field_simps (an extension of ring_simps) for
781 manipulating (in)equations involving division. Multiplies with all
782 denominators that can be proved to be non-zero (in equations) or
783 positive/negative (in inequations).
785 * Lemma collections ring_eq_simps, group_eq_simps and ring_distrib
786 have been improved and renamed to ring_simps, group_simps and
787 ring_distribs. Removed lemmas field_xyz in theory Ring_and_Field
788 because they were subsumed by lemmas xyz. INCOMPATIBILITY.
790 * Library/Pretty_Int.thy: maps HOL numerals on target language integer
791 literals when generating code.
793 * Library/Pretty_Char.thy: maps HOL characters on target language
794 character literals when generating code.
796 * Library/Commutative_Ring.thy: switched from recdef to function
797 package; constants add, mul, pow now curried. Infix syntax for
798 algebraic operations.
800 * Some steps towards more uniform lattice theory development in HOL.
802 constants "meet" and "join" now named "inf" and "sup"
803 constant "Meet" now named "Inf"
805 classes "meet_semilorder" and "join_semilorder" now named
806 "lower_semilattice" and "upper_semilattice"
807 class "lorder" now named "lattice"
808 class "comp_lat" now named "complete_lattice"
810 Instantiation of lattice classes allows explicit definitions
811 for "inf" and "sup" operations (or "Inf" and "Sup" for complete lattices).
813 INCOMPATIBILITY. Theorem renames:
815 meet_left_le ~> inf_le1
816 meet_right_le ~> inf_le2
817 join_left_le ~> sup_ge1
818 join_right_le ~> sup_ge2
819 meet_join_le ~> inf_sup_ord
822 le_meet ~> le_inf_iff
823 le_join ~> ge_sup_conv
824 meet_idempotent ~> inf_idem
825 join_idempotent ~> sup_idem
826 meet_comm ~> inf_commute
827 join_comm ~> sup_commute
828 meet_leI1 ~> le_infI1
829 meet_leI2 ~> le_infI2
830 le_joinI1 ~> le_supI1
831 le_joinI2 ~> le_supI2
832 meet_assoc ~> inf_assoc
833 join_assoc ~> sup_assoc
834 meet_left_comm ~> inf_left_commute
835 meet_left_idempotent ~> inf_left_idem
836 join_left_comm ~> sup_left_commute
837 join_left_idempotent ~> sup_left_idem
840 le_def_meet ~> le_iff_inf
841 le_def_join ~> le_iff_sup
842 join_absorp2 ~> sup_absorb2
843 join_absorp1 ~> sup_absorb1
844 meet_absorp1 ~> inf_absorb1
845 meet_absorp2 ~> inf_absorb2
846 meet_join_absorp ~> inf_sup_absorb
847 join_meet_absorp ~> sup_inf_absorb
848 distrib_join_le ~> distrib_sup_le
849 distrib_meet_le ~> distrib_inf_le
851 add_meet_distrib_left ~> add_inf_distrib_left
852 add_join_distrib_left ~> add_sup_distrib_left
853 is_join_neg_meet ~> is_join_neg_inf
854 is_meet_neg_join ~> is_meet_neg_sup
855 add_meet_distrib_right ~> add_inf_distrib_right
856 add_join_distrib_right ~> add_sup_distrib_right
857 add_meet_join_distribs ~> add_sup_inf_distribs
858 join_eq_neg_meet ~> sup_eq_neg_inf
859 meet_eq_neg_join ~> inf_eq_neg_sup
860 add_eq_meet_join ~> add_eq_inf_sup
861 meet_0_imp_0 ~> inf_0_imp_0
862 join_0_imp_0 ~> sup_0_imp_0
863 meet_0_eq_0 ~> inf_0_eq_0
864 join_0_eq_0 ~> sup_0_eq_0
865 neg_meet_eq_join ~> neg_inf_eq_sup
866 neg_join_eq_meet ~> neg_sup_eq_inf
867 join_eq_if ~> sup_eq_if
869 mono_meet ~> mono_inf
870 mono_join ~> mono_sup
871 meet_bool_eq ~> inf_bool_eq
872 join_bool_eq ~> sup_bool_eq
873 meet_fun_eq ~> inf_fun_eq
874 join_fun_eq ~> sup_fun_eq
875 meet_set_eq ~> inf_set_eq
876 join_set_eq ~> sup_set_eq
877 meet1_iff ~> inf1_iff
878 meet2_iff ~> inf2_iff
887 join1_iff ~> sup1_iff
888 join2_iff ~> sup2_iff
898 is_meet_Meet ~> is_meet_Inf
899 Meet_bool_def ~> Inf_bool_def
900 Meet_fun_def ~> Inf_fun_def
901 Meet_greatest ~> Inf_greatest
902 Meet_lower ~> Inf_lower
903 Meet_set_def ~> Inf_set_def
906 Sup_bool_eq ~> Sup_bool_def
907 Sup_fun_eq ~> Sup_fun_def
908 Sup_set_eq ~> Sup_set_def
910 listsp_meetI ~> listsp_infI
911 listsp_meet_eq ~> listsp_inf_eq
916 * Renamed classes "order" and "linorder": facts "refl", "trans" and
917 "cases" to "order_refl", "order_trans" and "linorder_cases", to avoid
918 clashes with HOL "refl" and "trans". INCOMPATIBILITY.
920 * Classes "order" and "linorder": potential INCOMPATIBILITY due to
921 changed order of proof goals instance proofs.
923 * Dropped redundant lemma def_imp_eq in favor of meta_eq_to_obj_eq.
926 * Dropped redundant lemma if_def2 in favor of if_bool_eq_conj.
929 * Added syntactic class "size"; overloaded constant "size" now has
930 type "'a::size ==> bool"
932 * Renamed constants "Divides.op div", "Divides.op mod" and "Divides.op
933 dvd" to "Divides.div_class.div", "Divides.div_class.mod" and
934 "Divides.dvd". INCOMPATIBILITY.
936 * Method "lexicographic_order" automatically synthesizes termination
937 relations as lexicographic combinations of size measures -- 'function'
940 * HOL/records: generalised field-update to take a function on the
941 field rather than the new value: r(|A := x|) is translated to A_update
942 (K x) r The K-combinator that is internally used is called K_record.
943 INCOMPATIBILITY: Usage of the plain update functions has to be
946 * Class "semiring_0" now contains annihilation axioms x * 0 = 0 and 0
947 * x = 0, which are required for a semiring. Richer structures do not
948 inherit from semiring_0 anymore, because this property is a theorem
949 there, not an axiom. INCOMPATIBILITY: In instances of semiring_0,
950 there is more to prove, but this is mostly trivial.
952 * Class "recpower" is generalized to arbitrary monoids, not just
953 commutative semirings. INCOMPATIBILITY: may need to incorporate
954 commutativity or a semiring properties additionally.
956 * Unified locale "partial_order" with class definition (cf. theory
957 Orderings), added parameter "less". INCOMPATIBILITY.
959 * Constant "List.list_all2" in List.thy now uses authentic syntax.
960 INCOMPATIBILITY: translations containing list_all2 may go wrong,
961 better use 'abbreviation'.
963 * Renamed constant "List.op mem" to "List.member". INCOMPATIBILITY.
965 * Renamed constants "0" to "HOL.zero_class.zero" and "1" to
966 "HOL.one_class.one". INCOMPATIBILITY.
968 * Added class "HOL.eq", allowing for code generation with polymorphic
971 * Numeral syntax: type 'bin' which was a mere type copy of 'int' has
972 been abandoned in favour of plain 'int'. INCOMPATIBILITY --
973 significant changes for setting up numeral syntax for types:
974 - New constants Numeral.pred and Numeral.succ instead
975 of former Numeral.bin_pred and Numeral.bin_succ.
976 - Use integer operations instead of bin_add, bin_mult and so on.
977 - Numeral simplification theorems named Numeral.numeral_simps instead of Bin_simps.
978 - ML structure Bin_Simprocs now named Int_Numeral_Base_Simprocs.
980 See HOL/Integ/IntArith.thy for an example setup.
982 * New top level command 'normal_form' computes the normal form of a
983 term that may contain free variables. For example ``normal_form
984 "rev[a,b,c]"'' produces ``[b,c,a]'' (without proof). This command is
985 suitable for heavy-duty computations because the functions are
986 compiled to ML first.
988 * Alternative iff syntax "A <-> B" for equality on bool (with priority
989 25 like -->); output depends on the "iff" print_mode, the default is
990 "A = B" (with priority 50).
992 * Renamed constants in HOL.thy and Orderings.thy:
993 op + ~> HOL.plus_class.plus
994 op - ~> HOL.minus_class.minus
995 uminus ~> HOL.minus_class.uminus
996 abs ~> HOL.abs_class.abs
997 op * ~> HOL.times_class.times
998 op < ~> HOL.ord_class.less
999 op <= ~> HOL.ord_class.less_eq
1001 Adaptions may be required in the following cases:
1003 a) User-defined constants using any of the names "plus", "minus",
1004 "times", "less" or "less_eq". The standard syntax translations for
1005 "+", "-" and "*" may go wrong. INCOMPATIBILITY: use more specific
1008 b) Variables named "plus", "minus", "times", "less", "less_eq"
1009 INCOMPATIBILITY: use more specific names.
1011 c) Permutative equations (e.g. "a + b = b + a")
1012 Since the change of names also changes the order of terms, permutative
1013 rewrite rules may get applied in a different order. Experience shows
1014 that this is rarely the case (only two adaptions in the whole Isabelle
1015 distribution). INCOMPATIBILITY: rewrite proofs
1017 d) ML code directly refering to constant names
1018 This in general only affects hand-written proof tactics, simprocs and
1019 so on. INCOMPATIBILITY: grep your sourcecode and replace names.
1020 Consider using @{const_name} antiquotation.
1022 * Relations less (<) and less_eq (<=) are also available on type bool.
1023 Modified syntax to disallow nesting without explicit parentheses,
1024 e.g. "(x < y) < z" or "x < (y < z)", but NOT "x < y < z". Potential
1027 * "LEAST x:A. P" expands to "LEAST x. x:A & P" (input only).
1029 * Relation composition operator "op O" now has precedence 75 and binds
1030 stronger than union and intersection. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1032 * The old set interval syntax "{m..n(}" (and relatives) has been
1033 removed. Use "{m..<n}" (and relatives) instead.
1035 * In the context of the assumption "~(s = t)" the Simplifier rewrites
1036 "t = s" to False (by simproc "neq"). INCOMPATIBILITY, consider using
1037 ``declare [[simproc del: neq]]''.
1039 * Simplifier: "m dvd n" where m and n are numbers is evaluated to
1042 * Theorem Cons_eq_map_conv no longer declared as "simp".
1044 * Theorem setsum_mult renamed to setsum_right_distrib.
1046 * Prefer ex1I over ex_ex1I in single-step reasoning, e.g. by the
1049 * Reimplemented methods "sat" and "satx", with several improvements:
1050 goals no longer need to be stated as "<prems> ==> False", equivalences
1051 (i.e. "=" on type bool) are handled, variable names of the form
1052 "lit_<n>" are no longer reserved, significant speedup.
1054 * Methods "sat" and "satx" can now replay MiniSat proof traces.
1055 zChaff is still supported as well.
1057 * 'inductive' and 'datatype': provide projections of mutual rules,
1058 bundled as foo_bar.inducts;
1060 * Library: moved theories Parity, GCD, Binomial, Infinite_Set to
1063 * Library: moved theory Accessible_Part to main HOL.
1065 * Library: added theory Coinductive_List of potentially infinite lists
1066 as greatest fixed-point.
1068 * Library: added theory AssocList which implements (finite) maps as
1071 * Method "evaluation" solves goals (i.e. a boolean expression)
1072 efficiently by compiling it to ML. The goal is "proved" (via an
1073 oracle) if it evaluates to True.
1075 * Linear arithmetic now splits certain operators (e.g. min, max, abs)
1076 also when invoked by the simplifier. This results in the Simplifier
1077 being more powerful on arithmetic goals. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1078 Configuration option fast_arith_split_limit=0 recovers the old
1081 * Support for hex (0x20) and binary (0b1001) numerals.
1083 * New method: reify eqs (t), where eqs are equations for an
1084 interpretation I :: 'a list => 'b => 'c and t::'c is an optional
1085 parameter, computes a term s::'b and a list xs::'a list and proves the
1086 theorem I xs s = t. This is also known as reification or quoting. The
1087 resulting theorem is applied to the subgoal to substitute t with I xs
1088 s. If t is omitted, the subgoal itself is reified.
1090 * New method: reflection corr_thm eqs (t). The parameters eqs and (t)
1091 are as explained above. corr_thm is a theorem for I vs (f t) = I vs t,
1092 where f is supposed to be a computable function (in the sense of code
1093 generattion). The method uses reify to compute s and xs as above then
1094 applies corr_thm and uses normalization by evaluation to "prove" f s =
1095 r and finally gets the theorem t = r, which is again applied to the
1096 subgoal. An Example is available in HOL/ex/ReflectionEx.thy.
1098 * Reflection: Automatic reification now handels binding, an example
1099 is available in HOL/ex/ReflectionEx.thy
1104 * Hyperreal: Functions root and sqrt are now defined on negative real
1105 inputs so that root n (- x) = - root n x and sqrt (- x) = - sqrt x.
1106 Nonnegativity side conditions have been removed from many lemmas, so
1107 that more subgoals may now be solved by simplification; potential
1110 * Real: new type classes formalize real normed vector spaces and
1111 algebras, using new overloaded constants scaleR :: real => 'a => 'a
1112 and norm :: 'a => real.
1114 * Real: constant of_real :: real => 'a::real_algebra_1 injects from
1115 reals into other types. The overloaded constant Reals :: 'a set is now
1116 defined as range of_real; potential INCOMPATIBILITY.
1118 * Real: proper support for ML code generation, including 'quickcheck'.
1119 Reals are implemented as arbitrary precision rationals.
1121 * Hyperreal: Several constants that previously worked only for the
1122 reals have been generalized, so they now work over arbitrary vector
1123 spaces. Type annotations may need to be added in some cases; potential
1126 Infinitesimal :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star set
1127 HFinite :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star set
1128 HInfinite :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star set
1129 approx :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star => 'a star => bool
1130 monad :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star => 'a star set
1131 galaxy :: ('a::real_normed_vector) star => 'a star set
1132 (NS)LIMSEQ :: [nat => 'a::real_normed_vector, 'a] => bool
1133 (NS)convergent :: (nat => 'a::real_normed_vector) => bool
1134 (NS)Bseq :: (nat => 'a::real_normed_vector) => bool
1135 (NS)Cauchy :: (nat => 'a::real_normed_vector) => bool
1136 (NS)LIM :: ['a::real_normed_vector => 'b::real_normed_vector, 'a, 'b] => bool
1137 is(NS)Cont :: ['a::real_normed_vector => 'b::real_normed_vector, 'a] => bool
1138 deriv :: ['a::real_normed_field => 'a, 'a, 'a] => bool
1139 sgn :: 'a::real_normed_vector => 'a
1140 exp :: 'a::{recpower,real_normed_field,banach} => 'a
1142 * Complex: Some complex-specific constants are now abbreviations for
1143 overloaded ones: complex_of_real = of_real, cmod = norm, hcmod =
1144 hnorm. Other constants have been entirely removed in favor of the
1145 polymorphic versions (INCOMPATIBILITY):
1149 HInfinite <-- CInfinite
1150 Infinitesimal <-- CInfinitesimal
1153 (NS)LIM <-- (NS)CLIM, (NS)CRLIM
1154 is(NS)Cont <-- is(NS)Contc, is(NS)contCR
1155 (ns)deriv <-- (ns)cderiv
1160 * Formalisation of ideals and the quotient construction over rings.
1162 * Order and lattice theory no longer based on records.
1165 * Renamed lemmas least_carrier -> least_closed and greatest_carrier ->
1166 greatest_closed. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1168 * Method algebra is now set up via an attribute. For examples see
1169 Ring.thy. INCOMPATIBILITY: the method is now weaker on combinations
1170 of algebraic structures.
1172 * Renamed theory CRing to Ring.
1177 * Fully featured support for nominal datatypes (binding structures)
1178 due to the HOL-Nominal logic. See HOL/Nominal, HOL/Nominal/Examples,
1179 and http://isabelle.in.tum.de/nominal/download.html
1184 * ML basics: just one true type int, which coincides with IntInf.int
1187 * ML within Isar: antiquotations allow to embed statically-checked
1188 formal entities in the source, referring to the context available at
1189 compile-time. For example:
1191 ML {* @{typ "'a => 'b"} *}
1192 ML {* @{term "%x. x"} *}
1193 ML {* @{prop "x == y"} *}
1194 ML {* @{ctyp "'a => 'b"} *}
1195 ML {* @{cterm "%x. x"} *}
1196 ML {* @{cprop "x == y"} *}
1197 ML {* @{thm asm_rl} *}
1198 ML {* @{thms asm_rl} *}
1199 ML {* @{type_name c} *}
1200 ML {* @{const_name c} *}
1201 ML {* @{const_syntax c} *}
1204 ML {* @{theory Pure} *}
1205 ML {* @{theory_ref} *}
1206 ML {* @{theory_ref Pure} *}
1209 ML {* @{clasimpset} *}
1211 The same works for sources being ``used'' within an Isar context.
1213 * ML in Isar: improved error reporting; extra verbosity with
1214 ML_Context.trace enabled.
1216 * Pure/General/table.ML: the join operations now works via exceptions
1217 DUP/SAME instead of type option. This is simpler in simple cases, and
1218 admits slightly more efficient complex applications.
1220 * Pure: 'advanced' translation functions (parse_translation etc.) now
1221 use Context.generic instead of just theory.
1223 * Pure: datatype Context.generic joins theory/Proof.context and
1224 provides some facilities for code that works in either kind of
1225 context, notably GenericDataFun for uniform theory and proof data.
1227 * Pure: simplified internal attribute type, which is now always
1228 Context.generic * thm -> Context.generic * thm. Global (theory) vs.
1229 local (Proof.context) attributes have been discontinued, while
1230 minimizing code duplication. Thm.rule_attribute and
1231 Thm.declaration_attribute build canonical attributes; see also structure
1232 Context for further operations on Context.generic, notably
1233 GenericDataFun. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt attribute type
1234 declarations and definitions.
1236 * Context data interfaces (Theory/Proof/GenericDataFun): removed
1237 name/print, uninitialized data defaults to ad-hoc copy of empty value,
1238 init only required for impure data. INCOMPATIBILITY: empty really need
1239 to be empty (no dependencies on theory content!)
1241 * Pure/kernel: consts certification ignores sort constraints given in
1242 signature declarations. (This information is not relevant to the
1243 logic, but only for type inference.) SIGNIFICANT INTERNAL CHANGE,
1244 potential INCOMPATIBILITY.
1246 * Pure: axiomatic type classes are now purely definitional, with
1247 explicit proofs of class axioms and super class relations performed
1248 internally. See Pure/axclass.ML for the main internal interfaces --
1249 notably AxClass.define_class supercedes AxClass.add_axclass, and
1250 AxClass.axiomatize_class/classrel/arity supersede
1251 Sign.add_classes/classrel/arities.
1253 * Pure/Isar: Args/Attrib parsers operate on Context.generic --
1254 global/local versions on theory vs. Proof.context have been
1255 discontinued; Attrib.syntax and Method.syntax have been adapted
1256 accordingly. INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt parser expressions for
1257 attributes, methods, etc.
1259 * Pure: several functions of signature "... -> theory -> theory * ..."
1260 have been reoriented to "... -> theory -> ... * theory" in order to
1261 allow natural usage in combination with the ||>, ||>>, |-> and
1262 fold_map combinators.
1264 * Pure: official theorem names (closed derivations) and additional
1265 comments (tags) are now strictly separate. Name hints -- which are
1266 maintained as tags -- may be attached any time without affecting the
1269 * Pure: primitive rule lift_rule now takes goal cterm instead of an
1270 actual goal state (thm). Use Thm.lift_rule (Thm.cprem_of st i) to
1271 achieve the old behaviour.
1273 * Pure: the "Goal" constant is now called "prop", supporting a
1274 slightly more general idea of ``protecting'' meta-level rule
1277 * Pure: Logic.(un)varify only works in a global context, which is now
1278 enforced instead of silently assumed. INCOMPATIBILITY, may use
1279 Logic.legacy_(un)varify as temporary workaround.
1281 * Pure: structure Name provides scalable operations for generating
1282 internal variable names, notably Name.variants etc. This replaces
1283 some popular functions from term.ML:
1285 Term.variant -> Name.variant
1286 Term.variantlist -> Name.variant_list
1287 Term.invent_names -> Name.invent_list
1289 Note that low-level renaming rarely occurs in new code -- operations
1290 from structure Variable are used instead (see below).
1292 * Pure: structure Variable provides fundamental operations for proper
1293 treatment of fixed/schematic variables in a context. For example,
1294 Variable.import introduces fixes for schematics of given facts and
1295 Variable.export reverses the effect (up to renaming) -- this replaces
1296 various freeze_thaw operations.
