doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Proof.tex
changeset 40685 313a24b66a8d
parent 40516 9ffbc25e1606
child 41213 54b6c9e1c157
     1.1 --- a/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Proof.tex	Sun Nov 07 23:32:26 2010 +0100
     1.2 +++ b/doc-src/IsarRef/Thy/document/Proof.tex	Mon Nov 08 00:00:47 2010 +0100
     1.3 @@ -31,16 +31,16 @@
     1.4  
     1.5    \begin{description}
     1.6  
     1.7 -  \item \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} means that a new goal has just been
     1.8 +  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} means that a new goal has just been
     1.9    stated that is now to be \emph{proven}; the next command may refine
    1.10    it by some proof method, and enter a sub-proof to establish the
    1.11    actual result.
    1.12  
    1.13 -  \item \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} is like a nested theory mode: the
    1.14 +  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is like a nested theory mode: the
    1.15    context may be augmented by \emph{stating} additional assumptions,
    1.16    intermediate results etc.
    1.17  
    1.18 -  \item \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}chain{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} is intermediate between \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} and \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}}: existing facts (i.e.\
    1.19 +  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is intermediate between \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}: existing facts (i.e.\
    1.20    the contents of the special ``\indexref{}{fact}{this}\hyperlink{fact.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}}'' register) have been
    1.21    just picked up in order to be used when refining the goal claimed
    1.22    next.
    1.23 @@ -71,17 +71,17 @@
    1.24  %
    1.25  \begin{isamarkuptext}%
    1.26  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
    1.27 -    \indexdef{}{command}{example\_proof}\hypertarget{command.example-proof}{\hyperlink{command.example-proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{example{\isacharunderscore}proof}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
    1.28 +    \indexdef{}{command}{example\_proof}\hypertarget{command.example-proof}{\hyperlink{command.example-proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{example{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}proof}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
    1.29    \end{matharray}
    1.30  
    1.31    \begin{description}
    1.32  
    1.33 -  \item \hyperlink{command.example-proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{example{\isacharunderscore}proof}}}} opens an empty proof body.  This
    1.34 +  \item \hyperlink{command.example-proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{example{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}proof}}}} opens an empty proof body.  This
    1.35    allows to experiment with Isar, without producing any persistent
    1.36    result.
    1.37  
    1.38    Structurally, this is like a vacous \hyperlink{command.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemma}}}} statement
    1.39 -  followed by ``\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharminus}{\isachardoublequote}}'', which means the
    1.40 +  followed by ``\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'', which means the
    1.41    example proof may be closed by a regular \hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}, or
    1.42    discontinued by \hyperlink{command.oops}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{oops}}}}.
    1.43  
    1.44 @@ -95,9 +95,9 @@
    1.45  %
    1.46  \begin{isamarkuptext}%
    1.47  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
    1.48 -    \indexdef{}{command}{next}\hypertarget{command.next}{\hyperlink{command.next}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{next}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
    1.49 -    \indexdef{}{command}{\{}\hypertarget{command.braceleft}{\hyperlink{command.braceleft}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isacharbraceleft}}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
    1.50 -    \indexdef{}{command}{\}}\hypertarget{command.braceright}{\hyperlink{command.braceright}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isacharbraceright}}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
    1.51 +    \indexdef{}{command}{next}\hypertarget{command.next}{\hyperlink{command.next}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{next}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
    1.52 +    \indexdef{}{command}{\{}\hypertarget{command.braceleft}{\hyperlink{command.braceleft}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
    1.53 +    \indexdef{}{command}{\}}\hypertarget{command.braceright}{\hyperlink{command.braceright}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
    1.54    \end{matharray}
    1.55  
    1.56    While Isar is inherently block-structured, opening and closing
    1.57 @@ -119,9 +119,9 @@
    1.58    \item \hyperlink{command.next}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{next}}}} switches to a fresh block within a
    1.59    sub-proof, resetting the local context to the initial one.
