doc-isac/jrocnik/final/jrocnik_present1.tex
changeset 52107 f8845fc8f38d
parent 52058 83aff4cb984a
     1.1 --- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
     1.2 +++ b/doc-isac/jrocnik/final/jrocnik_present1.tex	Tue Sep 17 09:50:52 2013 +0200
     1.3 @@ -0,0 +1,434 @@
     1.4 +
     1.5 +\documentclass{beamer}
     1.6 +
     1.7 +
     1.8 +\mode<presentation>
     1.9 +{
    1.10 +  \usetheme{Hannover}
    1.11 +  \setbeamercovered{transparent}
    1.12 +}
    1.13 +
    1.14 +\usepackage[english]{babel}
    1.15 +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
    1.16 +\usepackage{times}
    1.17 +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
    1.18 +
    1.19 +\def\isac{${\cal I}\mkern-2mu{\cal S}\mkern-5mu{\cal AC}$}
    1.20 +\def\sisac{{\footnotesize${\cal I}\mkern-2mu{\cal S}\mkern-5mu{\cal AC}$}}
    1.21 +
    1.22 +\title[SPSC in \isac] % (optional, use only with long paper titles)
    1.23 +{Interactive Course Material\\ for Signal Processing\\ based on Isabelle/\isac}
    1.24 +
    1.25 +\subtitle{Baccalaureate Thesis}
    1.26 +
    1.27 +\author[Ro\v{c}nik]
    1.28 +{Jan Rocnik}
    1.29 +
    1.30 +\institute % (optional, but mostly needed)
    1.31 +{
    1.32 +  Technische Universit\"at Graz\\
    1.33 +  Institut f\"ur TODO
    1.34 +}
    1.35 +
    1.36 +% If you have a file called "university-logo-filename.xxx", where xxx
    1.37 +% is a graphic format that can be processed by latex or pdflatex,
    1.38 +% resp., then you can add a logo as follows:
    1.39 +
    1.40 +% \pgfdeclareimage[height=0.5cm]{university-logo}{university-logo-filename}
    1.41 +% \logo{\pgfuseimage{university-logo}}
    1.42 +
    1.43 +
    1.44 +
    1.45 +% Delete this, if you do not want the table of contents to pop up at
    1.46 +% the beginning of each subsection:
    1.47 +\AtBeginSubsection[]
    1.48 +{
    1.49 +  \begin{frame}<beamer>{Outline}
    1.50 +    \tableofcontents[currentsection,currentsubsection]
    1.51 +  \end{frame}
    1.52 +}
    1.53 +
    1.54 +\begin{document}
    1.55 +
    1.56 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    1.57 +%%												Title Page                             %%
    1.58 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    1.59 +
    1.60 +\begin{frame}
    1.61 +  \titlepage
    1.62 +\end{frame}
    1.63 +
    1.64 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    1.65 +%%												Table of Contents                      %%
    1.66 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    1.67 +
    1.68 +\begin{frame}{Outline}
    1.69 +  \tableofcontents
    1.70 +  % You might wish to add the option [pausesections]
    1.71 +\end{frame}
    1.72 +
    1.73 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    1.74 +%%---------------------------------------------------------------%%
    1.75 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    1.76 +
    1.77 +\section[Intro]{Introduction}
    1.78 +
    1.79 +\begin{frame}{Issues to be Accomplished}
    1.80 +
    1.81 +\begin{itemize}
    1.82 +
    1.83 +\item What knowledge is already mechanised in \emph{Isabelle}?
    1.84 +\item How can missing theorems and definitions be mechanised?
    1.85 +\item What is the effort for such mechanisation?
    1.86 +\item How do calculations look like, by using mechanised knowledge?
    1.87 +\item What problems and subproblems have to be solved?
    1.88 +\item Which problems are already implemented in \sisac?
    1.89 +\item How are the new problems specified (\sisac)?
    1.90 +\item Which variantes of programms in \sisac\ solve the problems?
    1.91 +\item What is the contents of the interactiv course material (Figures, etc.)?
    1.92 +
    1.93 +\end{itemize}
    1.94 +\end{frame}
    1.95 +
    1.96 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    1.97 +%%---------------------------------------------------------------%%
    1.98 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
    1.99 +
   1.100 +\section[Fourier]{Fourier transformation}
   1.101 +\subsection[Fourier]{Fourier transform}
   1.102 +
   1.103 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.104 +%%												Fourier INTRO                          %%
   1.105 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.106 +
   1.107 +\begin{frame}\frametitle{Fourier Transformation: Introduction}
   1.108 +Possibilities:
   1.109 +\begin{itemize}
   1.110 +\item Transform operation by using property-tables
   1.111 +\item Transform operation by using integral
   1.112 +\end{itemize}
   1.113 +Also Important:
   1.114 +\begin{itemize}
   1.115 +\item Visualisation?!