1298 * Pure: structure Goal provides simple interfaces for
1299 init/conclude/finish and tactical prove operations (replacing former
1300 Tactic.prove). Goal.prove is the canonical way to prove results
1301 within a given context; Goal.prove_global is a degraded version for
1302 theory level goals, including a global Drule.standard. Note that
1303 OldGoals.prove_goalw_cterm has long been obsolete, since it is
1304 ill-behaved in a local proof context (e.g. with local fixes/assumes or
1305 in a locale context).
1307 * Pure/Syntax: generic interfaces for parsing (Syntax.parse_term etc.)
1308 and type checking (Syntax.check_term etc.), with common combinations
1309 (Syntax.read_term etc.). These supersede former Sign.read_term etc.
1310 which are considered legacy and await removal.
1312 * Pure/Syntax: generic interfaces for type unchecking
1313 (Syntax.uncheck_terms etc.) and unparsing (Syntax.unparse_term etc.),
1314 with common combinations (Syntax.pretty_term, Syntax.string_of_term
1315 etc.). Former Sign.pretty_term, Sign.string_of_term etc. are still
1316 available for convenience, but refer to the very same operations using
1317 a mere theory instead of a full context.
1319 * Isar: simplified treatment of user-level errors, using exception
1320 ERROR of string uniformly. Function error now merely raises ERROR,
1321 without any side effect on output channels. The Isar toplevel takes
1322 care of proper display of ERROR exceptions. ML code may use plain
1323 handle/can/try; cat_error may be used to concatenate errors like this:
1325 ... handle ERROR msg => cat_error msg "..."
1327 Toplevel ML code (run directly or through the Isar toplevel) may be
1328 embedded into the Isar toplevel with exception display/debug like
1331 Isar.toplevel (fn () => ...)
1333 INCOMPATIBILITY, removed special transform_error facilities, removed
1334 obsolete variants of user-level exceptions (ERROR_MESSAGE,
1335 Context.PROOF, ProofContext.CONTEXT, Proof.STATE, ProofHistory.FAIL)
1336 -- use plain ERROR instead.
1338 * Isar: theory setup now has type (theory -> theory), instead of a
1339 list. INCOMPATIBILITY, may use #> to compose setup functions.
1341 * Isar: ML toplevel pretty printer for type Proof.context, subject to
1342 ProofContext.debug/verbose flags.
1344 * Isar: Toplevel.theory_to_proof admits transactions that modify the
1345 theory before entering a proof state. Transactions now always see a
1346 quasi-functional intermediate checkpoint, both in interactive and
1349 * Isar: simplified interfaces for outer syntax. Renamed
1350 OuterSyntax.add_keywords to OuterSyntax.keywords. Removed
1351 OuterSyntax.add_parsers -- this functionality is now included in
1352 OuterSyntax.command etc. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1354 * Simplifier: the simpset of a running simplification process now
1355 contains a proof context (cf. Simplifier.the_context), which is the
1356 very context that the initial simpset has been retrieved from (by
1357 simpset_of/local_simpset_of). Consequently, all plug-in components
1358 (solver, looper etc.) may depend on arbitrary proof data.
1360 * Simplifier.inherit_context inherits the proof context (plus the
1361 local bounds) of the current simplification process; any simproc
1362 etc. that calls the Simplifier recursively should do this! Removed
1363 former Simplifier.inherit_bounds, which is already included here --
1364 INCOMPATIBILITY. Tools based on low-level rewriting may even have to
1365 specify an explicit context using Simplifier.context/theory_context.
1367 * Simplifier/Classical Reasoner: more abstract interfaces
1368 change_simpset/claset for modifying the simpset/claset reference of a
1369 theory; raw versions simpset/claset_ref etc. have been discontinued --
1372 * Provers: more generic wrt. syntax of object-logics, avoid hardwired
1378 * settings: ML_IDENTIFIER -- which is appended to user specific heap
1379 locations -- now includes the Isabelle version identifier as well.
1380 This simplifies use of multiple Isabelle installations.
1382 * isabelle-process: option -S (secure mode) disables some critical
1383 operations, notably runtime compilation and evaluation of ML source
1386 * Basic Isabelle mode for jEdit, see Isabelle/lib/jedit/.
1388 * Support for parallel execution, using native multicore support of
1389 Poly/ML 5.1. The theory loader exploits parallelism when processing
1390 independent theories, according to the given theory header
1391 specifications. The maximum number of worker threads is specified via
1392 usedir option -M or the "max-threads" setting in Proof General. A
1393 speedup factor of 1.5--3.5 can be expected on a 4-core machine, and up
1394 to 6 on a 8-core machine. User-code needs to observe certain
1395 guidelines for thread-safe programming, see appendix A in the Isar
1396 Implementation manual.
1399 New in Isabelle2005 (October 2005)
1400 ----------------------------------
1404 * Theory headers: the new header syntax for Isar theories is
1407 imports <theory1> ... <theoryN>
1408 uses <file1> ... <fileM>
1411 where the 'uses' part is optional. The previous syntax
1413 theory <name> = <theory1> + ... + <theoryN>:
1415 will disappear in the next release. Use isatool fixheaders to convert
1416 existing theory files. Note that there is no change in ancient
1417 non-Isar theories now, but these will disappear soon.
1419 * Theory loader: parent theories can now also be referred to via
1420 relative and absolute paths.
1422 * Command 'find_theorems' searches for a list of criteria instead of a
1423 list of constants. Known criteria are: intro, elim, dest, name:string,
1424 simp:term, and any term. Criteria can be preceded by '-' to select
1425 theorems that do not match. Intro, elim, dest select theorems that
1426 match the current goal, name:s selects theorems whose fully qualified
1427 name contain s, and simp:term selects all simplification rules whose
1428 lhs match term. Any other term is interpreted as pattern and selects
1429 all theorems matching the pattern. Available in ProofGeneral under
1430 'ProofGeneral -> Find Theorems' or C-c C-f. Example:
1432 C-c C-f (100) "(_::nat) + _ + _" intro -name: "HOL."
1434 prints the last 100 theorems matching the pattern "(_::nat) + _ + _",
1435 matching the current goal as introduction rule and not having "HOL."
1436 in their name (i.e. not being defined in theory HOL).
1438 * Command 'thms_containing' has been discontinued in favour of
1439 'find_theorems'; INCOMPATIBILITY.
1441 * Communication with Proof General is now 8bit clean, which means that
1442 Unicode text in UTF-8 encoding may be used within theory texts (both
1443 formal and informal parts). Cf. option -U of the Isabelle Proof
1444 General interface. Here are some simple examples (cf. src/HOL/ex):
1446 http://isabelle.in.tum.de/library/HOL/ex/Hebrew.html
1447 http://isabelle.in.tum.de/library/HOL/ex/Chinese.html
1449 * Improved efficiency of the Simplifier and, to a lesser degree, the
1450 Classical Reasoner. Typical big applications run around 2 times
1454 *** Document preparation ***
1456 * Commands 'display_drafts' and 'print_drafts' perform simple output
1457 of raw sources. Only those symbols that do not require additional
1458 LaTeX packages (depending on comments in isabellesym.sty) are
1459 displayed properly, everything else is left verbatim. isatool display
1460 and isatool print are used as front ends (these are subject to the
1461 DVI/PDF_VIEWER and PRINT_COMMAND settings, respectively).
1463 * Command tags control specific markup of certain regions of text,
1464 notably folding and hiding. Predefined tags include "theory" (for
1465 theory begin and end), "proof" for proof commands, and "ML" for
1466 commands involving ML code; the additional tags "visible" and
1467 "invisible" are unused by default. Users may give explicit tag
1468 specifications in the text, e.g. ''by %invisible (auto)''. The
1469 interpretation of tags is determined by the LaTeX job during document
1470 preparation: see option -V of isatool usedir, or options -n and -t of
1471 isatool document, or even the LaTeX macros \isakeeptag, \isafoldtag,
1474 Several document versions may be produced at the same time via isatool
1475 usedir (the generated index.html will link all of them). Typical
1476 specifications include ''-V document=theory,proof,ML'' to present
1477 theory/proof/ML parts faithfully, ''-V outline=/proof,/ML'' to fold
1478 proof and ML commands, and ''-V mutilated=-theory,-proof,-ML'' to omit
1479 these parts without any formal replacement text. The Isabelle site
1480 default settings produce ''document'' and ''outline'' versions as
1483 * Several new antiquotations:
1485 @{term_type term} prints a term with its type annotated;
1487 @{typeof term} prints the type of a term;
1489 @{const const} is the same as @{term const}, but checks that the
1490 argument is a known logical constant;
1492 @{term_style style term} and @{thm_style style thm} print a term or
1493 theorem applying a "style" to it
1497 Predefined styles are 'lhs' and 'rhs' printing the lhs/rhs of
1498 definitions, equations, inequations etc., 'concl' printing only the
1499 conclusion of a meta-logical statement theorem, and 'prem1' .. 'prem19'
1500 to print the specified premise. TermStyle.add_style provides an ML
1501 interface for introducing further styles. See also the "LaTeX Sugar"
1502 document practical applications. The ML antiquotation prints
1503 type-checked ML expressions verbatim.
1505 * Markup commands 'chapter', 'section', 'subsection', 'subsubsection',
1506 and 'text' support optional locale specification '(in loc)', which
1507 specifies the default context for interpreting antiquotations. For
1508 example: 'text (in lattice) {* @{thm inf_assoc}*}'.
1510 * Option 'locale=NAME' of antiquotations specifies an alternative
1511 context interpreting the subsequent argument. For example: @{thm
1512 [locale=lattice] inf_assoc}.
1514 * Proper output of proof terms (@{prf ...} and @{full_prf ...}) within
1517 * Proper output of antiquotations for theory commands involving a
1518 proof context (such as 'locale' or 'theorem (in loc) ...').
1520 * Delimiters of outer tokens (string etc.) now produce separate LaTeX
1521 macros (\isachardoublequoteopen, isachardoublequoteclose etc.).
1523 * isatool usedir: new option -C (default true) controls whether option
1524 -D should include a copy of the original document directory; -C false
1525 prevents unwanted effects such as copying of administrative CVS data.
1530 * Considerably improved version of 'constdefs' command. Now performs
1531 automatic type-inference of declared constants; additional support for
1532 local structure declarations (cf. locales and HOL records), see also
1533 isar-ref manual. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY: need to observe strictly
1534 sequential dependencies of definitions within a single 'constdefs'
1535 section; moreover, the declared name needs to be an identifier. If
1536 all fails, consider to fall back on 'consts' and 'defs' separately.
1538 * Improved indexed syntax and implicit structures. First of all,
1539 indexed syntax provides a notational device for subscripted
1540 application, using the new syntax \<^bsub>term\<^esub> for arbitrary
1541 expressions. Secondly, in a local context with structure
1542 declarations, number indexes \<^sub>n or the empty index (default
1543 number 1) refer to a certain fixed variable implicitly; option
1544 show_structs controls printing of implicit structures. Typical
1545 applications of these concepts involve record types and locales.
1547 * New command 'no_syntax' removes grammar declarations (and
1548 translations) resulting from the given syntax specification, which is
1549 interpreted in the same manner as for the 'syntax' command.
1551 * 'Advanced' translation functions (parse_translation etc.) may depend
1552 on the signature of the theory context being presently used for
1553 parsing/printing, see also isar-ref manual.
1555 * Improved 'oracle' command provides a type-safe interface to turn an
1556 ML expression of type theory -> T -> term into a primitive rule of
1557 type theory -> T -> thm (i.e. the functionality of Thm.invoke_oracle
1558 is already included here); see also FOL/ex/IffExample.thy;
1561 * axclass: name space prefix for class "c" is now "c_class" (was "c"
1562 before); "cI" is no longer bound, use "c.intro" instead.
1563 INCOMPATIBILITY. This change avoids clashes of fact bindings for
1564 axclasses vs. locales.
1566 * Improved internal renaming of symbolic identifiers -- attach primes
1567 instead of base 26 numbers.
1569 * New flag show_question_marks controls printing of leading question
1570 marks in schematic variable names.
1572 * In schematic variable names, *any* symbol following \<^isub> or
1573 \<^isup> is now treated as part of the base name. For example, the
1574 following works without printing of awkward ".0" indexes:
1576 lemma "x\<^isub>1 = x\<^isub>2 ==> x\<^isub>2 = x\<^isub>1"
1579 * Inner syntax includes (*(*nested*) comments*).
1581 * Pretty printer now supports unbreakable blocks, specified in mixfix
1582 annotations as "(00...)".
1584 * Clear separation of logical types and nonterminals, where the latter
1585 may only occur in 'syntax' specifications or type abbreviations.
1586 Before that distinction was only partially implemented via type class
1587 "logic" vs. "{}". Potential INCOMPATIBILITY in rare cases of improper
1588 use of 'types'/'consts' instead of 'nonterminals'/'syntax'. Some very
1589 exotic syntax specifications may require further adaption
1590 (e.g. Cube/Cube.thy).
1592 * Removed obsolete type class "logic", use the top sort {} instead.
1593 Note that non-logical types should be declared as 'nonterminals'
1594 rather than 'types'. INCOMPATIBILITY for new object-logic
1597 * Attributes 'induct' and 'cases': type or set names may now be
1598 locally fixed variables as well.
1600 * Simplifier: can now control the depth to which conditional rewriting
1601 is traced via the PG menu Isabelle -> Settings -> Trace Simp Depth
1604 * Simplifier: simplification procedures may now take the current
1605 simpset into account (cf. Simplifier.simproc(_i) / mk_simproc
1606 interface), which is very useful for calling the Simplifier
1607 recursively. Minor INCOMPATIBILITY: the 'prems' argument of simprocs
1608 is gone -- use prems_of_ss on the simpset instead. Moreover, the
1609 low-level mk_simproc no longer applies Logic.varify internally, to
1610 allow for use in a context of fixed variables.
1612 * thin_tac now works even if the assumption being deleted contains !!
1613 or ==>. More generally, erule now works even if the major premise of
1614 the elimination rule contains !! or ==>.
1616 * Method 'rules' has been renamed to 'iprover'. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1618 * Reorganized bootstrapping of the Pure theories; CPure is now derived
1619 from Pure, which contains all common declarations already. Both
1620 theories are defined via plain Isabelle/Isar .thy files.
1621 INCOMPATIBILITY: elements of CPure (such as the CPure.intro /
1622 CPure.elim / CPure.dest attributes) now appear in the Pure name space;
1623 use isatool fixcpure to adapt your theory and ML sources.
1625 * New syntax 'name(i-j, i-, i, ...)' for referring to specific
1626 selections of theorems in named facts via index ranges.
1628 * 'print_theorems': in theory mode, really print the difference
1629 wrt. the last state (works for interactive theory development only),
1630 in proof mode print all local facts (cf. 'print_facts');
1632 * 'hide': option '(open)' hides only base names.
1634 * More efficient treatment of intermediate checkpoints in interactive
1637 * Code generator is now invoked via code_module (incremental code
1638 generation) and code_library (modular code generation, ML structures
1639 for each theory). INCOMPATIBILITY: new keywords 'file' and 'contains'
1640 must be quoted when used as identifiers.
1642 * New 'value' command for reading, evaluating and printing terms using
1643 the code generator. INCOMPATIBILITY: command keyword 'value' must be
1644 quoted when used as identifier.
1649 * New commands for the interpretation of locale expressions in
1650 theories (1), locales (2) and proof contexts (3). These generate
1651 proof obligations from the expression specification. After the
1652 obligations have been discharged, theorems of the expression are added
1653 to the theory, target locale or proof context. The synopsis of the
1654 commands is a follows:
1656 (1) interpretation expr inst
1657 (2) interpretation target < expr
1658 (3) interpret expr inst
1660 Interpretation in theories and proof contexts require a parameter
1661 instantiation of terms from the current context. This is applied to
1662 specifications and theorems of the interpreted expression.
1663 Interpretation in locales only permits parameter renaming through the
1664 locale expression. Interpretation is smart in that interpretations
1665 that are active already do not occur in proof obligations, neither are
1666 instantiated theorems stored in duplicate. Use 'print_interps' to
1667 inspect active interpretations of a particular locale. For details,
1668 see the Isar Reference manual. Examples can be found in
1669 HOL/Finite_Set.thy and HOL/Algebra/UnivPoly.thy.
1671 INCOMPATIBILITY: former 'instantiate' has been withdrawn, use
1672 'interpret' instead.
1674 * New context element 'constrains' for adding type constraints to
1677 * Context expressions: renaming of parameters with syntax
1680 * Locale declaration: 'includes' disallowed.
1682 * Proper static binding of attribute syntax -- i.e. types / terms /
1683 facts mentioned as arguments are always those of the locale definition
1684 context, independently of the context of later invocations. Moreover,
1685 locale operations (renaming and type / term instantiation) are applied
1686 to attribute arguments as expected.
1688 INCOMPATIBILITY of the ML interface: always pass Attrib.src instead of
1689 actual attributes; rare situations may require Attrib.attribute to
1690 embed those attributes into Attrib.src that lack concrete syntax.
1691 Attribute implementations need to cooperate properly with the static
1692 binding mechanism. Basic parsers Args.XXX_typ/term/prop and
1693 Attrib.XXX_thm etc. already do the right thing without further
1694 intervention. Only unusual applications -- such as "where" or "of"
1695 (cf. src/Pure/Isar/attrib.ML), which process arguments depending both
1696 on the context and the facts involved -- may have to assign parsed
1697 values to argument tokens explicitly.
1699 * Changed parameter management in theorem generation for long goal
1700 statements with 'includes'. INCOMPATIBILITY: produces a different
1701 theorem statement in rare situations.
1703 * Locale inspection command 'print_locale' omits notes elements. Use
1704 'print_locale!' to have them included in the output.
1709 * Provers/hypsubst.ML: improved version of the subst method, for
1710 single-step rewriting: it now works in bound variable contexts. New is
1711 'subst (asm)', for rewriting an assumption. INCOMPATIBILITY: may
1712 rewrite a different subterm than the original subst method, which is
1713 still available as 'simplesubst'.
1715 * Provers/quasi.ML: new transitivity reasoners for transitivity only
1718 * Provers/trancl.ML: new transitivity reasoner for transitive and
1719 reflexive-transitive closure of relations.
1721 * Provers/blast.ML: new reference depth_limit to make blast's depth
1722 limit (previously hard-coded with a value of 20) user-definable.
1724 * Provers/simplifier.ML has been moved to Pure, where Simplifier.setup
1725 is peformed already. Object-logics merely need to finish their
1726 initial simpset configuration as before. INCOMPATIBILITY.
1731 * Symbolic syntax of Hilbert Choice Operator is now as follows:
1734 "_Eps" :: "[pttrn, bool] => 'a" ("(3\<some>_./ _)" [0, 10] 10)
1736 The symbol \<some> is displayed as the alternative epsilon of LaTeX
1737 and x-symbol; use option '-m epsilon' to get it actually printed.
1738 Moreover, the mathematically important symbolic identifier \<epsilon>
1739 becomes available as variable, constant etc. INCOMPATIBILITY,
1741 * "x > y" abbreviates "y < x" and "x >= y" abbreviates "y <= x".
1742 Similarly for all quantifiers: "ALL x > y" etc. The x-symbol for >=
1743 is \<ge>. New transitivity rules have been added to HOL/Orderings.thy to
1744 support corresponding Isar calculations.
1746 * "{x:A. P}" abbreviates "{x. x:A & P}", and similarly for "\<in>"
1749 * theory SetInterval: changed the syntax for open intervals:
1758 The old syntax is still supported but will disappear in the next
1759 release. For conversion use the following Emacs search and replace
1760 patterns (these are not perfect but work quite well):
1762 {)\([^\.]*\)\.\. -> {\1<\.\.}
1763 \.\.\([^(}]*\)(} -> \.\.<\1}
1765 * Theory Commutative_Ring (in Library): method comm_ring for proving
1766 equalities in commutative rings; method 'algebra' provides a generic
1769 * Theory Finite_Set: changed the syntax for 'setsum', summation over
1770 finite sets: "setsum (%x. e) A", which used to be "\<Sum>x:A. e", is
1771 now either "SUM x:A. e" or "\<Sum>x \<in> A. e". The bound variable can
1774 Some new syntax forms are available:
1776 "\<Sum>x | P. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {x. P}"
1777 "\<Sum>x = a..b. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {a..b}"
1778 "\<Sum>x = a..<b. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {a..<b}"
1779 "\<Sum>x < k. e" for "setsum (%x. e) {..<k}"
1781 The latter form "\<Sum>x < k. e" used to be based on a separate
1782 function "Summation", which has been discontinued.
1784 * theory Finite_Set: in structured induction proofs, the insert case
1785 is now 'case (insert x F)' instead of the old counterintuitive 'case
1788 * The 'refute' command has been extended to support a much larger
1789 fragment of HOL, including axiomatic type classes, constdefs and
1790 typedefs, inductive datatypes and recursion.
1792 * New tactics 'sat' and 'satx' to prove propositional tautologies.
1793 Requires zChaff with proof generation to be installed. See
1794 HOL/ex/SAT_Examples.thy for examples.
1796 * Datatype induction via method 'induct' now preserves the name of the
1797 induction variable. For example, when proving P(xs::'a list) by
1798 induction on xs, the induction step is now P(xs) ==> P(a#xs) rather
1799 than P(list) ==> P(a#list) as previously. Potential INCOMPATIBILITY
1800 in unstructured proof scripts.