    1.60  
    1.61 -  \item \hyperlink{command.braceleft}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isacharbraceleft}}}}} and \hyperlink{command.braceright}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isacharbraceright}}}}} explicitly open and close
    1.62 -  blocks.  Any current facts pass through ``\hyperlink{command.braceleft}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isacharbraceleft}}}}}''
    1.63 -  unchanged, while ``\hyperlink{command.braceright}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isacharbraceright}}}}}'' causes any result to be
    1.64 +  \item \hyperlink{command.braceleft}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}}}} and \hyperlink{command.braceright}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}}}} explicitly open and close
    1.65 +  blocks.  Any current facts pass through ``\hyperlink{command.braceleft}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7B}{\isacharbraceleft}}}}}}''
    1.66 +  unchanged, while ``\hyperlink{command.braceright}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{7D}{\isacharbraceright}}}}}}'' causes any result to be
    1.67    \emph{exported} into the enclosing context.  Thus fixed variables
    1.68    are generalized, assumptions discharged, and local definitions
    1.69    unfolded (cf.\ \secref{sec:proof-context}).  There is no difference
    1.70 @@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
    1.71  %
    1.72  \begin{isamarkuptext}%
    1.73  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
    1.74 -    \indexdef{}{command}{oops}\hypertarget{command.oops}{\hyperlink{command.oops}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{oops}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isacharbar}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
    1.75 +    \indexdef{}{command}{oops}\hypertarget{command.oops}{\hyperlink{command.oops}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{oops}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
    1.76    \end{matharray}
    1.77  
    1.78    The \hyperlink{command.oops}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{oops}}}} command discontinues the current proof
    1.79 @@ -157,7 +157,7 @@
    1.80    preparation tools of Isabelle described in \chref{ch:document-prep}.
    1.81    Thus partial or even wrong proof attempts can be discussed in a
    1.82    logically sound manner.  Note that the Isabelle {\LaTeX} macros can
    1.83 -  be easily adapted to print something like ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymdots}{\isachardoublequote}}'' instead of
    1.84 +  be easily adapted to print something like ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' instead of
    1.85    the keyword ``\hyperlink{command.oops}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{oops}}}}''.
    1.86  
    1.87    \medskip The \hyperlink{command.oops}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{oops}}}} command is undo-able, unlike
    1.88 @@ -176,10 +176,10 @@
    1.89  %
    1.90  \begin{isamarkuptext}%
    1.91  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
    1.92 -    \indexdef{}{command}{fix}\hypertarget{command.fix}{\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
    1.93 -    \indexdef{}{command}{assume}\hypertarget{command.assume}{\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
    1.94 -    \indexdef{}{command}{presume}\hypertarget{command.presume}{\hyperlink{command.presume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{presume}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
    1.95 -    \indexdef{}{command}{def}\hypertarget{command.def}{\hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
    1.96 +    \indexdef{}{command}{fix}\hypertarget{command.fix}{\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
    1.97 +    \indexdef{}{command}{assume}\hypertarget{command.assume}{\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
    1.98 +    \indexdef{}{command}{presume}\hypertarget{command.presume}{\hyperlink{command.presume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{presume}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
    1.99 +    \indexdef{}{command}{def}\hypertarget{command.def}{\hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.100    \end{matharray}
   1.101  
   1.102    The logical proof context consists of fixed variables and
   1.103 @@ -188,16 +188,16 @@
   1.104    logical framework.  Introducing some \emph{arbitrary, but fixed}
   1.105    variable via ``\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{x}'' results in a local value
   1.106    that may be used in the subsequent proof as any other variable or
   1.107 -  constant.  Furthermore, any result \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymturnstile}\ {\isasymphi}{\isacharbrackleft}x{\isacharbrackright}{\isachardoublequote}} exported from
   1.108 +  constant.  Furthermore, any result \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} exported from
   1.109    the context will be universally closed wrt.\ \isa{x} at the
   1.110 -  outermost level: \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymturnstile}\ {\isasymAnd}x{\isachardot}\ {\isasymphi}{\isacharbrackleft}x{\isacharbrackright}{\isachardoublequote}} (this is expressed in normal
   1.111 +  outermost level: \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} (this is expressed in normal
   1.112    form using Isabelle's meta-variables).
   1.113  
   1.114 -  Similarly, introducing some assumption \isa{{\isasymchi}} has two effects.
   1.115 +  Similarly, introducing some assumption \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C6368693E}{\isasymchi}}} has two effects.
   1.116    On the one hand, a local theorem is created that may be used as a
   1.117    fact in subsequent proof steps.  On the other hand, any result
   1.118 -  \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymchi}\ {\isasymturnstile}\ {\isasymphi}{\isachardoublequote}} exported from the context becomes conditional wrt.\
   1.119 -  the assumption: \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymturnstile}\ {\isasymchi}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ {\isasymphi}{\isachardoublequote}}.  Thus, solving an enclosing goal
   1.120 +  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6368693E}{\isasymchi}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} exported from the context becomes conditional wrt.\
   1.121 +  the assumption: \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C6368693E}{\isasymchi}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.  Thus, solving an enclosing goal
   1.122    using such a result would basically introduce a new subgoal stemming
   1.123    from the assumption.  How this situation is handled depends on the
   1.124    version of assumption command used: while \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}
   1.125 @@ -205,10 +205,10 @@
   1.126    the goal, \hyperlink{command.presume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{presume}}}} leaves the subgoal unchanged in order
   1.127    to be proved later by the user.