   1.116 +\end{itemize}
   1.117 +\end{frame}
   1.118 +
   1.119 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.120 +%%										Transform expl   SPEC                      %%
   1.121 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.122 +
   1.123 +\begin{frame}\frametitle{Fourier Transformation: Specification}
   1.124 +{\footnotesize
   1.125 +
   1.126 +Determine the fourier transform for the given rectangular impulse:
   1.127 +
   1.128 +\begin{center}
   1.129 +$x(t)= \left\{
   1.130 +     \begin{array}{lr}
   1.131 +       1 & -1\leq t\leq1\\
   1.132 +       0 & else
   1.133 +     \end{array}
   1.134 +   \right.$
   1.135 +\end{center}
   1.136 +
   1.137 +\hrulefill
   1.138 +
   1.139 +\begin{tabbing}
   1.140 +1\=postcond \=: \= \= $\;\;\;\;$\=\kill
   1.141 +\>given    \>:\>  piecewise\_function \\
   1.142 +\>         \> \>  \>$fun (x (t::real),\ x=1\ ((t>=-1)\ \&\ (t<=1)),\ x=0)$\\
   1.143 +\>precond  \>:\>  TODO\\
   1.144 +\>find     \>:\>  $X(j\cdot\omega)$\\
   1.145 +\>postcond \>:\>  TODO\\
   1.146 +\end{tabbing}
   1.147 +
   1.148 +}
   1.149 +\end{frame}
   1.150 +
   1.151 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.152 +%%												Transform expl   REQ                   %%
   1.153 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.154 +
   1.155 +\begin{frame}\frametitle{Fourier Transform: Development effort}
   1.156 +{\small
   1.157 +\begin{center}
   1.158 +\begin{tabular}{l|l|r}
   1.159 +requirements            & comments             &effort\\ \hline\hline
   1.160 +solving Intrgrals		    & simple via propertie table     &     20\\
   1.161 +                        & \emph{real}          &    MT\\ \hline
   1.162 +transformation table    & simple transform     &    20\\ \hline
   1.163 +visualisation						& backend							 &    10\\ \hline
   1.164 +example collection      & with explanations    &    20\\ \hline\hline
   1.165 +                        &                      & 70-80\\
   1.166 +\end{tabular}
   1.167 +\end{center}
   1.168 +effort --- in 45min units\\
   1.169 +MT --- thesis ``Integrals'' (mathematics)
   1.170 +}
   1.171 +\end{frame}
   1.172 +
   1.173 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.174 +%%--------------------FOURIER---Conclusion-----------------------%%
   1.175 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.176 +
   1.177 +\begin{frame}{Fourier Transformation: Summary}
   1.178 +\begin{itemize}
   1.179 +
   1.180 +\item Standard integrals can be solved with tables
   1.181 +\item No real integration (yet avaible)
   1.182 +\item Math \emph{tricks} difficult to implement
   1.183 +
   1.184 +
   1.185 +\end{itemize}
   1.186 +\end{frame}
   1.187 +
   1.188 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.189 +%-----------------------------------------------------------------%
   1.190 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.191 +
   1.192 +\section[LTI Systems]{LTI systems}
   1.193 +\subsection[Convolution]{Convolution (Faltung)}
   1.194 +
   1.195 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.196 +%%												LTI INTRO				                       %%
   1.197 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.198 +
   1.199 +\begin{frame}\frametitle{Convolution: Introduction}
   1.200 +\begin{itemize}
   1.201 +\item Calculation include sums
   1.202 +\item Demonstrative examples
   1.203 +\item Visualisation is important
   1.204 +\end{itemize}
   1.205 +\end{frame}
   1.206 +
   1.207 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.208 +%%												LTI SPEC				                       %%
   1.209 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.210 +
   1.211 +\begin{frame}\frametitle{Convolution: Specification}
   1.212 +{\footnotesize
   1.213 +
   1.214 +Consider the two discrete-time, linear and time-invariant (LTI) systems with the following impulse response:
   1.215 +
   1.216 +\begin{center}
   1.217 +$h_1[n]=\left(\frac{3}{5}\right)^n\cdot u[n]$\\
   1.218 +$h_1[n]=\left(-\frac{2}{3}\right)^n\cdot u[n]$
   1.219 +\end{center}
   1.220 +
   1.221 +The two systems are cascaded seriell. Derive the impulse respinse of the overall system $h_c[n]$.