1802 * Reworked implementation of records. Improved scalability for
1803 records with many fields, avoiding performance problems for type
1804 inference. Records are no longer composed of nested field types, but
1805 of nested extension types. Therefore the record type only grows linear
1806 in the number of extensions and not in the number of fields. The
1807 top-level (users) view on records is preserved. Potential
1808 INCOMPATIBILITY only in strange cases, where the theory depends on the
1809 old record representation. The type generated for a record is called
1810 <record_name>_ext_type.
1812 Flag record_quick_and_dirty_sensitive can be enabled to skip the
1813 proofs triggered by a record definition or a simproc (if
1814 quick_and_dirty is enabled). Definitions of large records can take
1817 New simproc record_upd_simproc for simplification of multiple record
1818 updates enabled by default. Moreover, trivial updates are also
1819 removed: r(|x := x r|) = r. INCOMPATIBILITY: old proofs break
1820 occasionally, since simplification is more powerful by default.
1822 * typedef: proper support for polymorphic sets, which contain extra
1823 type-variables in the term.
1825 * Simplifier: automatically reasons about transitivity chains
1826 involving "trancl" (r^+) and "rtrancl" (r^*) by setting up tactics
1827 provided by Provers/trancl.ML as additional solvers. INCOMPATIBILITY:
1828 old proofs break occasionally as simplification may now solve more
1829 goals than previously.
1831 * Simplifier: converts x <= y into x = y if assumption y <= x is
1832 present. Works for all partial orders (class "order"), in particular
1833 numbers and sets. For linear orders (e.g. numbers) it treats ~ x < y
1836 * Simplifier: new simproc for "let x = a in f x". If a is a free or
1837 bound variable or a constant then the let is unfolded. Otherwise
1838 first a is simplified to b, and then f b is simplified to g. If
1839 possible we abstract b from g arriving at "let x = b in h x",
1840 otherwise we unfold the let and arrive at g. The simproc can be
1841 enabled/disabled by the reference use_let_simproc. Potential
1842 INCOMPATIBILITY since simplification is more powerful by default.
1844 * Classical reasoning: the meson method now accepts theorems as arguments.
1846 * Prover support: pre-release of the Isabelle-ATP linkup, which runs background
1847 jobs to provide advice on the provability of subgoals.
1849 * Theory OrderedGroup and Ring_and_Field: various additions and
1850 improvements to faciliate calculations involving equalities and
1853 The following theorems have been eliminated or modified
1856 abs_eq now named abs_of_nonneg
1857 abs_of_ge_0 now named abs_of_nonneg
1858 abs_minus_eq now named abs_of_nonpos
1859 imp_abs_id now named abs_of_nonneg
1860 imp_abs_neg_id now named abs_of_nonpos
1861 mult_pos now named mult_pos_pos
1862 mult_pos_le now named mult_nonneg_nonneg
1863 mult_pos_neg_le now named mult_nonneg_nonpos
1864 mult_pos_neg2_le now named mult_nonneg_nonpos2
1865 mult_neg now named mult_neg_neg
1866 mult_neg_le now named mult_nonpos_nonpos
1868 * The following lemmas in Ring_and_Field have been added to the simplifier:
1871 not_square_less_zero
1873 The following lemmas have been deleted from Real/RealPow:
1883 * Theory Parity: added rules for simplifying exponents.
1887 The following theorems have been eliminated or modified
1890 list_all_Nil now named list_all.simps(1)
1891 list_all_Cons now named list_all.simps(2)
1892 list_all_conv now named list_all_iff
1893 set_mem_eq now named mem_iff
1895 * Theories SetsAndFunctions and BigO (see HOL/Library) support
1896 asymptotic "big O" calculations. See the notes in BigO.thy.
1901 * Theory RealDef: better support for embedding natural numbers and
1902 integers in the reals.
1904 The following theorems have been eliminated or modified
1907 exp_ge_add_one_self now requires no hypotheses
1908 real_of_int_add reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric])
1909 real_of_int_minus reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric])
1910 real_of_int_diff reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric])
1911 real_of_int_mult reversed direction of equality (use [symmetric])
1913 * Theory RComplete: expanded support for floor and ceiling functions.
1915 * Theory Ln is new, with properties of the natural logarithm
1917 * Hyperreal: There is a new type constructor "star" for making
1918 nonstandard types. The old type names are now type synonyms:
1922 hcomplex = complex star
1924 * Hyperreal: Many groups of similarly-defined constants have been
1925 replaced by polymorphic versions (INCOMPATIBILITY):
1927 star_of <-- hypreal_of_real, hypnat_of_nat, hcomplex_of_complex
1929 starset <-- starsetNat, starsetC
1930 *s* <-- *sNat*, *sc*
1931 starset_n <-- starsetNat_n, starsetC_n
1932 *sn* <-- *sNatn*, *scn*
1933 InternalSets <-- InternalNatSets, InternalCSets
1935 starfun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}
1936 *f* <-- *fNat*, *fNat2*, *fc*, *fRc*, *fcR*
1937 starfun_n <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_n
1938 *fn* <-- *fNatn*, *fNat2n*, *fcn*, *fRcn*, *fcRn*
1939 InternalFuns <-- InternalNatFuns, InternalNatFuns2, Internal{C,RC,CR}Funs
1941 * Hyperreal: Many type-specific theorems have been removed in favor of
1942 theorems specific to various axiomatic type classes (INCOMPATIBILITY):
1944 add_commute <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_commute
1945 add_assoc <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_assocs
1946 OrderedGroup.add_0 <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_zero_left
1947 OrderedGroup.add_0_right <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_add_zero_right
1948 right_minus <-- hypreal_add_minus
1949 left_minus <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_add_minus_left
1950 mult_commute <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_mult_commute
1951 mult_assoc <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_mult_assoc
1952 mult_1_left <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_mult_1, hcomplex_mult_one_left
1953 mult_1_right <-- hcomplex_mult_one_right
1954 mult_zero_left <-- hcomplex_mult_zero_left
1955 left_distrib <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add_mult_distrib
1956 right_distrib <-- hypnat_add_mult_distrib2
1957 zero_neq_one <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_zero_not_eq_one
1958 right_inverse <-- hypreal_mult_inverse
1959 left_inverse <-- hypreal_mult_inverse_left, hcomplex_mult_inv_left
1960 order_refl <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_refl
1961 order_trans <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_trans
1962 order_antisym <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_anti_sym
1963 order_less_le <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_less_le
1964 linorder_linear <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le_linear
1965 add_left_mono <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_add_left_mono
1966 mult_strict_left_mono <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_mult_less_mono2
1967 add_nonneg_nonneg <-- hypreal_le_add_order
1969 * Hyperreal: Separate theorems having to do with type-specific
1970 versions of constants have been merged into theorems that apply to the
1971 new polymorphic constants (INCOMPATIBILITY):
1973 STAR_UNIV_set <-- {STAR_real,NatStar_real,STARC_complex}_set
1974 STAR_empty_set <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_empty_set
1975 STAR_Un <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_Un
1976 STAR_Int <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_Int
1977 STAR_Compl <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_Compl
1978 STAR_subset <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_subset
1979 STAR_mem <-- {STAR,NatStar,STARC}_mem
1980 STAR_mem_Compl <-- {STAR,STARC}_mem_Compl
1981 STAR_diff <-- {STAR,STARC}_diff
1982 STAR_star_of_image_subset <-- {STAR_hypreal_of_real, NatStar_hypreal_of_real,
1983 STARC_hcomplex_of_complex}_image_subset
1984 starset_n_Un <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_Un
1985 starset_n_Int <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_Int
1986 starset_n_Compl <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_Compl
1987 starset_n_diff <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_diff
1988 InternalSets_Un <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_Un
1989 InternalSets_Int <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_Int
1990 InternalSets_Compl <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_Compl
1991 InternalSets_diff <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_diff
1992 InternalSets_UNIV_diff <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_UNIV_diff
1993 InternalSets_starset_n <-- Internal{Nat,C}Sets_starset{Nat,C}_n
1994 starset_starset_n_eq <-- starset{Nat,C}_starset{Nat,C}_n_eq
1995 starset_n_starset <-- starset{Nat,C}_n_starset{Nat,C}
1996 starfun_n_starfun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_n_starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}
1997 starfun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}
1998 starfun_mult <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_mult
1999 starfun_add <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_add
2000 starfun_minus <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_minus
2001 starfun_diff <-- starfun{C,RC,CR}_diff
2002 starfun_o <-- starfun{NatNat2,Nat2,_stafunNat,C,C_starfunRC,_starfunCR}_o
2003 starfun_o2 <-- starfun{NatNat2,_stafunNat,C,C_starfunRC,_starfunCR}_o2
2004 starfun_const_fun <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_const_fun
2005 starfun_inverse <-- starfun{Nat,C,RC,CR}_inverse
2006 starfun_eq <-- starfun{Nat,Nat2,C,RC,CR}_eq
2007 starfun_eq_iff <-- starfun{C,RC,CR}_eq_iff
2008 starfun_Id <-- starfunC_Id
2009 starfun_approx <-- starfun{Nat,CR}_approx
2010 starfun_capprox <-- starfun{C,RC}_capprox
2011 starfun_abs <-- starfunNat_rabs
2012 starfun_lambda_cancel <-- starfun{C,CR,RC}_lambda_cancel
2013 starfun_lambda_cancel2 <-- starfun{C,CR,RC}_lambda_cancel2
2014 starfun_mult_HFinite_approx <-- starfunCR_mult_HFinite_capprox
2015 starfun_mult_CFinite_capprox <-- starfun{C,RC}_mult_CFinite_capprox
2016 starfun_add_capprox <-- starfun{C,RC}_add_capprox
2017 starfun_add_approx <-- starfunCR_add_approx
2018 starfun_inverse_inverse <-- starfunC_inverse_inverse
2019 starfun_divide <-- starfun{C,CR,RC}_divide
2020 starfun_n <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n
2021 starfun_n_mult <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_mult
2022 starfun_n_add <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_add
2023 starfun_n_add_minus <-- starfunNat_n_add_minus
2024 starfun_n_const_fun <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_const_fun
2025 starfun_n_minus <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_minus
2026 starfun_n_eq <-- starfun{Nat,C}_n_eq
2028 star_n_add <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_add
2029 star_n_minus <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_minus
2030 star_n_diff <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_diff
2031 star_n_mult <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_mult
2032 star_n_inverse <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_inverse
2033 star_n_le <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_le
2034 star_n_less <-- {hypreal,hypnat}_less
2035 star_n_zero_num <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_zero_num
2036 star_n_one_num <-- {hypreal,hypnat,hcomplex}_one_num
2037 star_n_abs <-- hypreal_hrabs
2038 star_n_divide <-- hcomplex_divide
2040 star_of_add <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_add
2041 star_of_minus <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_minus
2042 star_of_diff <-- hypreal_of_real_diff
2043 star_of_mult <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_mult
2044 star_of_one <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_one
2045 star_of_zero <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_zero
2046 star_of_le <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat}_le_iff
2047 star_of_less <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat}_less_iff
2048 star_of_eq <-- {hypreal_of_real,hypnat_of_nat,hcomplex_of_complex}_eq_iff
2049 star_of_inverse <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_inverse
2050 star_of_divide <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_divide
2051 star_of_of_nat <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_of_nat
2052 star_of_of_int <-- {hypreal_of_real,hcomplex_of_complex}_of_int
2053 star_of_number_of <-- {hypreal,hcomplex}_number_of
2054 star_of_number_less <-- number_of_less_hypreal_of_real_iff
2055 star_of_number_le <-- number_of_le_hypreal_of_real_iff
2056 star_of_eq_number <-- hypreal_of_real_eq_number_of_iff
2057 star_of_less_number <-- hypreal_of_real_less_number_of_iff
2058 star_of_le_number <-- hypreal_of_real_le_number_of_iff
2059 star_of_power <-- hypreal_of_real_power
2060 star_of_eq_0 <-- hcomplex_of_complex_zero_iff
2062 * Hyperreal: new method "transfer" that implements the transfer
2063 principle of nonstandard analysis. With a subgoal that mentions
2064 nonstandard types like "'a star", the command "apply transfer"
2065 replaces it with an equivalent one that mentions only standard types.
2066 To be successful, all free variables must have standard types; non-
2067 standard variables must have explicit universal quantifiers.
2069 * Hyperreal: A theory of Taylor series.
2074 * Discontinued special version of 'constdefs' (which used to support
2075 continuous functions) in favor of the general Pure one with full
2078 * New simplification procedure for solving continuity conditions; it
2079 is much faster on terms with many nested lambda abstractions (cubic
2080 instead of exponential time).
2082 * New syntax for domain package: selector names are now optional.
2083 Parentheses should be omitted unless argument is lazy, for example:
2085 domain 'a stream = cons "'a" (lazy "'a stream")
2087 * New command 'fixrec' for defining recursive functions with pattern
2088 matching; defining multiple functions with mutual recursion is also
2089 supported. Patterns may include the constants cpair, spair, up, sinl,
2090 sinr, or any data constructor defined by the domain package. The given
2091 equations are proven as rewrite rules. See HOLCF/ex/Fixrec_ex.thy for
2092 syntax and examples.
2094 * New commands 'cpodef' and 'pcpodef' for defining predicate subtypes
2095 of cpo and pcpo types. Syntax is exactly like the 'typedef' command,
2096 but the proof obligation additionally includes an admissibility
2097 requirement. The packages generate instances of class cpo or pcpo,
2098 with continuity and strictness theorems for Rep and Abs.
2100 * HOLCF: Many theorems have been renamed according to a more standard naming
2101 scheme (INCOMPATIBILITY):
2103 foo_inject: "foo$x = foo$y ==> x = y"
2104 foo_eq: "(foo$x = foo$y) = (x = y)"
2105 foo_less: "(foo$x << foo$y) = (x << y)"
2106 foo_strict: "foo$UU = UU"
2107 foo_defined: "... ==> foo$x ~= UU"
2108 foo_defined_iff: "(foo$x = UU) = (x = UU)"
2113 * ZF/ex: theories Group and Ring provide examples in abstract algebra,
2114 including the First Isomorphism Theorem (on quotienting by the kernel
2117 * ZF/Simplifier: install second copy of type solver that actually
2118 makes use of TC rules declared to Isar proof contexts (or locales);
2119 the old version is still required for ML proof scripts.
2124 * Converted to Isar theory format; use locales instead of axiomatic
2130 * Pure/library.ML: added ##>, ##>>, #>> -- higher-order counterparts
2133 * Pure/library.ML no longer defines its own option datatype, but uses
2134 that of the SML basis, which has constructors NONE and SOME instead of
2135 None and Some, as well as exception Option.Option instead of OPTION.
2136 The functions the, if_none, is_some, is_none have been adapted
2137 accordingly, while Option.map replaces apsome.
2139 * Pure/library.ML: the exception LIST has been given up in favour of
2140 the standard exceptions Empty and Subscript, as well as
2141 Library.UnequalLengths. Function like Library.hd and Library.tl are
2142 superceded by the standard hd and tl functions etc.
2144 A number of basic list functions are no longer exported to the ML
2145 toplevel, as they are variants of predefined functions. The following
2146 suggests how one can translate existing code:
2148 rev_append xs ys = List.revAppend (xs, ys)
2149 nth_elem (i, xs) = List.nth (xs, i)
2150 last_elem xs = List.last xs
2151 flat xss = List.concat xss
2152 seq fs = List.app fs
2153 partition P xs = List.partition P xs
2154 mapfilter f xs = List.mapPartial f xs
2156 * Pure/library.ML: several combinators for linear functional
2157 transformations, notably reverse application and composition:
2160 (x, y) |-> f f #-> g
2162 * Pure/library.ML: introduced/changed precedence of infix operators:
2164 infix 1 |> |-> ||> ||>> |>> |>>> #> #->;
2166 infix 3 o oo ooo oooo;
2167 infix 4 ~~ upto downto;
2169 Maybe INCOMPATIBILITY when any of those is used in conjunction with other
2172 * Pure/library.ML: natural list combinators fold, fold_rev, and
2173 fold_map support linear functional transformations and nesting. For
2176 fold f [x1, ..., xN] y =
2177 y |> f x1 |> ... |> f xN
2179 (fold o fold) f [xs1, ..., xsN] y =
2180 y |> fold f xs1 |> ... |> fold f xsN
2182 fold f [x1, ..., xN] =
2185 (fold o fold) f [xs1, ..., xsN] =
2186 fold f xs1 #> ... #> fold f xsN
2188 * Pure/library.ML: the following selectors on type 'a option are
2191 the: 'a option -> 'a (*partial*)
2192 these: 'a option -> 'a where 'a = 'b list
2193 the_default: 'a -> 'a option -> 'a
2194 the_list: 'a option -> 'a list
2196 * Pure/General: structure AList (cf. Pure/General/alist.ML) provides
2197 basic operations for association lists, following natural argument
2198 order; moreover the explicit equality predicate passed here avoids
2199 potentially expensive polymorphic runtime equality checks.
2200 The old functions may be expressed as follows:
2202 assoc = uncurry (AList.lookup (op =))
2203 assocs = these oo AList.lookup (op =)
2204 overwrite = uncurry (AList.update (op =)) o swap
2206 * Pure/General: structure AList (cf. Pure/General/alist.ML) provides
2208 val make: ('a -> 'b) -> 'a list -> ('a * 'b) list
2209 val find: ('a * 'b -> bool) -> ('c * 'b) list -> 'a -> 'c list
2211 replacing make_keylist and keyfilter (occassionally used)
2214 make_keylist = AList.make
2215 keyfilter = AList.find (op =)
2217 * eq_fst and eq_snd now take explicit equality parameter, thus
2218 avoiding eqtypes. Naive rewrites:
2220 eq_fst = eq_fst (op =)
2221 eq_snd = eq_snd (op =)
2223 * Removed deprecated apl and apr (rarely used).
2226 apl (n, op) =>>= curry op n
2227 apr (op, m) =>>= fn n => op (n, m)
2229 * Pure/General: structure OrdList (cf. Pure/General/ord_list.ML)
2230 provides a reasonably efficient light-weight implementation of sets as
2233 * Pure/General: generic tables (cf. Pure/General/table.ML) provide a
2234 few new operations; existing lookup and update are now curried to
2235 follow natural argument order (for use with fold etc.);
2236 INCOMPATIBILITY, use (uncurry Symtab.lookup) etc. as last resort.
2238 * Pure/General: output via the Isabelle channels of
2239 writeln/warning/error etc. is now passed through Output.output, with a
2240 hook for arbitrary transformations depending on the print_mode
2241 (cf. Output.add_mode -- the first active mode that provides a output
2242 function wins). Already formatted output may be embedded into further
2243 text via Output.raw; the result of Pretty.string_of/str_of and derived
2244 functions (string_of_term/cterm/thm etc.) is already marked raw to
2245 accommodate easy composition of diagnostic messages etc. Programmers
2246 rarely need to care about Output.output or Output.raw at all, with
2247 some notable exceptions: Output.output is required when bypassing the
2248 standard channels (writeln etc.), or in token translations to produce
2249 properly formatted results; Output.raw is required when capturing
2250 already output material that will eventually be presented to the user
2251 a second time. For the default print mode, both Output.output and
2252 Output.raw have no effect.
2254 * Pure/General: Output.time_accumulator NAME creates an operator ('a
2255 -> 'b) -> 'a -> 'b to measure runtime and count invocations; the
2256 cumulative results are displayed at the end of a batch session.
2258 * Pure/General: File.sysify_path and File.quote_sysify path have been
2259 replaced by File.platform_path and File.shell_path (with appropriate
2260 hooks). This provides a clean interface for unusual systems where the
2261 internal and external process view of file names are different.
2263 * Pure: more efficient orders for basic syntactic entities: added
2264 fast_string_ord, fast_indexname_ord, fast_term_ord; changed sort_ord
2265 and typ_ord to use fast_string_ord and fast_indexname_ord (term_ord is
2266 NOT affected); structures Symtab, Vartab, Typtab, Termtab use the fast
2267 orders now -- potential INCOMPATIBILITY for code that depends on a
2268 particular order for Symtab.keys, Symtab.dest, etc. (consider using
2269 Library.sort_strings on result).
2271 * Pure/term.ML: combinators fold_atyps, fold_aterms, fold_term_types,
2272 fold_types traverse types/terms from left to right, observing natural
2273 argument order. Supercedes previous foldl_XXX versions, add_frees,
2274 add_vars etc. have been adapted as well: INCOMPATIBILITY.
2276 * Pure: name spaces have been refined, with significant changes of the
2277 internal interfaces -- INCOMPATIBILITY. Renamed cond_extern(_table)
2278 to extern(_table). The plain name entry path is superceded by a
2279 general 'naming' context, which also includes the 'policy' to produce
2280 a fully qualified name and external accesses of a fully qualified
2281 name; NameSpace.extend is superceded by context dependent
2282 Sign.declare_name. Several theory and proof context operations modify
2283 the naming context. Especially note Theory.restore_naming and
2284 ProofContext.restore_naming to get back to a sane state; note that
2285 Theory.add_path is no longer sufficient to recover from
2286 Theory.absolute_path in particular.
2288 * Pure: new flags short_names (default false) and unique_names
2289 (default true) for controlling output of qualified names. If
2290 short_names is set, names are printed unqualified. If unique_names is
2291 reset, the name prefix is reduced to the minimum required to achieve
2292 the original result when interning again, even if there is an overlap
2293 with earlier declarations.