   1.128  
   1.129 -  Local definitions, introduced by ``\hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\ {\isasymequiv}\ t{\isachardoublequote}}'', are achieved by combining ``\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{x}'' with
   1.130 +  Local definitions, introduced by ``\hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'', are achieved by combining ``\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{x}'' with
   1.131    another version of assumption that causes any hypothetical equation
   1.132 -  \isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\ {\isasymequiv}\ t{\isachardoublequote}} to be eliminated by the reflexivity rule.  Thus,
   1.133 -  exporting some result \isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\ {\isasymequiv}\ t\ {\isasymturnstile}\ {\isasymphi}{\isacharbrackleft}x{\isacharbrackright}{\isachardoublequote}} yields \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymturnstile}\ {\isasymphi}{\isacharbrackleft}t{\isacharbrackright}{\isachardoublequote}}.
   1.134 +  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} to be eliminated by the reflexivity rule.  Thus,
   1.135 +  exporting some result \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}x{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} yields \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}t{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
   1.136  
   1.137    \begin{rail}
   1.138      'fix' (vars + 'and')
   1.139 @@ -225,21 +225,21 @@
   1.140    
   1.141    \item \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{x} introduces a local variable \isa{x} that is \emph{arbitrary, but fixed.}
   1.142    
   1.143 -  \item \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}a{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymphi}{\isachardoublequote}} and \hyperlink{command.presume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{presume}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}a{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymphi}{\isachardoublequote}} introduce a local fact \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymphi}\ {\isasymturnstile}\ {\isasymphi}{\isachardoublequote}} by
   1.144 +  \item \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \hyperlink{command.presume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{presume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} introduce a local fact \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} by
   1.145    assumption.  Subsequent results applied to an enclosing goal (e.g.\
   1.146    by \indexref{}{command}{show}\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}) are handled as follows: \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}} expects to be able to unify with existing premises in the
   1.147 -  goal, while \hyperlink{command.presume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{presume}}}} leaves \isa{{\isasymphi}} as new subgoals.
   1.148 +  goal, while \hyperlink{command.presume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{presume}}}} leaves \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}} as new subgoals.
   1.149    
   1.150    Several lists of assumptions may be given (separated by
   1.151    \indexref{}{keyword}{and}\hyperlink{keyword.and}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{and}}}}; the resulting list of current facts consists
   1.152    of all of these concatenated.
   1.153    
   1.154 -  \item \hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\ {\isasymequiv}\ t{\isachardoublequote}} introduces a local
   1.155 +  \item \hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} introduces a local
   1.156    (non-polymorphic) definition.  In results exported from the context,
   1.157 -  \isa{x} is replaced by \isa{t}.  Basically, ``\hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\ {\isasymequiv}\ t{\isachardoublequote}}'' abbreviates ``\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{x}~\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\ {\isasymequiv}\ t{\isachardoublequote}}'', with the resulting
   1.158 +  \isa{x} is replaced by \isa{t}.  Basically, ``\hyperlink{command.def}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{def}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' abbreviates ``\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{x}~\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'', with the resulting
   1.159    hypothetical equation solved by reflexivity.
   1.160    
   1.161 -  The default name for the definitional equation is \isa{x{\isacharunderscore}def}.
   1.162 +  The default name for the definitional equation is \isa{x{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}def}.
   1.163    Several simultaneous definitions may be given at the same time.
   1.164  
   1.165    \end{description}
   1.166 @@ -256,15 +256,15 @@
   1.167  %
   1.168  \begin{isamarkuptext}%
   1.169  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
   1.170 -    \indexdef{}{command}{let}\hypertarget{command.let}{\hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.171 +    \indexdef{}{command}{let}\hypertarget{command.let}{\hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.172      \indexdef{}{keyword}{is}\hypertarget{keyword.is}{\hyperlink{keyword.is}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{is}}}}} & : & syntax \\
   1.173    \end{matharray}
   1.174  
   1.175 -  Abbreviations may be either bound by explicit \hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}p\ {\isasymequiv}\ t{\isachardoublequote}} statements, or by annotating assumptions or
   1.176 -  goal statements with a list of patterns ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}{\isasymIS}\ p\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ p\isactrlsub n{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}}''.  In both cases, higher-order matching is invoked to
   1.177 +  Abbreviations may be either bound by explicit \hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} statements, or by annotating assumptions or
   1.178 +  goal statements with a list of patterns ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C49533E}{\isasymIS}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''.  In both cases, higher-order matching is invoked to
   1.179    bind extra-logical term variables, which may be either named
   1.180 -  schematic variables of the form \isa{{\isacharquery}x}, or nameless dummies
   1.181 -  ``\hyperlink{variable.underscore}{\mbox{\isa{{\isacharunderscore}}}}'' (underscore). Note that in the \hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}
   1.182 +  schematic variables of the form \isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x}, or nameless dummies
   1.183 +  ``\hyperlink{variable.underscore}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}}}'' (underscore). Note that in the \hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}
   1.184    form the patterns occur on the left-hand side, while the \hyperlink{keyword.is}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{is}}}} patterns are in postfix position.