   1.222 +
   1.223 +\hrulefill
   1.224 +
   1.225 +\begin{tabbing}
   1.226 +1\=postcond \=: \= \= $\;\;\;\;$\=\kill
   1.227 +\>given    \>:\>  Signals h1[n], h2[n] \\
   1.228 +\>         \> \>  \>((h1[n]=(3/5)\textasciicircum{}n*u[n]),\,h2[n]=(-2/3)\textasciicircum{}n*u[n]))\\
   1.229 +                        
   1.230 +\>precond  \>:\>  TODO\\
   1.231 +\>find     \>:\>  $h1[n]\,*\,h2[n]$\\
   1.232 +\>postcond \>:\>  TODO\\
   1.233 +\end{tabbing}
   1.234 +
   1.235 +}
   1.236 +\end{frame}
   1.237 +
   1.238 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.239 +%%												LTI REQ  				                       %%
   1.240 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.241 +
   1.242 +\begin{frame}\frametitle{Convolution: Development effort}
   1.243 +{\small
   1.244 +\begin{center}
   1.245 +\begin{tabular}{l|l|r}
   1.246 +requirements            & comments             &effort\\ \hline\hline
   1.247 +simplify rationals      & \sisac               &     0\\ \hline
   1.248 +define $\sum\limits_{i=0}^{n}i$ & partly \sisac  &    10\\ \hline
   1.249 +simplify sum			      & termorder            &    10\\
   1.250 +                        & simplify rules       &    20\\
   1.251 +                        & use simplify rationals&     0\\ \hline
   1.252 +index adjustments       & with unit step       &      10\\ \hline
   1.253 +example collection      & with explanations    &    20\\ \hline\hline
   1.254 +                        &                      & 70-90\\
   1.255 +\end{tabular}
   1.256 +\end{center}
   1.257 +effort --- in 45min units\\
   1.258 +}
   1.259 +\end{frame}
   1.260 +
   1.261 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.262 +%%--------------------LTI-------Conclusion-----------------------%%
   1.263 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.264 +
   1.265 +\begin{frame}{Convolution: Summary}
   1.266 +\begin{itemize}
   1.267 +
   1.268 +\item Standard example
   1.269 +\item Straight forward
   1.270 +\item Challenge are sum limits
   1.271 +
   1.272 +\end{itemize}
   1.273 +\end{frame}
   1.274 +
   1.275 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.276 +%-----------------------------------------------------------------%
   1.277 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.278 +
   1.279 +\section[Z-transform]{Z-Transform}
   1.280 +\subsection[(Inverse) Z-Transform]{(Inverse) Z-Transform}
   1.281 +
   1.282 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.283 +%%												Z-Transform  INTRO                     %%
   1.284 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.285 +
   1.286 +\begin{frame}\frametitle{(Inverse) ${\cal Z}$-Transformation: Introduction}
   1.287 +\begin{itemize}
   1.288 +\item Pure Transformation is simple to realise with Z-Transform Properties (Table)
   1.289 +\item Partial Fraction are just math simplifications
   1.290 +\end{itemize}
   1.291 +\end{frame}
   1.292 +
   1.293 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.294 +%%												Z-Transform  SPEC                      %%
   1.295 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.296 +
   1.297 +\begin{frame}\frametitle{(Inverse) Z-Transformation: Specification}
   1.298 +{\footnotesize
   1.299 +
   1.300 +Determine the inverse z transform of the following expression. Hint: applay the partial fraction expansion.