2295 * Pure/TheoryDataFun: change of the argument structure; 'prep_ext' is
2296 now 'extend', and 'merge' gets an additional Pretty.pp argument
2297 (useful for printing error messages). INCOMPATIBILITY.
2299 * Pure: major reorganization of the theory context. Type Sign.sg and
2300 Theory.theory are now identified, referring to the universal
2301 Context.theory (see Pure/context.ML). Actual signature and theory
2302 content is managed as theory data. The old code and interfaces were
2303 spread over many files and structures; the new arrangement introduces
2304 considerable INCOMPATIBILITY to gain more clarity:
2306 Context -- theory management operations (name, identity, inclusion,
2307 parents, ancestors, merge, etc.), plus generic theory data;
2309 Sign -- logical signature and syntax operations (declaring consts,
2310 types, etc.), plus certify/read for common entities;
2312 Theory -- logical theory operations (stating axioms, definitions,
2313 oracles), plus a copy of logical signature operations (consts,
2314 types, etc.); also a few basic management operations (Theory.copy,
2317 The most basic sign_of operations (Theory.sign_of, Thm.sign_of_thm
2318 etc.) as well as the sign field in Thm.rep_thm etc. have been retained
2319 for convenience -- they merely return the theory.
2321 * Pure: type Type.tsig is superceded by theory in most interfaces.
2323 * Pure: the Isar proof context type is already defined early in Pure
2324 as Context.proof (note that ProofContext.context and Proof.context are
2325 aliases, where the latter is the preferred name). This enables other
2326 Isabelle components to refer to that type even before Isar is present.
2328 * Pure/sign/theory: discontinued named name spaces (i.e. classK,
2329 typeK, constK, axiomK, oracleK), but provide explicit operations for
2330 any of these kinds. For example, Sign.intern typeK is now
2331 Sign.intern_type, Theory.hide_space Sign.typeK is now
2332 Theory.hide_types. Also note that former
2333 Theory.hide_classes/types/consts are now
2334 Theory.hide_classes_i/types_i/consts_i, while the non '_i' versions
2335 internalize their arguments! INCOMPATIBILITY.
2337 * Pure: get_thm interface (of PureThy and ProofContext) expects
2338 datatype thmref (with constructors Name and NameSelection) instead of
2339 plain string -- INCOMPATIBILITY;
2341 * Pure: cases produced by proof methods specify options, where NONE
2342 means to remove case bindings -- INCOMPATIBILITY in
2345 * Pure: the following operations retrieve axioms or theorems from a
2346 theory node or theory hierarchy, respectively:
2348 Theory.axioms_of: theory -> (string * term) list
2349 Theory.all_axioms_of: theory -> (string * term) list
2350 PureThy.thms_of: theory -> (string * thm) list
2351 PureThy.all_thms_of: theory -> (string * thm) list
2353 * Pure: print_tac now outputs the goal through the trace channel.
2355 * Isar toplevel: improved diagnostics, mostly for Poly/ML only.
2356 Reference Toplevel.debug (default false) controls detailed printing
2357 and tracing of low-level exceptions; Toplevel.profiling (default 0)
2358 controls execution profiling -- set to 1 for time and 2 for space
2359 (both increase the runtime).
2361 * Isar session: The initial use of ROOT.ML is now always timed,
2362 i.e. the log will show the actual process times, in contrast to the
2363 elapsed wall-clock time that the outer shell wrapper produces.
2365 * Simplifier: improved handling of bound variables (nameless
2366 representation, avoid allocating new strings). Simprocs that invoke
2367 the Simplifier recursively should use Simplifier.inherit_bounds to
2368 avoid local name clashes. Failure to do so produces warnings
2369 "Simplifier: renamed bound variable ..."; set Simplifier.debug_bounds
2370 for further details.
2372 * ML functions legacy_bindings and use_legacy_bindings produce ML fact
2373 bindings for all theorems stored within a given theory; this may help
2374 in porting non-Isar theories to Isar ones, while keeping ML proof
2375 scripts for the time being.
2377 * ML operator HTML.with_charset specifies the charset begin used for
2378 generated HTML files. For example:
2380 HTML.with_charset "utf-8" use_thy "Hebrew";
2381 HTML.with_charset "utf-8" use_thy "Chinese";
2386 * Allow symlinks to all proper Isabelle executables (Isabelle,
2387 isabelle, isatool etc.).
2389 * ISABELLE_DOC_FORMAT setting specifies preferred document format (for
2390 isatool doc, isatool mkdir, display_drafts etc.).
2392 * isatool usedir: option -f allows specification of the ML file to be
2393 used by Isabelle; default is ROOT.ML.
2395 * New isatool version outputs the version identifier of the Isabelle
2396 distribution being used.
2398 * HOL: new isatool dimacs2hol converts files in DIMACS CNF format
2399 (containing Boolean satisfiability problems) into Isabelle/HOL
2404 New in Isabelle2004 (April 2004)
2405 --------------------------------
2409 * Provers/order.ML: new efficient reasoner for partial and linear orders.
2410 Replaces linorder.ML.
2412 * Pure: Greek letters (except small lambda, \<lambda>), as well as Gothic
2413 (\<aa>...\<zz>\<AA>...\<ZZ>), calligraphic (\<A>...\<Z>), and Euler
2414 (\<a>...\<z>), are now considered normal letters, and can therefore
2415 be used anywhere where an ASCII letter (a...zA...Z) has until
2416 now. COMPATIBILITY: This obviously changes the parsing of some
2417 terms, especially where a symbol has been used as a binder, say
2418 '\<Pi>x. ...', which is now a type error since \<Pi>x will be parsed
2419 as an identifier. Fix it by inserting a space around former
2420 symbols. Call 'isatool fixgreek' to try to fix parsing errors in
2421 existing theory and ML files.
2423 * Pure: Macintosh and Windows line-breaks are now allowed in theory files.
2425 * Pure: single letter sub/superscripts (\<^isub> and \<^isup>) are now
2426 allowed in identifiers. Similar to Greek letters \<^isub> is now considered
2427 a normal (but invisible) letter. For multiple letter subscripts repeat
2428 \<^isub> like this: x\<^isub>1\<^isub>2.
2430 * Pure: There are now sub-/superscripts that can span more than one
2431 character. Text between \<^bsub> and \<^esub> is set in subscript in
2432 ProofGeneral and LaTeX, text between \<^bsup> and \<^esup> in
2433 superscript. The new control characters are not identifier parts.
2435 * Pure: Control-symbols of the form \<^raw:...> will literally print the
2436 content of "..." to the latex file instead of \isacntrl... . The "..."
2437 may consist of any printable characters excluding the end bracket >.
2439 * Pure: Using new Isar command "finalconsts" (or the ML functions
2440 Theory.add_finals or Theory.add_finals_i) it is now possible to
2441 declare constants "final", which prevents their being given a definition
2442 later. It is useful for constants whose behaviour is fixed axiomatically
2443 rather than definitionally, such as the meta-logic connectives.
2445 * Pure: 'instance' now handles general arities with general sorts
2446 (i.e. intersections of classes),
2448 * Presentation: generated HTML now uses a CSS style sheet to make layout
2449 (somewhat) independent of content. It is copied from lib/html/isabelle.css.
2450 It can be changed to alter the colors/layout of generated pages.
2455 * Tactic emulation methods rule_tac, erule_tac, drule_tac, frule_tac,
2456 cut_tac, subgoal_tac and thin_tac:
2457 - Now understand static (Isar) contexts. As a consequence, users of Isar
2458 locales are no longer forced to write Isar proof scripts.
2459 For details see Isar Reference Manual, paragraph 4.3.2: Further tactic
2461 - INCOMPATIBILITY: names of variables to be instantiated may no
2462 longer be enclosed in quotes. Instead, precede variable name with `?'.
2463 This is consistent with the instantiation attribute "where".
2465 * Attributes "where" and "of":
2466 - Now take type variables of instantiated theorem into account when reading
2467 the instantiation string. This fixes a bug that caused instantiated
2468 theorems to have too special types in some circumstances.
2469 - "where" permits explicit instantiations of type variables.
2471 * Calculation commands "moreover" and "also" no longer interfere with
2472 current facts ("this"), admitting arbitrary combinations with "then"
2476 - Goal statements involving the context element "includes" no longer
2477 generate theorems with internal delta predicates (those ending on
2478 "_axioms") in the premise.
2479 Resolve particular premise with <locale>.intro to obtain old form.
2480 - Fixed bug in type inference ("unify_frozen") that prevented mix of target
2481 specification and "includes" elements in goal statement.
2482 - Rule sets <locale>.intro and <locale>.axioms no longer declared as
2483 [intro?] and [elim?] (respectively) by default.
2484 - Experimental command for instantiation of locales in proof contexts:
2485 instantiate <label>[<attrs>]: <loc>
2486 Instantiates locale <loc> and adds all its theorems to the current context
2487 taking into account their attributes. Label and attrs are optional
2488 modifiers, like in theorem declarations. If present, names of
2489 instantiated theorems are qualified with <label>, and the attributes
2490 <attrs> are applied after any attributes these theorems might have already.
2491 If the locale has assumptions, a chained fact of the form
2492 "<loc> t1 ... tn" is expected from which instantiations of the parameters
2493 are derived. The command does not support old-style locales declared
2494 with "locale (open)".
2495 A few (very simple) examples can be found in FOL/ex/LocaleInst.thy.
2497 * HOL: Tactic emulation methods induct_tac and case_tac understand static
2503 * Proof import: new image HOL4 contains the imported library from
2504 the HOL4 system with about 2500 theorems. It is imported by
2505 replaying proof terms produced by HOL4 in Isabelle. The HOL4 image
2506 can be used like any other Isabelle image. See
2507 HOL/Import/HOL/README for more information.
2510 - Much improved handling of linear and partial orders.
2511 Reasoners for linear and partial orders are set up for type classes
2512 "linorder" and "order" respectively, and are added to the default simpset
2513 as solvers. This means that the simplifier can build transitivity chains
2514 to solve goals from the assumptions.
2515 - INCOMPATIBILITY: old proofs break occasionally. Typically, applications
2516 of blast or auto after simplification become unnecessary because the goal
2517 is solved by simplification already.
2519 * Numerics: new theory Ring_and_Field contains over 250 basic numerical laws,
2520 all proved in axiomatic type classes for semirings, rings and fields.
2523 - Numeric types (nat, int, and in HOL-Complex rat, real, complex, etc.) are
2524 now formalized using the Ring_and_Field theory mentioned above.
2525 - INCOMPATIBILITY: simplification and arithmetic behaves somewhat differently
2526 than before, because now they are set up once in a generic manner.
2527 - INCOMPATIBILITY: many type-specific arithmetic laws have gone.
2528 Look for the general versions in Ring_and_Field (and Power if they concern
2531 * Type "rat" of the rational numbers is now available in HOL-Complex.
2534 - Record types are now by default printed with their type abbreviation
2535 instead of the list of all field types. This can be configured via
2536 the reference "print_record_type_abbr".
2537 - Simproc "record_upd_simproc" for simplification of multiple updates added
2538 (not enabled by default).
2539 - Simproc "record_ex_sel_eq_simproc" to simplify EX x. sel r = x resp.
2540 EX x. x = sel r to True (not enabled by default).
2541 - Tactic "record_split_simp_tac" to split and simplify records added.
2543 * 'specification' command added, allowing for definition by
2544 specification. There is also an 'ax_specification' command that
2545 introduces the new constants axiomatically.
2547 * arith(_tac) is now able to generate counterexamples for reals as well.
2549 * HOL-Algebra: new locale "ring" for non-commutative rings.
2551 * HOL-ex: InductiveInvariant_examples illustrates advanced recursive function
2552 definitions, thanks to Sava Krsti\'{c} and John Matthews.
2554 * HOL-Matrix: a first theory for matrices in HOL with an application of
2555 matrix theory to linear programming.
2557 * Unions and Intersections:
2558 The latex output syntax of UN and INT has been changed
2559 from "\Union x \in A. B" to "\Union_{x \in A} B"
2560 i.e. the index formulae has become a subscript.
2561 Similarly for "\Union x. B", and for \Inter instead of \Union.
2563 * Unions and Intersections over Intervals:
2564 There is new short syntax "UN i<=n. A" for "UN i:{0..n}. A". There is
2565 also an x-symbol version with subscripts "\<Union>\<^bsub>i <= n\<^esub>. A"
2566 like in normal math, and corresponding versions for < and for intersection.
2568 * HOL/List: Ordering "lexico" is renamed "lenlex" and the standard
2569 lexicographic dictonary ordering has been added as "lexord".
2571 * ML: the legacy theory structures Int and List have been removed. They had
2572 conflicted with ML Basis Library structures having the same names.
2574 * 'refute' command added to search for (finite) countermodels. Only works
2575 for a fragment of HOL. The installation of an external SAT solver is
2576 highly recommended. See "HOL/Refute.thy" for details.
2578 * 'quickcheck' command: Allows to find counterexamples by evaluating
2579 formulae under an assignment of free variables to random values.
2580 In contrast to 'refute', it can deal with inductive datatypes,
2581 but cannot handle quantifiers. See "HOL/ex/Quickcheck_Examples.thy"
2587 * Streams now come with concatenation and are part of the HOLCF image
2591 New in Isabelle2003 (May 2003)
2592 ------------------------------
2596 * Provers/simplifier:
2598 - Completely reimplemented method simp (ML: Asm_full_simp_tac):
2599 Assumptions are now subject to complete mutual simplification,
2600 not just from left to right. The simplifier now preserves
2601 the order of assumptions.
2603 Potential INCOMPATIBILITY:
2605 -- simp sometimes diverges where the old version did
2606 not, e.g. invoking simp on the goal
2608 [| P (f x); y = x; f x = f y |] ==> Q
2610 now gives rise to the infinite reduction sequence
2612 P(f x) --(f x = f y)--> P(f y) --(y = x)--> P(f x) --(f x = f y)--> ...
2614 Using "simp (asm_lr)" (ML: Asm_lr_simp_tac) instead often solves this
2617 -- Tactics combining classical reasoner and simplification (such as auto)
2618 are also affected by this change, because many of them rely on
2619 simp. They may sometimes diverge as well or yield a different numbers
2620 of subgoals. Try to use e.g. force, fastsimp, or safe instead of auto
2621 in case of problems. Sometimes subsequent calls to the classical
2622 reasoner will fail because a preceeding call to the simplifier too
2623 eagerly simplified the goal, e.g. deleted redundant premises.
2625 - The simplifier trace now shows the names of the applied rewrite rules
2627 - You can limit the number of recursive invocations of the simplifier
2628 during conditional rewriting (where the simplifie tries to solve the
2629 conditions before applying the rewrite rule):
2630 ML "simp_depth_limit := n"
2631 where n is an integer. Thus you can force termination where previously
2632 the simplifier would diverge.
2634 - Accepts free variables as head terms in congruence rules. Useful in Isar.
2636 - No longer aborts on failed congruence proof. Instead, the
2637 congruence is ignored.
2639 * Pure: New generic framework for extracting programs from constructive
2640 proofs. See HOL/Extraction.thy for an example instantiation, as well
2641 as HOL/Extraction for some case studies.
2643 * Pure: The main goal of the proof state is no longer shown by default, only
2644 the subgoals. This behaviour is controlled by a new flag.
2645 PG menu: Isabelle/Isar -> Settings -> Show Main Goal
2646 (ML: Proof.show_main_goal).
2648 * Pure: You can find all matching introduction rules for subgoal 1, i.e. all
2649 rules whose conclusion matches subgoal 1:
2650 PG menu: Isabelle/Isar -> Show me -> matching rules
2651 The rules are ordered by how closely they match the subgoal.
2652 In particular, rules that solve a subgoal outright are displayed first
2653 (or rather last, the way they are printed).
2654 (ML: ProofGeneral.print_intros())
2656 * Pure: New flag trace_unify_fail causes unification to print
2657 diagnostic information (PG: in trace buffer) when it fails. This is
2658 useful for figuring out why single step proofs like rule, erule or
2661 * Pure: Locale specifications now produce predicate definitions
2662 according to the body of text (covering assumptions modulo local
2663 definitions); predicate "loc_axioms" covers newly introduced text,
2664 while "loc" is cumulative wrt. all included locale expressions; the
2665 latter view is presented only on export into the global theory
2666 context; potential INCOMPATIBILITY, use "(open)" option to fall back
2667 on the old view without predicates;
2669 * Pure: predefined locales "var" and "struct" are useful for sharing
2670 parameters (as in CASL, for example); just specify something like
2671 ``var x + var y + struct M'' as import;
2673 * Pure: improved thms_containing: proper indexing of facts instead of
2674 raw theorems; check validity of results wrt. current name space;
2675 include local facts of proof configuration (also covers active
2676 locales), cover fixed variables in index; may use "_" in term
2677 specification; an optional limit for the number of printed facts may
2678 be given (the default is 40);
2680 * Pure: disallow duplicate fact bindings within new-style theory files
2683 * Provers: improved induct method: assumptions introduced by case
2684 "foo" are split into "foo.hyps" (from the rule) and "foo.prems" (from
2685 the goal statement); "foo" still refers to all facts collectively;
2687 * Provers: the function blast.overloaded has been removed: all constants
2688 are regarded as potentially overloaded, which improves robustness in exchange
2689 for slight decrease in efficiency;
2691 * Provers/linorder: New generic prover for transitivity reasoning over
2692 linear orders. Note: this prover is not efficient!
2694 * Isar: preview of problems to finish 'show' now produce an error
2695 rather than just a warning (in interactive mode);
2702 - Produces a counter example if it cannot prove a goal.
2703 Note that the counter example may be spurious if the goal is not a formula
2704 of quantifier-free linear arithmetic.
2705 In ProofGeneral the counter example appears in the trace buffer.
2707 - Knows about div k and mod k where k is a numeral of type nat or int.
2709 - Calls full Presburger arithmetic (by Amine Chaieb) if quantifier-free
2710 linear arithmetic fails. This takes account of quantifiers and divisibility.
2711 Presburger arithmetic can also be called explicitly via presburger(_tac).
2713 * simp's arithmetic capabilities have been enhanced a bit: it now
2714 takes ~= in premises into account (by performing a case split);
2716 * simp reduces "m*(n div m) + n mod m" to n, even if the two summands
2717 are distributed over a sum of terms;
2719 * New tactic "trans_tac" and method "trans" instantiate
2720 Provers/linorder.ML for axclasses "order" and "linorder" (predicates
2723 * function INCOMPATIBILITIES: Pi-sets have been redefined and moved from main
2724 HOL to Library/FuncSet; constant "Fun.op o" is now called "Fun.comp";
2726 * 'typedef' command has new option "open" to suppress the set
2729 * functions Min and Max on finite sets have been introduced (theory
2732 * attribute [symmetric] now works for relations as well; it turns
2733 (x,y) : R^-1 into (y,x) : R, and vice versa;
2735 * induct over a !!-quantified statement (say !!x1..xn):
2736 each "case" automatically performs "fix x1 .. xn" with exactly those names.
2738 * Map: `empty' is no longer a constant but a syntactic abbreviation for
2739 %x. None. Warning: empty_def now refers to the previously hidden definition
2742 * Algebra: formalization of classical algebra. Intended as base for
2743 any algebraic development in Isabelle. Currently covers group theory
2744 (up to Sylow's theorem) and ring theory (Universal Property of
2745 Univariate Polynomials). Contributions welcome;
2747 * GroupTheory: deleted, since its material has been moved to Algebra;
2749 * Complex: new directory of the complex numbers with numeric constants,
2750 nonstandard complex numbers, and some complex analysis, standard and
2751 nonstandard (Jacques Fleuriot);
2753 * HOL-Complex: new image for analysis, replacing HOL-Real and HOL-Hyperreal;
2755 * Hyperreal: introduced Gauge integration and hyperreal logarithms (Jacques
2758 * Real/HahnBanach: updated and adapted to locales;
2760 * NumberTheory: added Gauss's law of quadratic reciprocity (by Avigad,
2763 * UNITY: added the Meier-Sanders theory of progress sets;
2765 * MicroJava: bytecode verifier and lightweight bytecode verifier
2766 as abstract algorithms, instantiated to the JVM;
2768 * Bali: Java source language formalization. Type system, operational
2769 semantics, axiomatic semantics. Supported language features:
2770 classes, interfaces, objects,virtual methods, static methods,
2771 static/instance fields, arrays, access modifiers, definite
2772 assignment, exceptions.
2777 * ZF/Constructible: consistency proof for AC (Gdel's constructible
2780 * Main ZF: virtually all theories converted to new-style format;
2785 * Pure: Tactic.prove provides sane interface for internal proofs;
2786 omits the infamous "standard" operation, so this is more appropriate
2787 than prove_goalw_cterm in many situations (e.g. in simprocs);
2789 * Pure: improved error reporting of simprocs;
2791 * Provers: Simplifier.simproc(_i) provides sane interface for setting
2795 *** Document preparation ***
2797 * uses \par instead of \\ for line breaks in theory text. This may
2798 shift some page breaks in large documents. To get the old behaviour
2799 use \renewcommand{\isanewline}{\mbox{}\\\mbox{}} in root.tex.