   1.301 +
   1.302 +\begin{center}
   1.303 +$X(z)=\frac{3}{z-\frac{1}{4}-\frac{1}{8}z^{-1}},\ \ x[n]$ is absolute summable
   1.304 +\end{center}
   1.305 +
   1.306 +
   1.307 +\hrulefill
   1.308 +
   1.309 +\begin{tabbing}
   1.310 +1\=postcond \=: \= \= $\;\;\;\;$\=\kill
   1.311 +\>given    \>:\>  Expression of z \\
   1.312 +\>         \> \>  \>(X (z::complex),3/(z-1/4-1/8\,z\textasciicircum{}(-1)))\\
   1.313 +\>precond  \>:\>  TODO\\
   1.314 +\>find     \>:\>  Expression of n\\
   1.315 +\>         \> \>  \>$h[n]$\\
   1.316 +\>postcond \>:\>  TODO\\
   1.317 +\end{tabbing}
   1.318 +
   1.319 +}
   1.320 +\end{frame}
   1.321 +
   1.322 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.323 +%%												Z expl		REQ	                         %%
   1.324 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.325 +
   1.326 +
   1.327 +\begin{frame}\frametitle{(Inverse) Z-Transformation: Development effort}
   1.328 +{\small
   1.329 +\begin{center}
   1.330 +\begin{tabular}{l|l|r}
   1.331 +requirements            & comments             &effort\\ \hline\hline
   1.332 +solve for part.fract.   & \sisac: degree 2     &     0\\
   1.333 +                        & complex nomminators  &    30\\
   1.334 +                        & degree > 2           &    MT\\ \hline
   1.335 +simplify polynomial     & \sisac               &     0\\
   1.336 +simplify rational       & \sisac               &     0\\ \hline
   1.337 +part.fract.decomposition& degree 2             &      \\
   1.338 +                        & specification, method&    30\\ \hline
   1.339 +${\cal Z}^{-1}$ table    &                       &   20\\
   1.340 +                        & explanations, figures&    20\\ \hline
   1.341 +example collection      & with explanations    &    20\\ \hline\hline
   1.342 +                        &                      & 90-120\\
   1.343 +%                        &                      & 1 MT
   1.344 +\end{tabular}
   1.345 +\end{center}
   1.346 +effort --- in 45min units\\
   1.347 +MT --- thesis ``factorization'' (mathematics)
   1.348 +}
   1.349 +\end{frame}
   1.350 +
   1.351 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.352 +%%--------------------Z-TRANS---Conclusion-----------------------%%
   1.353 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.354 +
   1.355 +\begin{frame}{(Inverse) Z-Transformation: Summary}
   1.356 +\begin{itemize}
   1.357 +
   1.358 +\item No \emph{higher} math operations
   1.359 +\item Different subproblems of math (equation systems, etc.)
   1.360 +\item Both directions have the same effort
   1.361 +
   1.362 +\end{itemize}
   1.363 +\end{frame}
   1.364 +
   1.365 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.366 +%-----------------------------------------------------------------%
   1.367 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.368 +
   1.369 +\section[Conclusions]{Conclusions}
   1.370 +
   1.371 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.372 +%--------------------------DEMONSTRATION--------------------------%
   1.373 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.374 +
   1.375 +\begin{frame}{Demonstration}
   1.376 +
   1.377 +\centering{Demonstration}
   1.378 +
   1.379 +\end{frame}
   1.380 +
   1.381 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.382 +%--------------------------CONCLUSION-----------------------------%
   1.383 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.384 +
   1.385 +\begin{frame}{Conclusions}
   1.386 +
   1.387 +Design Challanges:
   1.388 +
   1.389 +{\small
   1.390 +\begin{itemize}
   1.391 +
   1.392 +\item Pre and Post conditions
   1.393 +\item Exact mathematic behind functions
   1.394 +\item Accurate mathematic notation
   1.395 +
   1.396 +\end{itemize}
   1.397 +}
   1.398 +
   1.399 +Goals:
   1.400 +{\small
   1.401 +\begin{itemize}
   1.402 +
   1.403 +\item Spot the power of \sisac
   1.404 +\item Implementation of generell but simple math problems
   1.405 +\item Setting up a good first guideline (documentation) for furher problem implemenations
   1.406 +
   1.407 +\end{itemize}
   1.408 +
   1.409 +\centering{Efforts are only approximations, due we have no \emph{real} experience data!}
   1.410 +}
   1.411 +
   1.412 +\end{frame}
   1.413 +
   1.414 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.415 +%--------------------------TIME LINE------------------------------%
   1.416 +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
   1.417 +
   1.418 +\begin{frame}{Comming up}
   1.419 +
   1.420 +{\small
   1.421 +\begin{tabular}{l r}
   1.422 +
   1.423 +Juli 2011 & project startup\\
   1.424 +Juli 2011 & information collection, 1st presentation\\
   1.425 +August 2011 & extern traineeship\\
   1.426 +September 2011 & main work\\
   1.427 +after Oktober & finishing, documentation\\
   1.428 +
   1.429 +\end{tabular}
   1.430 +}
   1.431 +
   1.432 +\end{frame}
   1.433 +
   1.434 +
   1.435 +\end{document}
   1.436 +
   1.437 +