2801 * minimized dependencies of isabelle.sty and isabellesym.sty on
2804 * \<euro> now needs package babel/greek instead of marvosym (which
2807 * normal size for \<zero>...\<nine> (uses \mathbf instead of
2812 New in Isabelle2002 (March 2002)
2813 --------------------------------
2815 *** Document preparation ***
2817 * greatly simplified document preparation setup, including more
2818 graceful interpretation of isatool usedir -i/-d/-D options, and more
2819 instructive isatool mkdir; users should basically be able to get
2820 started with "isatool mkdir HOL Test && isatool make"; alternatively,
2821 users may run a separate document processing stage manually like this:
2822 "isatool usedir -D output HOL Test && isatool document Test/output";
2824 * theory dependency graph may now be incorporated into documents;
2825 isatool usedir -g true will produce session_graph.eps/.pdf for use
2826 with \includegraphics of LaTeX;
2828 * proper spacing of consecutive markup elements, especially text
2829 blocks after section headings;
2831 * support bold style (for single symbols only), input syntax is like
2832 this: "\<^bold>\<alpha>" or "\<^bold>A";
2834 * \<bullet> is now output as bold \cdot by default, which looks much
2835 better in printed text;
2837 * added default LaTeX bindings for \<tturnstile> and \<TTurnstile>;
2838 note that these symbols are currently unavailable in Proof General /
2839 X-Symbol; new symbols \<zero>, \<one>, ..., \<nine>, and \<euro>;
2841 * isatool latex no longer depends on changed TEXINPUTS, instead
2842 isatool document copies the Isabelle style files to the target
2848 * Pure/Provers: improved proof by cases and induction;
2849 - 'case' command admits impromptu naming of parameters (such as
2851 - 'induct' method divinates rule instantiation from the inductive
2852 claim; no longer requires excessive ?P bindings for proper
2853 instantiation of cases;
2854 - 'induct' method properly enumerates all possibilities of set/type
2855 rules; as a consequence facts may be also passed through *type*
2856 rules without further ado;
2857 - 'induct' method now derives symbolic cases from the *rulified*
2858 rule (before it used to rulify cases stemming from the internal
2859 atomized version); this means that the context of a non-atomic
2860 statement becomes is included in the hypothesis, avoiding the
2861 slightly cumbersome show "PROP ?case" form;
2862 - 'induct' may now use elim-style induction rules without chaining
2863 facts, using ``missing'' premises from the goal state; this allows
2864 rules stemming from inductive sets to be applied in unstructured
2865 scripts, while still benefitting from proper handling of non-atomic
2866 statements; NB: major inductive premises need to be put first, all
2867 the rest of the goal is passed through the induction;
2868 - 'induct' proper support for mutual induction involving non-atomic
2869 rule statements (uses the new concept of simultaneous goals, see
2871 - append all possible rule selections, but only use the first
2872 success (no backtracking);
2873 - removed obsolete "(simplified)" and "(stripped)" options of methods;
2874 - undeclared rule case names default to numbers 1, 2, 3, ...;
2875 - added 'print_induct_rules' (covered by help item in recent Proof
2877 - moved induct/cases attributes to Pure, methods to Provers;
2878 - generic method setup instantiated for FOL and HOL;
2880 * Pure: support multiple simultaneous goal statements, for example
2881 "have a: A and b: B" (same for 'theorem' etc.); being a pure
2882 meta-level mechanism, this acts as if several individual goals had
2883 been stated separately; in particular common proof methods need to be
2884 repeated in order to cover all claims; note that a single elimination
2885 step is *not* sufficient to establish the two conjunctions, so this
2888 assume "A & B" then have A and B .. (*".." fails*)
2890 better use "obtain" in situations as above; alternative refer to
2891 multi-step methods like 'auto', 'simp_all', 'blast+' etc.;
2893 * Pure: proper integration with ``locales''; unlike the original
2894 version by Florian Kammller, Isar locales package high-level proof
2895 contexts rather than raw logical ones (e.g. we admit to include
2896 attributes everywhere); operations on locales include merge and
2897 rename; support for implicit arguments (``structures''); simultaneous
2898 type-inference over imports and text; see also HOL/ex/Locales.thy for
2901 * Pure: the following commands have been ``localized'', supporting a
2902 target locale specification "(in name)": 'lemma', 'theorem',
2903 'corollary', 'lemmas', 'theorems', 'declare'; the results will be
2904 stored both within the locale and at the theory level (exported and
2905 qualified by the locale name);
2907 * Pure: theory goals may now be specified in ``long'' form, with
2908 ad-hoc contexts consisting of arbitrary locale elements. for example
2909 ``lemma foo: fixes x assumes "A x" shows "B x"'' (local syntax and
2910 definitions may be given, too); the result is a meta-level rule with
2911 the context elements being discharged in the obvious way;
2913 * Pure: new proof command 'using' allows to augment currently used
2914 facts after a goal statement ('using' is syntactically analogous to
2915 'apply', but acts on the goal's facts only); this allows chained facts
2916 to be separated into parts given before and after a claim, as in
2917 ``from a and b have C using d and e <proof>'';
2919 * Pure: renamed "antecedent" case to "rule_context";
2921 * Pure: new 'judgment' command records explicit information about the
2922 object-logic embedding (used by several tools internally); no longer
2923 use hard-wired "Trueprop";
2925 * Pure: added 'corollary' command;
2927 * Pure: fixed 'token_translation' command;
2929 * Pure: removed obsolete 'exported' attribute;
2931 * Pure: dummy pattern "_" in is/let is now automatically lifted over
2932 bound variables: "ALL x. P x --> Q x" (is "ALL x. _ --> ?C x")
2933 supersedes more cumbersome ... (is "ALL x. _ x --> ?C x");
2935 * Pure: method 'atomize' presents local goal premises as object-level
2936 statements (atomic meta-level propositions); setup controlled via
2937 rewrite rules declarations of 'atomize' attribute; example
2938 application: 'induct' method with proper rule statements in improper
2941 * Pure: emulation of instantiation tactics (rule_tac, cut_tac, etc.)
2942 now consider the syntactic context of assumptions, giving a better
2943 chance to get type-inference of the arguments right (this is
2944 especially important for locales);
2946 * Pure: "sorry" no longer requires quick_and_dirty in interactive
2949 * Pure/obtain: the formal conclusion "thesis", being marked as
2950 ``internal'', may no longer be reference directly in the text;
2951 potential INCOMPATIBILITY, may need to use "?thesis" in rare
2954 * Pure: generic 'sym' attribute which declares a rule both as pure
2955 'elim?' and for the 'symmetric' operation;
2957 * Pure: marginal comments ``--'' may now occur just anywhere in the
2958 text; the fixed correlation with particular command syntax has been
2961 * Pure: new method 'rules' is particularly well-suited for proof
2962 search in intuitionistic logic; a bit slower than 'blast' or 'fast',
2963 but often produces more compact proof terms with less detours;
2965 * Pure/Provers/classical: simplified integration with pure rule
2966 attributes and methods; the classical "intro?/elim?/dest?"
2967 declarations coincide with the pure ones; the "rule" method no longer
2968 includes classically swapped intros; "intro" and "elim" methods no
2969 longer pick rules from the context; also got rid of ML declarations
2970 AddXIs/AddXEs/AddXDs; all of this has some potential for
2973 * Provers/classical: attribute 'swapped' produces classical inversions
2974 of introduction rules;
2976 * Provers/simplifier: 'simplified' attribute may refer to explicit
2977 rules instead of full simplifier context; 'iff' attribute handles
2980 * HOL: 'typedef' now allows alternative names for Rep/Abs morphisms;
2982 * HOL: 'recdef' now fails on unfinished automated proofs, use
2983 "(permissive)" option to recover old behavior;
2985 * HOL: 'inductive' no longer features separate (collective) attributes
2986 for 'intros' (was found too confusing);
2988 * HOL: properly declared induction rules less_induct and
2994 * HOL: moved over to sane numeral syntax; the new policy is as
2997 - 0 and 1 are polymorphic constants, which are defined on any
2998 numeric type (nat, int, real etc.);
3000 - 2, 3, 4, ... and -1, -2, -3, ... are polymorphic numerals, based
3001 binary representation internally;
3003 - type nat has special constructor Suc, and generally prefers Suc 0
3004 over 1::nat and Suc (Suc 0) over 2::nat;
3006 This change may cause significant problems of INCOMPATIBILITY; here
3007 are some hints on converting existing sources:
3009 - due to the new "num" token, "-0" and "-1" etc. are now atomic
3010 entities, so expressions involving "-" (unary or binary minus) need
3011 to be spaced properly;
3013 - existing occurrences of "1" may need to be constraint "1::nat" or
3014 even replaced by Suc 0; similar for old "2";
3016 - replace "#nnn" by "nnn", and "#-nnn" by "-nnn";
3018 - remove all special provisions on numerals in proofs;
3020 * HOL: simp rules nat_number expand numerals on nat to Suc/0
3021 representation (depends on bin_arith_simps in the default context);
3023 * HOL: symbolic syntax for x^2 (numeral 2);
3025 * HOL: the class of all HOL types is now called "type" rather than
3026 "term"; INCOMPATIBILITY, need to adapt references to this type class
3027 in axclass/classes, instance/arities, and (usually rare) occurrences
3028 in typings (of consts etc.); internally the class is called
3029 "HOL.type", ML programs should refer to HOLogic.typeS;
3031 * HOL/record package improvements:
3032 - new derived operations "fields" to build a partial record section,
3033 "extend" to promote a fixed record to a record scheme, and
3034 "truncate" for the reverse; cf. theorems "xxx.defs", which are *not*
3035 declared as simp by default;
3036 - shared operations ("more", "fields", etc.) now need to be always
3037 qualified) --- potential INCOMPATIBILITY;
3038 - removed "make_scheme" operations (use "make" with "extend") --
3040 - removed "more" class (simply use "term") -- INCOMPATIBILITY;
3041 - provides cases/induct rules for use with corresponding Isar
3042 methods (for concrete records, record schemes, concrete more
3043 parts, and schematic more parts -- in that order);
3044 - internal definitions directly based on a light-weight abstract
3045 theory of product types over typedef rather than datatype;
3047 * HOL: generic code generator for generating executable ML code from
3048 specifications; specific support for HOL constructs such as inductive
3049 datatypes and sets, as well as recursive functions; can be invoked
3050 via 'generate_code' theory section;
3052 * HOL: canonical cases/induct rules for n-tuples (n = 3..7);
3054 * HOL: consolidated and renamed several theories. In particular:
3055 Ord.thy has been absorbed into HOL.thy
3056 String.thy has been absorbed into List.thy
3058 * HOL: concrete setsum syntax "\<Sum>i:A. b" == "setsum (%i. b) A"
3059 (beware of argument permutation!);
3061 * HOL: linorder_less_split superseded by linorder_cases;
3063 * HOL/List: "nodups" renamed to "distinct";
3065 * HOL: added "The" definite description operator; move Hilbert's "Eps"
3066 to peripheral theory "Hilbert_Choice"; some INCOMPATIBILITIES:
3067 - Ex_def has changed, now need to use some_eq_ex
3069 * HOL: made split_all_tac safe; EXISTING PROOFS MAY FAIL OR LOOP, so
3070 in this (rare) case use:
3072 delSWrapper "split_all_tac"
3073 addSbefore ("unsafe_split_all_tac", unsafe_split_all_tac)
3075 * HOL: added safe wrapper "split_conv_tac" to claset; EXISTING PROOFS
3078 * HOL: introduced f^n = f o ... o f; warning: due to the limits of
3079 Isabelle's type classes, ^ on functions and relations has too general
3080 a domain, namely ('a * 'b) set and 'a => 'b; this means that it may be
3081 necessary to attach explicit type constraints;
3083 * HOL/Relation: the prefix name of the infix "O" has been changed from
3084 "comp" to "rel_comp"; INCOMPATIBILITY: a few theorems have been
3085 renamed accordingly (eg "compI" -> "rel_compI").
3087 * HOL: syntax translations now work properly with numerals and records
3090 * HOL: bounded abstraction now uses syntax "%" / "\<lambda>" instead
3091 of "lam" -- INCOMPATIBILITY;
3093 * HOL: got rid of some global declarations (potential INCOMPATIBILITY
3094 for ML tools): const "()" renamed "Product_Type.Unity", type "unit"
3095 renamed "Product_Type.unit";
3097 * HOL: renamed rtrancl_into_rtrancl2 to converse_rtrancl_into_rtrancl
3099 * HOL: removed obsolete theorem "optionE" (use "option.exhaust", or
3100 the "cases" method);
3102 * HOL/GroupTheory: group theory examples including Sylow's theorem (by
3105 * HOL/IMP: updated and converted to new-style theory format; several
3106 parts turned into readable document, with proper Isar proof texts and
3107 some explanations (by Gerwin Klein);
3109 * HOL-Real: added Complex_Numbers (by Gertrud Bauer);
3111 * HOL-Hyperreal is now a logic image;
3116 * Isar: consts/constdefs supports mixfix syntax for continuous
3119 * Isar: domain package adapted to new-style theory format, e.g. see
3122 * theory Lift: proper use of rep_datatype lift instead of ML hacks --
3123 potential INCOMPATIBILITY; now use plain induct_tac instead of former
3124 lift.induct_tac, always use UU instead of Undef;
3126 * HOLCF/IMP: updated and converted to new-style theory;
3131 * Isar: proper integration of logic-specific tools and packages,
3132 including theory commands '(co)inductive', '(co)datatype',
3133 'rep_datatype', 'inductive_cases', as well as methods 'ind_cases',
3134 'induct_tac', 'case_tac', and 'typecheck' (with attribute 'TC');
3136 * theory Main no longer includes AC; for the Axiom of Choice, base
3137 your theory on Main_ZFC;
3139 * the integer library now covers quotients and remainders, with many
3140 laws relating division to addition, multiplication, etc.;
3142 * ZF/UNITY: Chandy and Misra's UNITY is now available in ZF, giving a
3143 typeless version of the formalism;
3145 * ZF/AC, Coind, IMP, Resid: updated and converted to new-style theory
3148 * ZF/Induct: new directory for examples of inductive definitions,
3149 including theory Multiset for multiset orderings; converted to
3150 new-style theory format;
3152 * ZF: many new theorems about lists, ordinals, etc.;
3157 * Pure/kernel: meta-level proof terms (by Stefan Berghofer); reference
3158 variable proof controls level of detail: 0 = no proofs (only oracle
3159 dependencies), 1 = lemma dependencies, 2 = compact proof terms; see
3160 also ref manual for further ML interfaces;
3162 * Pure/axclass: removed obsolete ML interface
3163 goal_subclass/goal_arity;
3165 * Pure/syntax: new token syntax "num" for plain numerals (without "#"
3166 of "xnum"); potential INCOMPATIBILITY, since -0, -1 etc. are now
3167 separate tokens, so expressions involving minus need to be spaced
3170 * Pure/syntax: support non-oriented infixes, using keyword "infix"
3171 rather than "infixl" or "infixr";
3173 * Pure/syntax: concrete syntax for dummy type variables admits genuine
3174 sort constraint specifications in type inference; e.g. "x::_::foo"
3175 ensures that the type of "x" is of sort "foo" (but not necessarily a
3178 * Pure/syntax: print modes "type_brackets" and "no_type_brackets"
3179 control output of nested => (types); the default behavior is
3182 * Pure/syntax: builtin parse translation for "_constify" turns valued
3183 tokens into AST constants;
3185 * Pure/syntax: prefer later declarations of translations and print
3186 translation functions; potential INCOMPATIBILITY: need to reverse
3187 multiple declarations for same syntax element constant;
3189 * Pure/show_hyps reset by default (in accordance to existing Isar
3192 * Provers/classical: renamed addaltern to addafter, addSaltern to
3195 * Provers/clasimp: ``iff'' declarations now handle conditional rules
3198 * system: tested support for MacOS X; should be able to get Isabelle +
3199 Proof General to work in a plain Terminal after installing Poly/ML
3200 (e.g. from the Isabelle distribution area) and GNU bash alone
3201 (e.g. from http://www.apple.com); full X11, XEmacs and X-Symbol
3202 support requires further installations, e.g. from
3203 http://fink.sourceforge.net/);
3205 * system: support Poly/ML 4.1.1 (able to manage larger heaps);
3207 * system: reduced base memory usage by Poly/ML (approx. 20 MB instead
3208 of 40 MB), cf. ML_OPTIONS;
3210 * system: Proof General keywords specification is now part of the
3211 Isabelle distribution (see etc/isar-keywords.el);
3213 * system: support for persistent Proof General sessions (refrain from
3214 outdating all loaded theories on startup); user may create writable
3215 logic images like this: ``isabelle -q HOL Test'';
3217 * system: smart selection of Isabelle process versus Isabelle
3218 interface, accommodates case-insensitive file systems (e.g. HFS+); may
3219 run both "isabelle" and "Isabelle" even if file names are badly
3220 damaged (executable inspects the case of the first letter of its own
3221 name); added separate "isabelle-process" and "isabelle-interface";
3223 * system: refrain from any attempt at filtering input streams; no
3224 longer support ``8bit'' encoding of old isabelle font, instead proper
3225 iso-latin characters may now be used; the related isatools
3226 "symbolinput" and "nonascii" have disappeared as well;
3228 * system: removed old "xterm" interface (the print modes "xterm" and
3229 "xterm_color" are still available for direct use in a suitable
3234 New in Isabelle99-2 (February 2001)
3235 -----------------------------------
3237 *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES ***
3239 * HOL: please note that theories in the Library and elsewhere often use the
3240 new-style (Isar) format; to refer to their theorems in an ML script you must
3241 bind them to ML identifers by e.g. val thm_name = thm "thm_name";
3243 * HOL: inductive package no longer splits induction rule aggressively,
3244 but only as far as specified by the introductions given; the old
3245 format may be recovered via ML function complete_split_rule or attribute
3246 'split_rule (complete)';
3248 * HOL: induct renamed to lfp_induct, lfp_Tarski to lfp_unfold,
3249 gfp_Tarski to gfp_unfold;
3251 * HOL: contrapos, contrapos2 renamed to contrapos_nn, contrapos_pp;
3253 * HOL: infix "dvd" now has priority 50 rather than 70 (because it is a
3254 relation); infix "^^" has been renamed "``"; infix "``" has been
3255 renamed "`"; "univalent" has been renamed "single_valued";
3257 * HOL/Real: "rinv" and "hrinv" replaced by overloaded "inverse"
3260 * HOLCF: infix "`" has been renamed "$"; the symbol syntax is \<cdot>;
3262 * Isar: 'obtain' no longer declares "that" fact as simp/intro;
3264 * Isar/HOL: method 'induct' now handles non-atomic goals; as a
3265 consequence, it is no longer monotonic wrt. the local goal context
3266 (which is now passed through the inductive cases);
3268 * Document preparation: renamed standard symbols \<ll> to \<lless> and
3269 \<gg> to \<ggreater>;
3272 *** Document preparation ***
3274 * \isabellestyle{NAME} selects version of Isabelle output (currently
3275 available: are "it" for near math-mode best-style output, "sl" for
3276 slanted text style, and "tt" for plain type-writer; if no
3277 \isabellestyle command is given, output is according to slanted
3280 * support sub/super scripts (for single symbols only), input syntax is
3281 like this: "A\<^sup>*" or "A\<^sup>\<star>";
3283 * some more standard symbols; see Appendix A of the system manual for
3284 the complete list of symbols defined in isabellesym.sty;
3286 * improved isabelle style files; more abstract symbol implementation
3287 (should now use \isamath{...} and \isatext{...} in custom symbol
3290 * antiquotation @{goals} and @{subgoals} for output of *dynamic* goals
3291 state; Note that presentation of goal states does not conform to
3292 actual human-readable proof documents. Please do not include goal
3293 states into document output unless you really know what you are doing!
3295 * proper indentation of antiquoted output with proportional LaTeX
3298 * no_document ML operator temporarily disables LaTeX document
3301 * isatool unsymbolize tunes sources for plain ASCII communication;
3306 * Pure: Isar now suffers initial goal statements to contain unbound
3307 schematic variables (this does not conform to actual readable proof
3308 documents, due to unpredictable outcome and non-compositional proof
3309 checking); users who know what they are doing may use schematic goals
3310 for Prolog-style synthesis of proven results;
3312 * Pure: assumption method (an implicit finishing) now handles actual
3315 * Pure: improved 'obtain' --- moved to Pure, insert "that" into
3316 initial goal, declare "that" only as Pure intro (only for single
3317 steps); the "that" rule assumption may now be involved in implicit
3318 finishing, thus ".." becomes a feasible for trivial obtains;
3320 * Pure: default proof step now includes 'intro_classes'; thus trivial
3321 instance proofs may be performed by "..";
3323 * Pure: ?thesis / ?this / "..." now work for pure meta-level
3326 * Pure: more robust selection of calculational rules;
3328 * Pure: the builtin notion of 'finished' goal now includes the ==-refl
3329 rule (as well as the assumption rule);
3331 * Pure: 'thm_deps' command visualizes dependencies of theorems and
3332 lemmas, using the graph browser tool;
3334 * Pure: predict failure of "show" in interactive mode;
3336 * Pure: 'thms_containing' now takes actual terms as arguments;
3338 * HOL: improved method 'induct' --- now handles non-atomic goals
3339 (potential INCOMPATIBILITY); tuned error handling;
3341 * HOL: cases and induct rules now provide explicit hints about the
3342 number of facts to be consumed (0 for "type" and 1 for "set" rules);
3343 any remaining facts are inserted into the goal verbatim;
3345 * HOL: local contexts (aka cases) may now contain term bindings as
3346 well; the 'cases' and 'induct' methods new provide a ?case binding for
3347 the result to be shown in each case;
3349 * HOL: added 'recdef_tc' command;
3351 * isatool convert assists in eliminating legacy ML scripts;
3356 * HOL/Library: a collection of generic theories to be used together
3357 with main HOL; the theory loader path already includes this directory
3358 by default; the following existing theories have been moved here:
3359 HOL/Induct/Multiset, HOL/Induct/Acc (as Accessible_Part), HOL/While
3360 (as While_Combinator), HOL/Lex/Prefix (as List_Prefix);
3362 * HOL/Unix: "Some aspects of Unix file-system security", a typical
3363 modelling and verification task performed in Isabelle/HOL +
3364 Isabelle/Isar + Isabelle document preparation (by Markus Wenzel).
3366 * HOL/Algebra: special summation operator SUM no longer exists, it has
3367 been replaced by setsum; infix 'assoc' now has priority 50 (like
3368 'dvd'); axiom 'one_not_zero' has been moved from axclass 'ring' to
3369 'domain', this makes the theory consistent with mathematical
3372 * HOL basics: added overloaded operations "inverse" and "divide"
3373 (infix "/"), syntax for generic "abs" operation, generic summation
3376 * HOL/typedef: simplified package, provide more useful rules (see also
3379 * HOL/datatype: induction rule for arbitrarily branching datatypes is
3380 now expressed as a proper nested rule (old-style tactic scripts may
3381 require atomize_strip_tac to cope with non-atomic premises);
3383 * HOL: renamed theory "Prod" to "Product_Type", renamed "split" rule
3384 to "split_conv" (old name still available for compatibility);
3386 * HOL: improved concrete syntax for strings (e.g. allows translation
3387 rules with string literals);
3389 * HOL-Real-Hyperreal: this extends HOL-Real with the hyperreals
3390 and Fleuriot's mechanization of analysis, including the transcendental
3391 functions for the reals;
3393 * HOL/Real, HOL/Hyperreal: improved arithmetic simplification;
3398 * CTT: x-symbol support for Pi, Sigma, -->, : (membership); note that
3399 "lam" is displayed as TWO lambda-symbols
3401 * CTT: theory Main now available, containing everything (that is, Bool
3407 * Pure: the Simplifier has been implemented properly as a derived rule
3408 outside of the actual kernel (at last!); the overall performance
3409 penalty in practical applications is about 50%, while reliability of
3410 the Isabelle inference kernel has been greatly improved;
3412 * print modes "brackets" and "no_brackets" control output of nested =>
3413 (types) and ==> (props); the default behaviour is "brackets";
3415 * Provers: fast_tac (and friends) now handle actual object-logic rules
3416 as assumptions as well;
3418 * system: support Poly/ML 4.0;
3420 * system: isatool install handles KDE version 1 or 2;
3424 New in Isabelle99-1 (October 2000)
3425 ----------------------------------
3427 *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES ***
3429 * HOL: simplification of natural numbers is much changed; to partly
3430 recover the old behaviour (e.g. to prevent n+n rewriting to #2*n)
3431 issue the following ML commands:
3433 Delsimprocs Nat_Numeral_Simprocs.cancel_numerals;
3434 Delsimprocs [Nat_Numeral_Simprocs.combine_numerals];
3436 * HOL: simplification no longer dives into case-expressions; this is
3437 controlled by "t.weak_case_cong" for each datatype t;
3439 * HOL: nat_less_induct renamed to less_induct;
3441 * HOL: systematic renaming of the SOME (Eps) rules, may use isatool
3442 fixsome to patch .thy and .ML sources automatically;
3444 select_equality -> some_equality
3445 select_eq_Ex -> some_eq_ex
3446 selectI2EX -> someI2_ex
3449 select1_equality -> some1_equality
3450 Eps_sym_eq -> some_sym_eq_trivial
3451 Eps_eq -> some_eq_trivial
3453 * HOL: exhaust_tac on datatypes superceded by new generic case_tac;
3455 * HOL: removed obsolete theorem binding expand_if (refer to split_if
3458 * HOL: the recursion equations generated by 'recdef' are now called
3459 f.simps instead of f.rules;
3461 * HOL: qed_spec_mp now also handles bounded ALL as well;
3463 * HOL: 0 is now overloaded, so the type constraint ":: nat" may
3464 sometimes be needed;
3466 * HOL: the constant for "f``x" is now "image" rather than "op ``";
3468 * HOL: the constant for "f-``x" is now "vimage" rather than "op -``";
3470 * HOL: the disjoint sum is now "<+>" instead of "Plus"; the cartesian
3471 product is now "<*>" instead of "Times"; the lexicographic product is
3472 now "<*lex*>" instead of "**";
3474 * HOL: theory Sexp is now in HOL/Induct examples (it used to be part
3475 of main HOL, but was unused); better use HOL's datatype package;
3477 * HOL: removed "symbols" syntax for constant "override" of theory Map;
3478 the old syntax may be recovered as follows:
3481 override :: "('a ~=> 'b) => ('a ~=> 'b) => ('a ~=> 'b)"
3482 (infixl "\\<oplus>" 100)
3484 * HOL/Real: "rabs" replaced by overloaded "abs" function;
3486 * HOL/ML: even fewer consts are declared as global (see theories Ord,
3487 Lfp, Gfp, WF); this only affects ML packages that refer to const names
3490 * HOL and ZF: syntax for quotienting wrt an equivalence relation
3491 changed from A/r to A//r;
3493 * ZF: new treatment of arithmetic (nat & int) may break some old
3496 * Isar: renamed some attributes (RS -> THEN, simplify -> simplified,
3497 rulify -> rule_format, elimify -> elim_format, ...);
3499 * Isar/Provers: intro/elim/dest attributes changed; renamed
3500 intro/intro!/intro!! flags to intro!/intro/intro? (in most cases, one
3501 should have to change intro!! to intro? only); replaced "delrule" by
3504 * Isar/HOL: renamed "intrs" to "intros" in inductive definitions;
3506 * Provers: strengthened force_tac by using new first_best_tac;
3508 * LaTeX document preparation: several changes of isabelle.sty (see
3512 *** Document preparation ***
3514 * formal comments (text blocks etc.) in new-style theories may now
3515 contain antiquotations of thm/prop/term/typ/text to be presented
3516 according to latex print mode; concrete syntax is like this:
3517 @{term[show_types] "f(x) = a + x"};
3519 * isatool mkdir provides easy setup of Isabelle session directories,
3520 including proper document sources;
3522 * generated LaTeX sources are now deleted after successful run
3523 (isatool document -c); may retain a copy somewhere else via -D option
3526 * isatool usedir -D now lets isatool latex -o sty update the Isabelle
3527 style files, achieving self-contained LaTeX sources and simplifying
3530 * old-style theories now produce (crude) LaTeX output as well;
3532 * browser info session directories are now self-contained (may be put
3533 on WWW server seperately); improved graphs of nested sessions; removed
3534 graph for 'all sessions';
3536 * several improvements in isabelle style files; \isabellestyle{it}
3537 produces fake math mode output; \isamarkupheader is now \section by
3538 default; see lib/texinputs/isabelle.sty etc.;
3543 * Isar/Pure: local results and corresponding term bindings are now
3544 subject to Hindley-Milner polymorphism (similar to ML); this
3545 accommodates incremental type-inference very nicely;
3547 * Isar/Pure: new derived language element 'obtain' supports
3548 generalized existence reasoning;
3550 * Isar/Pure: new calculational elements 'moreover' and 'ultimately'
3551 support accumulation of results, without applying any rules yet;
3552 useful to collect intermediate results without explicit name
3553 references, and for use with transitivity rules with more than 2
3556 * Isar/Pure: scalable support for case-analysis type proofs: new
3557 'case' language element refers to local contexts symbolically, as
3558 produced by certain proof methods; internally, case names are attached
3559 to theorems as "tags";
3561 * Isar/Pure: theory command 'hide' removes declarations from
3562 class/type/const name spaces;
3564 * Isar/Pure: theory command 'defs' supports option "(overloaded)" to
3565 indicate potential overloading;
3567 * Isar/Pure: changed syntax of local blocks from {{ }} to { };
3569 * Isar/Pure: syntax of sorts made 'inner', i.e. have to write
3570 "{a,b,c}" instead of {a,b,c};
3572 * Isar/Pure now provides its own version of intro/elim/dest
3573 attributes; useful for building new logics, but beware of confusion
3574 with the version in Provers/classical;
3576 * Isar/Pure: the local context of (non-atomic) goals is provided via
3577 case name 'antecedent';
3579 * Isar/Pure: removed obsolete 'transfer' attribute (transfer of thms
3580 to the current context is now done automatically);
3582 * Isar/Pure: theory command 'method_setup' provides a simple interface
3583 for definining proof methods in ML;
3585 * Isar/Provers: intro/elim/dest attributes changed; renamed
3586 intro/intro!/intro!! flags to intro!/intro/intro? (INCOMPATIBILITY, in
3587 most cases, one should have to change intro!! to intro? only);
3588 replaced "delrule" by "rule del";
3590 * Isar/Provers: new 'hypsubst' method, plain 'subst' method and
3591 'symmetric' attribute (the latter supercedes [RS sym]);
3593 * Isar/Provers: splitter support (via 'split' attribute and 'simp'
3594 method modifier); 'simp' method: 'only:' modifier removes loopers as
3595 well (including splits);
3597 * Isar/Provers: Simplifier and Classical methods now support all kind
3598 of modifiers used in the past, including 'cong', 'iff', etc.
3600 * Isar/Provers: added 'fastsimp' and 'clarsimp' methods (combination
3601 of Simplifier and Classical reasoner);
3603 * Isar/HOL: new proof method 'cases' and improved version of 'induct'
3604 now support named cases; major packages (inductive, datatype, primrec,
3605 recdef) support case names and properly name parameters;
3607 * Isar/HOL: new transitivity rules for substitution in inequalities --
3608 monotonicity conditions are extracted to be proven at end of
3611 * Isar/HOL: removed 'case_split' thm binding, should use 'cases' proof
3614 * Isar/HOL: removed old expand_if = split_if; theorems if_splits =
3615 split_if split_if_asm; datatype package provides theorems foo.splits =
3616 foo.split foo.split_asm for each datatype;
3618 * Isar/HOL: tuned inductive package, rename "intrs" to "intros"
3619 (potential INCOMPATIBILITY), emulation of mk_cases feature for proof
3620 scripts: new 'inductive_cases' command and 'ind_cases' method; (Note:
3621 use "(cases (simplified))" method in proper proof texts);
3623 * Isar/HOL: added global 'arith_split' attribute for 'arith' method;
3625 * Isar: names of theorems etc. may be natural numbers as well;
3627 * Isar: 'pr' command: optional arguments for goals_limit and
3628 ProofContext.prems_limit; no longer prints theory contexts, but only
3631 * Isar: diagnostic commands 'pr', 'thm', 'prop', 'term', 'typ' admit
3632 additional print modes to be specified; e.g. "pr(latex)" will print
3633 proof state according to the Isabelle LaTeX style;
3635 * Isar: improved support for emulating tactic scripts, including proof
3636 methods 'rule_tac' etc., 'cut_tac', 'thin_tac', 'subgoal_tac',
3637 'rename_tac', 'rotate_tac', 'tactic', and 'case_tac' / 'induct_tac'
3638 (for HOL datatypes);
3640 * Isar: simplified (more robust) goal selection of proof methods: 1st
3641 goal, all goals, or explicit goal specifier (tactic emulation); thus
3642 'proof method scripts' have to be in depth-first order;
3644 * Isar: tuned 'let' syntax: replaced 'as' keyword by 'and';
3646 * Isar: removed 'help' command, which hasn't been too helpful anyway;
3647 should instead use individual commands for printing items
3648 (print_commands, print_methods etc.);
3650 * Isar: added 'nothing' --- the empty list of theorems;
3655 * HOL/MicroJava: formalization of a fragment of Java, together with a
3656 corresponding virtual machine and a specification of its bytecode
3657 verifier and a lightweight bytecode verifier, including proofs of
3658 type-safety; by Gerwin Klein, Tobias Nipkow, David von Oheimb, and
3659 Cornelia Pusch (see also the homepage of project Bali at
3660 http://isabelle.in.tum.de/Bali/);
3662 * HOL/Algebra: new theory of rings and univariate polynomials, by
3665 * HOL/NumberTheory: fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, Chinese
3666 Remainder Theorem, Fermat/Euler Theorem, Wilson's Theorem, by Thomas M
3669 * HOL/Lattice: fundamental concepts of lattice theory and order
3670 structures, including duals, properties of bounds versus algebraic
3671 laws, lattice operations versus set-theoretic ones, the Knaster-Tarski
3672 Theorem for complete lattices etc.; may also serve as a demonstration
3673 for abstract algebraic reasoning using axiomatic type classes, and
3674 mathematics-style proof in Isabelle/Isar; by Markus Wenzel;
3676 * HOL/Prolog: a (bare-bones) implementation of Lambda-Prolog, by David
3679 * HOL/IMPP: extension of IMP with local variables and mutually
3680 recursive procedures, by David von Oheimb;
3682 * HOL/Lambda: converted into new-style theory and document;
3684 * HOL/ex/Multiquote: example of multiple nested quotations and
3685 anti-quotations -- basically a generalized version of de-Bruijn
3686 representation; very useful in avoiding lifting of operations;
3688 * HOL/record: added general record equality rule to simpset; fixed
3689 select-update simplification procedure to handle extended records as
3690 well; admit "r" as field name;
3692 * HOL: 0 is now overloaded over the new sort "zero", allowing its use with
3693 other numeric types and also as the identity of groups, rings, etc.;
3695 * HOL: new axclass plus_ac0 for addition with the AC-laws and 0 as identity.
3696 Types nat and int belong to this axclass;
3698 * HOL: greatly improved simplification involving numerals of type nat, int, real:
3699 (i + #8 + j) = Suc k simplifies to #7 + (i + j) = k
3700 i*j + k + j*#3*i simplifies to #4*(i*j) + k
3701 two terms #m*u and #n*u are replaced by #(m+n)*u
3702 (where #m, #n and u can implicitly be 1; this is simproc combine_numerals)
3703 and the term/formula #m*u+x ~~ #n*u+y simplifies simplifies to #(m-n)+x ~~ y
3704 or x ~~ #(n-m)+y, where ~~ is one of = < <= or - (simproc cancel_numerals);
3706 * HOL: meson_tac is available (previously in ex/meson.ML); it is a
3707 powerful prover for predicate logic but knows nothing of clasets; see
3708 ex/mesontest.ML and ex/mesontest2.ML for example applications;
3710 * HOL: new version of "case_tac" subsumes both boolean case split and
3711 "exhaust_tac" on datatypes; INCOMPATIBILITY: exhaust_tac no longer
3712 exists, may define val exhaust_tac = case_tac for ad-hoc portability;
3714 * HOL: simplification no longer dives into case-expressions: only the
3715 selector expression is simplified, but not the remaining arms; to
3716 enable full simplification of case-expressions for datatype t, you may
3717 remove t.weak_case_cong from the simpset, either globally (Delcongs
3718 [thm"t.weak_case_cong"];) or locally (delcongs [...]).
3720 * HOL/recdef: the recursion equations generated by 'recdef' for
3721 function 'f' are now called f.simps instead of f.rules; if all
3722 termination conditions are proved automatically, these simplification
3723 rules are added to the simpset, as in primrec; rules may be named
3724 individually as well, resulting in a separate list of theorems for
3727 * HOL/While is a new theory that provides a while-combinator. It
3728 permits the definition of tail-recursive functions without the
3729 provision of a termination measure. The latter is necessary once the
3730 invariant proof rule for while is applied.
3732 * HOL: new (overloaded) notation for the set of elements below/above
3733 some element: {..u}, {..u(}, {l..}, {)l..}. See theory SetInterval.
3735 * HOL: theorems impI, allI, ballI bound as "strip";
3737 * HOL: new tactic induct_thm_tac: thm -> string -> int -> tactic
3738 induct_tac th "x1 ... xn" expects th to have a conclusion of the form
3739 P v1 ... vn and abbreviates res_inst_tac [("v1","x1"),...,("vn","xn")] th;
3741 * HOL/Real: "rabs" replaced by overloaded "abs" function;
3743 * HOL: theory Sexp now in HOL/Induct examples (it used to be part of
3744 main HOL, but was unused);
3746 * HOL: fewer consts declared as global (e.g. have to refer to
3747 "Lfp.lfp" instead of "lfp" internally; affects ML packages only);
3749 * HOL: tuned AST representation of nested pairs, avoiding bogus output
3750 in case of overlap with user translations (e.g. judgements over
3751 tuples); (note that the underlying logical represenation is still
3757 * ZF: simplification automatically cancels common terms in arithmetic
3758 expressions over nat and int;
3760 * ZF: new treatment of nat to minimize type-checking: all operators
3761 coerce their operands to a natural number using the function natify,
3762 making the algebraic laws unconditional;
3764 * ZF: as above, for int: operators coerce their operands to an integer
3765 using the function intify;
3767 * ZF: the integer library now contains many of the usual laws for the
3768 orderings, including $<=, and monotonicity laws for $+ and $*;
3770 * ZF: new example ZF/ex/NatSum to demonstrate integer arithmetic
3773 * FOL and ZF: AddIffs now available, giving theorems of the form P<->Q
3774 to the simplifier and classical reasoner simultaneously;
3779 * Provers: blast_tac now handles actual object-logic rules as
3780 assumptions; note that auto_tac uses blast_tac internally as well;
3782 * Provers: new functions rulify/rulify_no_asm: thm -> thm for turning
3783 outer -->/All/Ball into ==>/!!; qed_spec_mp now uses rulify_no_asm;
3785 * Provers: delrules now handles destruct rules as well (no longer need
3786 explicit make_elim);
3788 * Provers: Blast_tac now warns of and ignores "weak elimination rules" e.g.
3789 [| inj ?f; ?f ?x = ?f ?y; ?x = ?y ==> ?W |] ==> ?W
3790 use instead the strong form,
3791 [| inj ?f; ~ ?W ==> ?f ?x = ?f ?y; ?x = ?y ==> ?W |] ==> ?W
3792 in HOL, FOL and ZF the function cla_make_elim will create such rules
3793 from destruct-rules;
3795 * Provers: Simplifier.easy_setup provides a fast path to basic
3796 Simplifier setup for new object-logics;
3798 * Pure: AST translation rules no longer require constant head on LHS;
3800 * Pure: improved name spaces: ambiguous output is qualified; support
3801 for hiding of names;
3803 * system: smart setup of canonical ML_HOME, ISABELLE_INTERFACE, and
3804 XSYMBOL_HOME; no longer need to do manual configuration in most
3807 * system: compression of ML heaps images may now be controlled via -c
3808 option of isabelle and isatool usedir (currently only observed by
3811 * system: isatool installfonts may handle X-Symbol fonts as well (very
3812 useful for remote X11);
3814 * system: provide TAGS file for Isabelle sources;
3816 * ML: infix 'OF' is a version of 'MRS' with more appropriate argument
3819 * ML: renamed flags Syntax.trace_norm_ast to Syntax.trace_ast; global
3820 timing flag supersedes proof_timing and Toplevel.trace;
3822 * ML: new combinators |>> and |>>> for incremental transformations
3823 with secondary results (e.g. certain theory extensions):
3825 * ML: PureThy.add_defs gets additional argument to indicate potential
3826 overloading (usually false);
3828 * ML: PureThy.add_thms/add_axioms/add_defs now return theorems as
3833 New in Isabelle99 (October 1999)
3834 --------------------------------
3836 *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES (see below for more details) ***
3838 * HOL: The THEN and ELSE parts of conditional expressions (if P then x else y)
3839 are no longer simplified. (This allows the simplifier to unfold recursive
3840 functional programs.) To restore the old behaviour, declare
3842 Delcongs [if_weak_cong];
3844 * HOL: Removed the obsolete syntax "Compl A"; use -A for set
3847 * HOL: the predicate "inj" is now defined by translation to "inj_on";
3849 * HOL/datatype: mutual_induct_tac no longer exists --
3850 use induct_tac "x_1 ... x_n" instead of mutual_induct_tac ["x_1", ..., "x_n"]
3852 * HOL/typedef: fixed type inference for representing set; type
3853 arguments now have to occur explicitly on the rhs as type constraints;
3855 * ZF: The con_defs part of an inductive definition may no longer refer
3856 to constants declared in the same theory;
3858 * HOL, ZF: the function mk_cases, generated by the inductive
3859 definition package, has lost an argument. To simplify its result, it
3860 uses the default simpset instead of a supplied list of theorems.
3862 * HOL/List: the constructors of type list are now Nil and Cons;
3864 * Simplifier: the type of the infix ML functions
3865 setSSolver addSSolver setSolver addSolver
3866 is now simpset * solver -> simpset where `solver' is a new abstract type
3867 for packaging solvers. A solver is created via
3868 mk_solver: string -> (thm list -> int -> tactic) -> solver
3869 where the string argument is only a comment.
3874 * Provers/Arith/fast_lin_arith.ML contains a functor for creating a
3875 decision procedure for linear arithmetic. Currently it is used for
3876 types `nat', `int', and `real' in HOL (see below); it can, should and
3877 will be instantiated for other types and logics as well.
3879 * The simplifier now accepts rewrite rules with flexible heads, eg
3880 hom ?f ==> ?f(?x+?y) = ?f ?x + ?f ?y
3881 They are applied like any rule with a non-pattern lhs, i.e. by first-order
3887 * New Isabelle/Isar subsystem provides an alternative to traditional
3888 tactical theorem proving; together with the ProofGeneral/isar user
3889 interface it offers an interactive environment for developing human
3890 readable proof documents (Isar == Intelligible semi-automated
3891 reasoning); for further information see isatool doc isar-ref,
3892 src/HOL/Isar_examples and http://isabelle.in.tum.de/Isar/
3894 * improved and simplified presentation of theories: better HTML markup
3895 (including colors), graph views in several sizes; isatool usedir now
3896 provides a proper interface for user theories (via -P option); actual
3897 document preparation based on (PDF)LaTeX is available as well (for
3898 new-style theories only); see isatool doc system for more information;
3900 * native support for Proof General, both for classic Isabelle and
3903 * ML function thm_deps visualizes dependencies of theorems and lemmas,
3904 using the graph browser tool;
3906 * Isabelle manuals now also available as PDF;
3908 * theory loader rewritten from scratch (may not be fully
3909 bug-compatible); old loadpath variable has been replaced by show_path,
3910 add_path, del_path, reset_path functions; new operations such as
3911 update_thy, touch_thy, remove_thy, use/update_thy_only (see also
3914 * improved isatool install: option -k creates KDE application icon,
3915 option -p DIR installs standalone binaries;
3917 * added ML_PLATFORM setting (useful for cross-platform installations);
3918 more robust handling of platform specific ML images for SML/NJ;
3920 * the settings environment is now statically scoped, i.e. it is never
3921 created again in sub-processes invoked from isabelle, isatool, or
3924 * path element specification '~~' refers to '$ISABELLE_HOME';
3926 * in locales, the "assumes" and "defines" parts may be omitted if
3929 * new print_mode "xsymbols" for extended symbol support (e.g. genuine
3932 * new print_mode "HTML";
3934 * new flag show_tags controls display of tags of theorems (which are
3935 basically just comments that may be attached by some tools);
3937 * Isamode 2.6 requires patch to accomodate change of Isabelle font
3938 mode and goal output format:
3940 diff -r Isamode-2.6/elisp/isa-load.el Isamode/elisp/isa-load.el
3942 < (list (isa-getenv "ISABELLE") "-msymbols" logic-name)
3944 > (list (isa-getenv "ISABELLE") "-misabelle_font" "-msymbols" logic-name)
3945 diff -r Isabelle-2.6/elisp/isa-proofstate.el Isamode/elisp/isa-proofstate.el
3947 < (defconst proofstate-proofstart-regexp "^Level [0-9]+$"
3949 > (defconst proofstate-proofstart-regexp "^Level [0-9]+"
3951 * function bind_thms stores lists of theorems (cf. bind_thm);
3953 * new shorthand tactics ftac, eatac, datac, fatac;
3955 * qed (and friends) now accept "" as result name; in that case the
3956 theorem is not stored, but proper checks and presentation of the
3959 * theorem database now also indexes constants "Trueprop", "all",
3960 "==>", "=="; thus thms_containing, findI etc. may retrieve more rules;
3965 ** HOL arithmetic **
3967 * There are now decision procedures for linear arithmetic over nat and
3970 1. arith_tac copes with arbitrary formulae involving `=', `<', `<=',
3971 `+', `-', `Suc', `min', `max' and numerical constants; other subterms
3972 are treated as atomic; subformulae not involving type `nat' or `int'
3973 are ignored; quantified subformulae are ignored unless they are
3974 positive universal or negative existential. The tactic has to be
3975 invoked by hand and can be a little bit slow. In particular, the
3976 running time is exponential in the number of occurrences of `min' and
3977 `max', and `-' on `nat'.
3979 2. fast_arith_tac is a cut-down version of arith_tac: it only takes
3980 (negated) (in)equalities among the premises and the conclusion into
3981 account (i.e. no compound formulae) and does not know about `min' and
3982 `max', and `-' on `nat'. It is fast and is used automatically by the
3985 NB: At the moment, these decision procedures do not cope with mixed
3986 nat/int formulae where the two parts interact, such as `m < n ==>
3989 * HOL/Numeral provides a generic theory of numerals (encoded
3990 efficiently as bit strings); setup for types nat/int/real is in place;
3991 INCOMPATIBILITY: since numeral syntax is now polymorphic, rather than
3992 int, existing theories and proof scripts may require a few additional
3995 * integer division and remainder can now be performed on constant
3998 * many properties of integer multiplication, division and remainder
4001 * An interface to the Stanford Validity Checker (SVC) is available through the
4002 tactic svc_tac. Propositional tautologies and theorems of linear arithmetic
4003 are proved automatically. SVC must be installed separately, and its results
4004 must be TAKEN ON TRUST (Isabelle does not check the proofs, but tags any
4005 invocation of the underlying oracle). For SVC see
4006 http://verify.stanford.edu/SVC
4008 * IsaMakefile: the HOL-Real target now builds an actual image;
4013 * HOL/Real/HahnBanach: the Hahn-Banach theorem for real vector spaces
4014 (in Isabelle/Isar) -- by Gertrud Bauer;
4016 * HOL/BCV: generic model of bytecode verification, i.e. data-flow
4017 analysis for assembly languages with subtypes;
4019 * HOL/TLA (Lamport's Temporal Logic of Actions): major reorganization
4020 -- avoids syntactic ambiguities and treats state, transition, and
4021 temporal levels more uniformly; introduces INCOMPATIBILITIES due to
4022 changed syntax and (many) tactics;
4024 * HOL/inductive: Now also handles more general introduction rules such
4025 as "ALL y. (y, x) : r --> y : acc r ==> x : acc r"; monotonicity
4026 theorems are now maintained within the theory (maintained via the
4029 * HOL/datatype: Now also handles arbitrarily branching datatypes
4030 (using function types) such as
4032 datatype 'a tree = Atom 'a | Branch "nat => 'a tree"
4034 * HOL/record: record_simproc (part of the default simpset) takes care
4035 of selectors applied to updated records; record_split_tac is no longer
4036 part of the default claset; update_defs may now be removed from the
4037 simpset in many cases; COMPATIBILITY: old behavior achieved by
4039 claset_ref () := claset() addSWrapper record_split_wrapper;
4040 Delsimprocs [record_simproc]
4042 * HOL/typedef: fixed type inference for representing set; type
4043 arguments now have to occur explicitly on the rhs as type constraints;
4045 * HOL/recdef (TFL): 'congs' syntax now expects comma separated list of theorem
4046 names rather than an ML expression;
4048 * HOL/defer_recdef (TFL): like recdef but the well-founded relation can be
4049 supplied later. Program schemes can be defined, such as
4050 "While B C s = (if B s then While B C (C s) else s)"
4051 where the well-founded relation can be chosen after B and C have been given.
4053 * HOL/List: the constructors of type list are now Nil and Cons;
4054 INCOMPATIBILITY: while [] and infix # syntax is still there, of
4055 course, ML tools referring to List.list.op # etc. have to be adapted;
4057 * HOL_quantifiers flag superseded by "HOL" print mode, which is
4058 disabled by default; run isabelle with option -m HOL to get back to
4059 the original Gordon/HOL-style output;
4061 * HOL/Ord.thy: new bounded quantifier syntax (input only): ALL x<y. P,
4062 ALL x<=y. P, EX x<y. P, EX x<=y. P;
4064 * HOL basic syntax simplified (more orthogonal): all variants of
4065 All/Ex now support plain / symbolic / HOL notation; plain syntax for
4066 Eps operator is provided as well: "SOME x. P[x]";
4068 * HOL/Sum.thy: sum_case has been moved to HOL/Datatype;
4070 * HOL/Univ.thy: infix syntax <*>, <+>, <**>, <+> eliminated and made
4071 thus available for user theories;
4073 * HOLCF/IOA/Sequents: renamed 'Cons' to 'Consq' to avoid clash with
4074 HOL/List; hardly an INCOMPATIBILITY since '>>' syntax is used all the
4077 * HOL: new tactic smp_tac: int -> int -> tactic, which applies spec
4078 several times and then mp;
4083 * the notation <<...>> is now available as a notation for sequences of
4086 * the simplifier is now installed
4088 * the axiom system has been generalized (thanks to Soren Heilmann)
4090 * the classical reasoner now has a default rule database
4095 * new primrec section allows primitive recursive functions to be given
4096 directly (as in HOL) over datatypes and the natural numbers;
4098 * new tactics induct_tac and exhaust_tac for induction (or case
4099 analysis) over datatypes and the natural numbers;
4101 * the datatype declaration of type T now defines the recursor T_rec;
4103 * simplification automatically does freeness reasoning for datatype
4106 * automatic type-inference, with AddTCs command to insert new
4107 type-checking rules;
4109 * datatype introduction rules are now added as Safe Introduction rules
4112 * the syntax "if P then x else y" is now available in addition to
4116 *** Internal programming interfaces ***
4118 * tuned simplifier trace output; new flag debug_simp;
4120 * structures Vartab / Termtab (instances of TableFun) offer efficient
4121 tables indexed by indexname_ord / term_ord (compatible with aconv);
4123 * AxClass.axclass_tac lost the theory argument;
4125 * tuned current_goals_markers semantics: begin / end goal avoids
4126 printing empty lines;
4128 * removed prs and prs_fn hook, which was broken because it did not
4129 include \n in its semantics, forcing writeln to add one
4130 uncoditionally; replaced prs_fn by writeln_fn; consider std_output:
4131 string -> unit if you really want to output text without newline;
4133 * Symbol.output subject to print mode; INCOMPATIBILITY: defaults to
4134 plain output, interface builders may have to enable 'isabelle_font'
4135 mode to get Isabelle font glyphs as before;
4137 * refined token_translation interface; INCOMPATIBILITY: output length
4138 now of type real instead of int;
4140 * theory loader actions may be traced via new ThyInfo.add_hook
4141 interface (see src/Pure/Thy/thy_info.ML); example application: keep
4142 your own database of information attached to *whole* theories -- as
4143 opposed to intra-theory data slots offered via TheoryDataFun;
4145 * proper handling of dangling sort hypotheses (at last!);
4146 Thm.strip_shyps and Drule.strip_shyps_warning take care of removing
4147 extra sort hypotheses that can be witnessed from the type signature;
4148 the force_strip_shyps flag is gone, any remaining shyps are simply
4149 left in the theorem (with a warning issued by strip_shyps_warning);
4153 New in Isabelle98-1 (October 1998)
4154 ----------------------------------
4156 *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES (see below for more details) ***
4158 * several changes of automated proof tools;
4160 * HOL: major changes to the inductive and datatype packages, including
4161 some minor incompatibilities of theory syntax;
4163 * HOL: renamed r^-1 to 'converse' from 'inverse'; 'inj_onto' is now
4166 * HOL: removed duplicate thms in Arith:
4167 less_imp_add_less should be replaced by trans_less_add1
4168 le_imp_add_le should be replaced by trans_le_add1
4170 * HOL: unary minus is now overloaded (new type constraints may be
4173 * HOL and ZF: unary minus for integers is now #- instead of #~. In
4174 ZF, expressions such as n#-1 must be changed to n#- 1, since #-1 is
4175 now taken as an integer constant.
4177 * Pure: ML function 'theory_of' renamed to 'theory';
4183 1. Asm_full_simp_tac is now more aggressive.
4184 1. It will sometimes reorient premises if that increases their power to
4186 2. It does no longer proceed strictly from left to right but may also
4187 rotate premises to achieve further simplification.
4188 For compatibility reasons there is now Asm_lr_simp_tac which is like the
4189 old Asm_full_simp_tac in that it does not rotate premises.
4190 2. The simplifier now knows a little bit about nat-arithmetic.
4192 * Classical reasoner: wrapper mechanism for the classical reasoner now
4193 allows for selected deletion of wrappers, by introduction of names for
4194 wrapper functionals. This implies that addbefore, addSbefore,
4195 addaltern, and addSaltern now take a pair (name, tactic) as argument,
4196 and that adding two tactics with the same name overwrites the first
4197 one (emitting a warning).
4198 type wrapper = (int -> tactic) -> (int -> tactic)
4199 setWrapper, setSWrapper, compWrapper and compSWrapper are replaced by
4200 addWrapper, addSWrapper: claset * (string * wrapper) -> claset
4201 delWrapper, delSWrapper: claset * string -> claset
4202 getWrapper is renamed to appWrappers, getSWrapper to appSWrappers;
4204 * Classical reasoner: addbefore/addSbefore now have APPEND/ORELSE
4205 semantics; addbefore now affects only the unsafe part of step_tac
4206 etc.; this affects addss/auto_tac/force_tac, so EXISTING PROOFS MAY
4207 FAIL, but proofs should be fixable easily, e.g. by replacing Auto_tac
4210 * Classical reasoner: setwrapper to setWrapper and compwrapper to
4211 compWrapper; added safe wrapper (and access functions for it);
4213 * HOL/split_all_tac is now much faster and fails if there is nothing
4214 to split. Some EXISTING PROOFS MAY REQUIRE ADAPTION because the order
4215 and the names of the automatically generated variables have changed.
4216 split_all_tac has moved within claset() from unsafe wrappers to safe
4217 wrappers, which means that !!-bound variables are split much more
4218 aggressively, and safe_tac and clarify_tac now split such variables.
4219 If this splitting is not appropriate, use delSWrapper "split_all_tac".
4220 Note: the same holds for record_split_tac, which does the job of
4221 split_all_tac for record fields.
4223 * HOL/Simplifier: Rewrite rules for case distinctions can now be added
4224 permanently to the default simpset using Addsplits just like
4225 Addsimps. They can be removed via Delsplits just like
4226 Delsimps. Lower-case versions are also available.
4228 * HOL/Simplifier: The rule split_if is now part of the default
4229 simpset. This means that the simplifier will eliminate all occurrences
4230 of if-then-else in the conclusion of a goal. To prevent this, you can
4231 either remove split_if completely from the default simpset by
4232 `Delsplits [split_if]' or remove it in a specific call of the
4233 simplifier using `... delsplits [split_if]'. You can also add/delete
4234 other case splitting rules to/from the default simpset: every datatype
4235 generates suitable rules `split_t_case' and `split_t_case_asm' (where
4236 t is the name of the datatype).
4238 * Classical reasoner / Simplifier combination: new force_tac (and
4239 derivatives Force_tac, force) combines rewriting and classical
4240 reasoning (and whatever other tools) similarly to auto_tac, but is
4241 aimed to solve the given subgoal completely.
4246 * new top-level commands `Goal' and `Goalw' that improve upon `goal'
4247 and `goalw': the theory is no longer needed as an explicit argument -
4248 the current theory context is used; assumptions are no longer returned
4249 at the ML-level unless one of them starts with ==> or !!; it is
4250 recommended to convert to these new commands using isatool fixgoal
4251 (backup your sources first!);
4253 * new top-level commands 'thm' and 'thms' for retrieving theorems from
4254 the current theory context, and 'theory' to lookup stored theories;
4256 * new theory section 'locale' for declaring constants, assumptions and
4257 definitions that have local scope;
4259 * new theory section 'nonterminals' for purely syntactic types;
4261 * new theory section 'setup' for generic ML setup functions
4262 (e.g. package initialization);
4264 * the distribution now includes Isabelle icons: see
4265 lib/logo/isabelle-{small,tiny}.xpm;
4267 * isatool install - install binaries with absolute references to
4270 * isatool logo -- create instances of the Isabelle logo (as EPS);
4272 * print mode 'emacs' reserved for Isamode;
4274 * support multiple print (ast) translations per constant name;
4276 * theorems involving oracles are now printed with a suffixed [!];
4281 * there is now a tutorial on Isabelle/HOL (do 'isatool doc tutorial');
4283 * HOL/inductive package reorganized and improved: now supports mutual
4289 oddI "n : EVEN ==> Suc n : ODD"
4290 evenI "n : ODD ==> Suc n : EVEN"
4292 new theorem list "elims" contains an elimination rule for each of the
4293 recursive sets; inductive definitions now handle disjunctive premises
4294 correctly (also ZF);
4296 INCOMPATIBILITIES: requires Inductive as an ancestor; component
4297 "mutual_induct" no longer exists - the induction rule is always
4298 contained in "induct";
4301 * HOL/datatype package re-implemented and greatly improved: now
4302 supports mutually recursive datatypes such as
4305 'a aexp = IF_THEN_ELSE ('a bexp) ('a aexp) ('a aexp)
4306 | SUM ('a aexp) ('a aexp)
4307 | DIFF ('a aexp) ('a aexp)
4310 'a bexp = LESS ('a aexp) ('a aexp)
4311 | AND ('a bexp) ('a bexp)
4312 | OR ('a bexp) ('a bexp)
4314 as well as indirectly recursive datatypes such as
4317 ('a, 'b) term = Var 'a
4318 | App 'b ((('a, 'b) term) list)
4320 The new tactic mutual_induct_tac [<var_1>, ..., <var_n>] i performs
4321 induction on mutually / indirectly recursive datatypes.
4323 Primrec equations are now stored in theory and can be accessed via
4324 <function_name>.simps.
4328 - Theories using datatypes must now have theory Datatype as an
4330 - The specific <typename>.induct_tac no longer exists - use the
4331 generic induct_tac instead.
4332 - natE has been renamed to nat.exhaust - use exhaust_tac
4333 instead of res_inst_tac ... natE. Note that the variable
4334 names in nat.exhaust differ from the names in natE, this
4335 may cause some "fragile" proofs to fail.
4336 - The theorems split_<typename>_case and split_<typename>_case_asm
4337 have been renamed to <typename>.split and <typename>.split_asm.
4338 - Since default sorts of type variables are now handled correctly,
4339 some datatype definitions may have to be annotated with explicit
4341 - Primrec definitions no longer require function name and type
4342 of recursive argument.
4344 Consider using isatool fixdatatype to adapt your theories and proof
4345 scripts to the new package (backup your sources first!).
4348 * HOL/record package: considerably improved implementation; now
4349 includes concrete syntax for record types, terms, updates; theorems
4350 for surjective pairing and splitting !!-bound record variables; proof
4351 support is as follows:
4353 1) standard conversions (selectors or updates applied to record
4354 constructor terms) are part of the standard simpset;
4356 2) inject equations of the form ((x, y) = (x', y')) == x=x' & y=y' are
4357 made part of standard simpset and claset via addIffs;
4359 3) a tactic for record field splitting (record_split_tac) is part of
4360 the standard claset (addSWrapper);
4362 To get a better idea about these rules you may retrieve them via
4363 something like 'thms "foo.simps"' or 'thms "foo.iffs"', where "foo" is
4364 the name of your record type.
4366 The split tactic 3) conceptually simplifies by the following rule:
4368 "(!!x. PROP ?P x) == (!!a b. PROP ?P (a, b))"
4370 Thus any record variable that is bound by meta-all will automatically
4371 blow up into some record constructor term, consequently the
4372 simplifications of 1), 2) apply. Thus force_tac, auto_tac etc. shall
4373 solve record problems automatically.
4376 * reorganized the main HOL image: HOL/Integ and String loaded by
4377 default; theory Main includes everything;
4379 * automatic simplification of integer sums and comparisons, using cancellation;
4381 * added option_map_eq_Some and not_Some_eq to the default simpset and claset;
4383 * added disj_not1 = "(~P | Q) = (P --> Q)" to the default simpset;
4385 * many new identities for unions, intersections, set difference, etc.;
4387 * expand_if, expand_split, expand_sum_case and expand_nat_case are now
4388 called split_if, split_split, split_sum_case and split_nat_case (to go
4389 with add/delsplits);
4391 * HOL/Prod introduces simplification procedure unit_eq_proc rewriting
4392 (?x::unit) = (); this is made part of the default simpset, which COULD
4393 MAKE EXISTING PROOFS FAIL under rare circumstances (consider
4394 'Delsimprocs [unit_eq_proc];' as last resort); also note that
4395 unit_abs_eta_conv is added in order to counter the effect of
4396 unit_eq_proc on (%u::unit. f u), replacing it by f rather than by
4399 * HOL/Fun INCOMPATIBILITY: `inj_onto' is now called `inj_on' (which
4402 * HOL/Set INCOMPATIBILITY: rule `equals0D' is now a well-formed destruct rule;
4403 It and 'sym RS equals0D' are now in the default claset, giving automatic
4404 disjointness reasoning but breaking a few old proofs.
4406 * HOL/Relation INCOMPATIBILITY: renamed the relational operator r^-1
4407 to 'converse' from 'inverse' (for compatibility with ZF and some
4410 * HOL/recdef can now declare non-recursive functions, with {} supplied as
4411 the well-founded relation;
4413 * HOL/Set INCOMPATIBILITY: the complement of set A is now written -A instead of
4414 Compl A. The "Compl" syntax remains available as input syntax for this
4417 * HOL/Update: new theory of function updates:
4418 f(a:=b) == %x. if x=a then b else f x
4419 may also be iterated as in f(a:=b,c:=d,...);
4421 * HOL/Vimage: new theory for inverse image of a function, syntax f-``B;
4424 - new function list_update written xs[i:=v] that updates the i-th
4425 list position. May also be iterated as in xs[i:=a,j:=b,...].
4426 - new function `upt' written [i..j(] which generates the list
4427 [i,i+1,...,j-1], i.e. the upper bound is excluded. To include the upper
4428 bound write [i..j], which is a shorthand for [i..j+1(].
4429 - new lexicographic orderings and corresponding wellfoundedness theorems.
4432 - removed 'pred' (predecessor) function;
4433 - generalized some theorems about n-1;
4434 - many new laws about "div" and "mod";
4435 - new laws about greatest common divisors (see theory ex/Primes);
4437 * HOL/Relation: renamed the relational operator r^-1 "converse"
4438 instead of "inverse";
4440 * HOL/Induct/Multiset: a theory of multisets, including the wellfoundedness
4441 of the multiset ordering;
4443 * directory HOL/Real: a construction of the reals using Dedekind cuts
4444 (not included by default);
4446 * directory HOL/UNITY: Chandy and Misra's UNITY formalism;
4448 * directory HOL/Hoare: a new version of Hoare logic which permits many-sorted
4449 programs, i.e. different program variables may have different types.
4451 * calling (stac rew i) now fails if "rew" has no effect on the goal
4452 [previously, this check worked only if the rewrite rule was unconditional]
4453 Now rew can involve either definitions or equalities (either == or =).
4458 * theory Main includes everything; INCOMPATIBILITY: theory ZF.thy contains
4459 only the theorems proved on ZF.ML;
4461 * ZF INCOMPATIBILITY: rule `equals0D' is now a well-formed destruct rule;
4462 It and 'sym RS equals0D' are now in the default claset, giving automatic
4463 disjointness reasoning but breaking a few old proofs.
4465 * ZF/Update: new theory of function updates
4466 with default rewrite rule f(x:=y) ` z = if(z=x, y, f`z)
4467 may also be iterated as in f(a:=b,c:=d,...);
4469 * in let x=t in u(x), neither t nor u(x) has to be an FOL term.
4471 * calling (stac rew i) now fails if "rew" has no effect on the goal
4472 [previously, this check worked only if the rewrite rule was unconditional]
4473 Now rew can involve either definitions or equalities (either == or =).
4475 * case_tac provided for compatibility with HOL
4476 (like the old excluded_middle_tac, but with subgoals swapped)
4479 *** Internal programming interfaces ***
4481 * Pure: several new basic modules made available for general use, see
4482 also src/Pure/README;
4484 * improved the theory data mechanism to support encapsulation (data
4485 kind name replaced by private Object.kind, acting as authorization
4486 key); new type-safe user interface via functor TheoryDataFun; generic
4487 print_data function becomes basically useless;
4489 * removed global_names compatibility flag -- all theory declarations
4490 are qualified by default;
4492 * module Pure/Syntax now offers quote / antiquote translation
4493 functions (useful for Hoare logic etc. with implicit dependencies);
4494 see HOL/ex/Antiquote for an example use;
4496 * Simplifier now offers conversions (asm_)(full_)rewrite: simpset ->
4499 * new tactical CHANGED_GOAL for checking that a tactic modifies a
4502 * Display.print_goals function moved to Locale.print_goals;
4504 * standard print function for goals supports current_goals_markers
4505 variable for marking begin of proof, end of proof, start of goal; the
4506 default is ("", "", ""); setting current_goals_markers := ("<proof>",
4507 "</proof>", "<goal>") causes SGML like tagged proof state printing,
4512 New in Isabelle98 (January 1998)
4513 --------------------------------
4515 *** Overview of INCOMPATIBILITIES (see below for more details) ***
4517 * changed lexical syntax of terms / types: dots made part of long
4518 identifiers, e.g. "%x.x" no longer possible, should be "%x. x";
4520 * simpset (and claset) reference variable replaced by functions
4521 simpset / simpset_ref;
4523 * no longer supports theory aliases (via merge) and non-trivial
4524 implicit merge of thms' signatures;
4526 * most internal names of constants changed due to qualified names;
4528 * changed Pure/Sequence interface (see Pure/seq.ML);
4531 *** General Changes ***
4533 * hierachically structured name spaces (for consts, types, axms, thms
4534 etc.); new lexical class 'longid' (e.g. Foo.bar.x) may render much of
4535 old input syntactically incorrect (e.g. "%x.x"); COMPATIBILITY:
4536 isatool fixdots ensures space after dots (e.g. "%x. x"); set
4537 long_names for fully qualified output names; NOTE: ML programs
4538 (special tactics, packages etc.) referring to internal names may have
4539 to be adapted to cope with fully qualified names; in case of severe
4540 backward campatibility problems try setting 'global_names' at compile
4541 time to have enrything declared within a flat name space; one may also
4542 fine tune name declarations in theories via the 'global' and 'local'
4545 * reimplemented the implicit simpset and claset using the new anytype
4546 data filed in signatures; references simpset:simpset ref etc. are
4547 replaced by functions simpset:unit->simpset and
4548 simpset_ref:unit->simpset ref; COMPATIBILITY: use isatool fixclasimp
4549 to patch your ML files accordingly;
4551 * HTML output now includes theory graph data for display with Java
4552 applet or isatool browser; data generated automatically via isatool
4553 usedir (see -i option, ISABELLE_USEDIR_OPTIONS);
4555 * defs may now be conditional; improved rewrite_goals_tac to handle
4556 conditional equations;
4558 * defs now admits additional type arguments, using TYPE('a) syntax;
4560 * theory aliases via merge (e.g. M=A+B+C) no longer supported, always
4561 creates a new theory node; implicit merge of thms' signatures is
4562 restricted to 'trivial' ones; COMPATIBILITY: one may have to use
4563 transfer:theory->thm->thm in (rare) cases;
4565 * improved handling of draft signatures / theories; draft thms (and
4566 ctyps, cterms) are automatically promoted to real ones;
4568 * slightly changed interfaces for oracles: admit many per theory, named
4569 (e.g. oracle foo = mlfun), additional name argument for invoke_oracle;
4571 * print_goals: optional output of const types (set show_consts and
4574 * improved output of warnings (###) and errors (***);
4576 * subgoal_tac displays a warning if the new subgoal has type variables;
4578 * removed old README and Makefiles;
4580 * replaced print_goals_ref hook by print_current_goals_fn and result_error_fn;
4582 * removed obsolete init_pps and init_database;
4584 * deleted the obsolete tactical STATE, which was declared by
4585 fun STATE tacfun st = tacfun st st;
4587 * cd and use now support path variables, e.g. $ISABELLE_HOME, or ~
4588 (which abbreviates $HOME);
4590 * changed Pure/Sequence interface (see Pure/seq.ML); COMPATIBILITY:
4591 use isatool fixseq to adapt your ML programs (this works for fully
4592 qualified references to the Sequence structure only!);
4594 * use_thy no longer requires writable current directory; it always
4595 reloads .ML *and* .thy file, if either one is out of date;
4598 *** Classical Reasoner ***
4600 * Clarify_tac, clarify_tac, clarify_step_tac, Clarify_step_tac: new
4601 tactics that use classical reasoning to simplify a subgoal without
4602 splitting it into several subgoals;
4604 * Safe_tac: like safe_tac but uses the default claset;
4609 * added simplification meta rules:
4610 (asm_)(full_)simplify: simpset -> thm -> thm;
4612 * simplifier.ML no longer part of Pure -- has to be loaded by object
4615 * added prems argument to simplification procedures;
4617 * HOL, FOL, ZF: added infix function `addsplits':
4618 instead of `<simpset> setloop (split_tac <thms>)'
4619 you can simply write `<simpset> addsplits <thms>'
4624 * TYPE('a) syntax for type reflection terms;
4626 * no longer handles consts with name "" -- declare as 'syntax' instead;
4628 * pretty printer: changed order of mixfix annotation preference (again!);
4630 * Pure: fixed idt/idts vs. pttrn/pttrns syntactic categories;
4635 * HOL: there is a new splitter `split_asm_tac' that can be used e.g.
4636 with `addloop' of the simplifier to faciliate case splitting in premises.
4638 * HOL/TLA: Stephan Merz's formalization of Lamport's Temporal Logic of Actions;
4640 * HOL/Auth: new protocol proofs including some for the Internet
4643 * HOL/Map: new theory of `maps' a la VDM;
4645 * HOL/simplifier: simplification procedures nat_cancel_sums for
4646 cancelling out common nat summands from =, <, <= (in)equalities, or
4647 differences; simplification procedures nat_cancel_factor for
4648 cancelling common factor from =, <, <= (in)equalities over natural
4649 sums; nat_cancel contains both kinds of procedures, it is installed by
4650 default in Arith.thy -- this COULD MAKE EXISTING PROOFS FAIL;
4652 * HOL/simplifier: terms of the form
4653 `? x. P1(x) & ... & Pn(x) & x=t & Q1(x) & ... Qn(x)' (or t=x)
4655 `P1(t) & ... & Pn(t) & Q1(t) & ... Qn(t)',
4656 and those of the form
4657 `! x. P1(x) & ... & Pn(x) & x=t & Q1(x) & ... Qn(x) --> R(x)' (or t=x)
4659 `P1(t) & ... & Pn(t) & Q1(t) & ... Qn(t) --> R(t)',
4662 Each datatype `t' now comes with a theorem `split_t_case' of the form
4664 P(t_case f1 ... fn x) =
4665 ( (!y1 ... ym1. x = C1 y1 ... ym1 --> P(f1 y1 ... ym1)) &
4667 (!y1 ... ymn. x = Cn y1 ... ymn --> P(f1 y1 ... ymn))
4670 and a theorem `split_t_case_asm' of the form
4672 P(t_case f1 ... fn x) =
4673 ~( (? y1 ... ym1. x = C1 y1 ... ym1 & ~P(f1 y1 ... ym1)) |
4675 (? y1 ... ymn. x = Cn y1 ... ymn & ~P(f1 y1 ... ymn))
4677 which can be added to a simpset via `addsplits'. The existing theorems
4678 expand_list_case and expand_option_case have been renamed to
4679 split_list_case and split_option_case.
4682 - `pred n' is automatically converted to `n-1'.
4683 Users are strongly encouraged not to use `pred' any longer,
4684 because it will disappear altogether at some point.
4685 - Users are strongly encouraged to write "0 < n" rather than
4686 "n ~= 0". Theorems and proof tools have been modified towards this
4690 the function "set_of_list" has been renamed "set" (and its theorems too);
4691 the function "nth" now takes its arguments in the reverse order and
4692 has acquired the infix notation "!" as in "xs!n".
4694 * HOL/Set: UNIV is now a constant and is no longer translated to Compl{};
4696 * HOL/Set: The operator (UN x.B x) now abbreviates (UN x:UNIV. B x) and its
4697 specialist theorems (like UN1_I) are gone. Similarly for (INT x.B x);
4699 * HOL/record: extensible records with schematic structural subtyping
4700 (single inheritance); EXPERIMENTAL version demonstrating the encoding,
4701 still lacks various theorems and concrete record syntax;
4706 * removed "axioms" and "generated by" sections;
4708 * replaced "ops" section by extended "consts" section, which is capable of
4709 handling the continuous function space "->" directly;
4712 . proves theorems immediately and stores them in the theory,
4713 . creates hierachical name space,
4714 . now uses normal mixfix annotations (instead of cinfix...),
4715 . minor changes to some names and values (for consistency),
4716 . e.g. cases -> casedist, dists_eq -> dist_eqs, [take_lemma] -> take_lemmas,
4717 . separator between mutual domain defs: changed "," to "and",
4718 . improved handling of sort constraints; now they have to
4719 appear on the left-hand side of the equations only;
4721 * fixed LAM <x,y,zs>.b syntax;
4723 * added extended adm_tac to simplifier in HOLCF -- can now discharge
4724 adm (%x. P (t x)), where P is chainfinite and t continuous;
4729 * FOL: there is a new splitter `split_asm_tac' that can be used e.g.
4730 with `addloop' of the simplifier to faciliate case splitting in premises.
4732 * qed_spec_mp, qed_goal_spec_mp, qed_goalw_spec_mp are available, as
4733 in HOL, they strip ALL and --> from proved theorems;
4737 New in Isabelle94-8 (May 1997)
4738 ------------------------------
4740 *** General Changes ***
4742 * new utilities to build / run / maintain Isabelle etc. (in parts
4743 still somewhat experimental); old Makefiles etc. still functional;
4745 * new 'Isabelle System Manual';
4747 * INSTALL text, together with ./configure and ./build scripts;
4749 * reimplemented type inference for greater efficiency, better error
4750 messages and clean internal interface;
4752 * prlim command for dealing with lots of subgoals (an easier way of
4753 setting goals_limit);
4758 * supports alternative (named) syntax tables (parser and pretty
4759 printer); internal interface is provided by add_modesyntax(_i);
4761 * Pure, FOL, ZF, HOL, HOLCF now support symbolic input and output; to
4762 be used in conjunction with the Isabelle symbol font; uses the
4763 "symbols" syntax table;
4765 * added token_translation interface (may translate name tokens in
4766 arbitrary ways, dependent on their type (free, bound, tfree, ...) and
4767 the current print_mode); IMPORTANT: user print translation functions
4768 are responsible for marking newly introduced bounds
4769 (Syntax.mark_boundT);
4771 * token translations for modes "xterm" and "xterm_color" that display
4772 names in bold, underline etc. or colors (which requires a color
4775 * infixes may now be declared with names independent of their syntax;
4777 * added typed_print_translation (like print_translation, but may
4778 access type of constant);
4781 *** Classical Reasoner ***
4783 Blast_tac: a new tactic! It is often more powerful than fast_tac, but has
4784 some limitations. Blast_tac...
4785 + ignores addss, addbefore, addafter; this restriction is intrinsic
4786 + ignores elimination rules that don't have the correct format
4787 (the conclusion MUST be a formula variable)
4788 + ignores types, which can make HOL proofs fail
4789 + rules must not require higher-order unification, e.g. apply_type in ZF
4790 [message "Function Var's argument not a bound variable" relates to this]
4791 + its proof strategy is more general but can actually be slower
4793 * substitution with equality assumptions no longer permutes other
4796 * minor changes in semantics of addafter (now called addaltern); renamed
4797 setwrapper to setWrapper and compwrapper to compWrapper; added safe wrapper
4798 (and access functions for it);
4800 * improved combination of classical reasoner and simplifier:
4801 + functions for handling clasimpsets
4802 + improvement of addss: now the simplifier is called _after_ the
4804 + safe variant of addss called addSss: uses safe simplifications
4805 _during_ the safe steps. It is more complete as it allows multiple
4806 instantiations of unknowns (e.g. with slow_tac).
4810 * added interface for simplification procedures (functions that
4811 produce *proven* rewrite rules on the fly, depending on current
4814 * ordering on terms as parameter (used for ordered rewriting);
4816 * new functions delcongs, deleqcongs, and Delcongs. richer rep_ss;
4818 * the solver is now split into a safe and an unsafe part.
4819 This should be invisible for the normal user, except that the
4820 functions setsolver and addsolver have been renamed to setSolver and
4821 addSolver; added safe_asm_full_simp_tac;
4826 * a generic induction tactic `induct_tac' which works for all datatypes and
4827 also for type `nat';
4829 * a generic case distinction tactic `exhaust_tac' which works for all
4830 datatypes and also for type `nat';
4832 * each datatype comes with a function `size';
4834 * patterns in case expressions allow tuple patterns as arguments to
4835 constructors, for example `case x of [] => ... | (x,y,z)#ps => ...';
4837 * primrec now also works with type nat;
4839 * recdef: a new declaration form, allows general recursive functions to be
4840 defined in theory files. See HOL/ex/Fib, HOL/ex/Primes, HOL/Subst/Unify.
4842 * the constant for negation has been renamed from "not" to "Not" to
4843 harmonize with FOL, ZF, LK, etc.;
4845 * HOL/ex/LFilter theory of a corecursive "filter" functional for
4848 * HOL/Modelcheck demonstrates invocation of model checker oracle;
4850 * HOL/ex/Ring.thy declares cring_simp, which solves equational
4851 problems in commutative rings, using axiomatic type classes for + and *;
4853 * more examples in HOL/MiniML and HOL/Auth;
4855 * more default rewrite rules for quantifiers, union/intersection;
4857 * a new constant `arbitrary == @x.False';
4859 * HOLCF/IOA replaces old HOL/IOA;
4861 * HOLCF changes: derived all rules and arities
4862 + axiomatic type classes instead of classes
4863 + typedef instead of faking type definitions
4864 + eliminated the internal constants less_fun, less_cfun, UU_fun, UU_cfun etc.
4865 + new axclasses cpo, chfin, flat with flat < chfin < pcpo < cpo < po
4866 + eliminated the types void, one, tr
4867 + use unit lift and bool lift (with translations) instead of one and tr
4868 + eliminated blift from Lift3.thy (use Def instead of blift)
4869 all eliminated rules are derived as theorems --> no visible changes ;
4874 * ZF now has Fast_tac, Simp_tac and Auto_tac. Union_iff is a now a default
4875 rewrite rule; this may affect some proofs. eq_cs is gone but can be put back
4876 as ZF_cs addSIs [equalityI];
4880 New in Isabelle94-7 (November 96)
4881 ---------------------------------
4883 * allowing negative levels (as offsets) in prlev and choplev;
4885 * super-linear speedup for large simplifications;
4887 * FOL, ZF and HOL now use miniscoping: rewriting pushes
4888 quantifications in as far as possible (COULD MAKE EXISTING PROOFS
4889 FAIL); can suppress it using the command Delsimps (ex_simps @
4890 all_simps); De Morgan laws are also now included, by default;
4892 * improved printing of ==> : ~:
4894 * new object-logic "Sequents" adds linear logic, while replacing LK
4895 and Modal (thanks to Sara Kalvala);
4897 * HOL/Auth: correctness proofs for authentication protocols;
4899 * HOL: new auto_tac combines rewriting and classical reasoning (many
4900 examples on HOL/Auth);
4902 * HOL: new command AddIffs for declaring theorems of the form P=Q to
4903 the rewriter and classical reasoner simultaneously;
4905 * function uresult no longer returns theorems in "standard" format;
4906 regain previous version by: val uresult = standard o uresult;
4913 * oracles -- these establish an interface between Isabelle and trusted
4914 external reasoners, which may deliver results as theorems;
4916 * proof objects (in particular record all uses of oracles);
4918 * Simp_tac, Fast_tac, etc. that refer to implicit simpset / claset;
4920 * "constdefs" section in theory files;
4922 * "primrec" section (HOL) no longer requires names;
4924 * internal type "tactic" now simply "thm -> thm Sequence.seq";
4931 * reduced space requirements;
4933 * automatic HTML generation from theories;
4935 * theory files no longer require "..." (quotes) around most types;
4937 * new examples, including two proofs of the Church-Rosser theorem;
4939 * non-curried (1994) version of HOL is no longer distributed;
4946 * greatly reduced space requirements;
4948 * theory files (.thy) no longer require \...\ escapes at line breaks;
4950 * searchable theorem database (see the section "Retrieving theorems" on
4951 page 8 of the Reference Manual);
4953 * new examples, including Grabczewski's monumental case study of the
4956 * The previous version of HOL renamed to Old_HOL;
4958 * The new version of HOL (previously called CHOL) uses a curried syntax
4959 for functions. Application looks like f a b instead of f(a,b);
4961 * Mutually recursive inductive definitions finally work in HOL;
4963 * In ZF, pattern-matching on tuples is now available in all abstractions and
4964 translates to the operator "split";
4971 * new infix operator, addss, allowing the classical reasoner to
4972 perform simplification at each step of its search. Example:
4973 fast_tac (cs addss ss)
4975 * a new logic, CHOL, the same as HOL, but with a curried syntax
4976 for functions. Application looks like f a b instead of f(a,b). Also pairs
4977 look like (a,b) instead of <a,b>;
4979 * PLEASE NOTE: CHOL will eventually replace HOL!
4981 * In CHOL, pattern-matching on tuples is now available in all abstractions.
4982 It translates to the operator "split". A new theory of integers is available;
4984 * In ZF, integer numerals now denote two's-complement binary integers.
4985 Arithmetic operations can be performed by rewriting. See ZF/ex/Bin.ML;
4987 * Many new examples: I/O automata, Church-Rosser theorem, equivalents
4988 of the Axiom of Choice;
4995 * Significantly faster resolution;
4997 * the different sections in a .thy file can now be mixed and repeated
5000 * Database of theorems for FOL, HOL and ZF. New
5001 commands including qed, qed_goal and bind_thm store theorems in the database.
5003 * Simple database queries: return a named theorem (get_thm) or all theorems of
5004 a given theory (thms_of), or find out what theory a theorem was proved in
5007 * Bugs fixed in the inductive definition and datatype packages;
5009 * The classical reasoner provides deepen_tac and depth_tac, making FOL_dup_cs
5010 and HOL_dup_cs obsolete;
5012 * Syntactic ambiguities caused by the new treatment of syntax in Isabelle94-1
5015 * Simpler definition of function space in ZF;
5017 * new results about cardinal and ordinal arithmetic in ZF;
5019 * 'subtype' facility in HOL for introducing new types as subsets of existing
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