   1.185  
   1.186    Polymorphism of term bindings is handled in Hindley-Milner style,
   1.187 @@ -292,12 +292,12 @@
   1.188  
   1.189    \begin{description}
   1.190  
   1.191 -  \item \hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}p\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isacharequal}\ t\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymAND}\ {\isasymdots}\ p\isactrlsub n\ {\isacharequal}\ t\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} binds any
   1.192 -  text variables in patterns \isa{{\isachardoublequote}p\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ p\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} by simultaneous
   1.193 -  higher-order matching against terms \isa{{\isachardoublequote}t\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ t\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}}.
   1.194 +  \item \hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} binds any
   1.195 +  text variables in patterns \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} by simultaneous
   1.196 +  higher-order matching against terms \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
   1.197  
   1.198 -  \item \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}{\isasymIS}\ p\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ p\isactrlsub n{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} resembles \hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}, but
   1.199 -  matches \isa{{\isachardoublequote}p\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ p\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} against the preceding statement.  Also
   1.200 +  \item \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C49533E}{\isasymIS}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} resembles \hyperlink{command.let}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{let}}}}, but
   1.201 +  matches \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} against the preceding statement.  Also
   1.202    note that \hyperlink{keyword.is}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{is}}}} is not a separate command, but part of
   1.203    others (such as \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}, \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}} etc.).
   1.204  
   1.205 @@ -309,8 +309,8 @@
   1.206    abstracted over any meta-level parameters (if present).  Likewise,
   1.207    \indexref{}{variable}{this}\hyperlink{variable.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}} is bound for fact statements resulting from
   1.208    assumptions or finished goals.  In case \hyperlink{variable.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}} refers to
   1.209 -  an object-logic statement that is an application \isa{{\isachardoublequote}f\ t{\isachardoublequote}}, then
   1.210 -  \isa{t} is bound to the special text variable ``\hyperlink{variable.dots}{\mbox{\isa{{\isasymdots}}}}''
   1.211 +  an object-logic statement that is an application \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}f\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, then
   1.212 +  \isa{t} is bound to the special text variable ``\hyperlink{variable.dots}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}}}}''
   1.213    (three dots).  The canonical application of this convenience are
   1.214    calculational proofs (see \secref{sec:calculation}).%
   1.215  \end{isamarkuptext}%
   1.216 @@ -322,12 +322,12 @@
   1.217  %
   1.218  \begin{isamarkuptext}%
   1.219  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
   1.220 -    \indexdef{}{command}{note}\hypertarget{command.note}{\hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.221 -    \indexdef{}{command}{then}\hypertarget{command.then}{\hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}chain{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.222 -    \indexdef{}{command}{from}\hypertarget{command.from}{\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}chain{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.223 -    \indexdef{}{command}{with}\hypertarget{command.with}{\hyperlink{command.with}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{with}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}chain{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.224 -    \indexdef{}{command}{using}\hypertarget{command.using}{\hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.225 -    \indexdef{}{command}{unfolding}\hypertarget{command.unfolding}{\hyperlink{command.unfolding}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{unfolding}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.226 +    \indexdef{}{command}{note}\hypertarget{command.note}{\hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.227 +    \indexdef{}{command}{then}\hypertarget{command.then}{\hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.228 +    \indexdef{}{command}{from}\hypertarget{command.from}{\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.229 +    \indexdef{}{command}{with}\hypertarget{command.with}{\hyperlink{command.with}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{with}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.230 +    \indexdef{}{command}{using}\hypertarget{command.using}{\hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.231 +    \indexdef{}{command}{unfolding}\hypertarget{command.unfolding}{\hyperlink{command.unfolding}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{unfolding}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.232    \end{matharray}
   1.233  
   1.234    New facts are established either by assumption or proof of local
   1.235 @@ -350,8 +350,8 @@
   1.236  
   1.237    \begin{description}
   1.238  
   1.239 -  \item \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}a\ {\isacharequal}\ b\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ b\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} recalls existing facts
   1.240 -  \isa{{\isachardoublequote}b\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ b\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}}, binding the result as \isa{a}.  Note that
   1.241 +  \item \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} recalls existing facts
   1.242 +  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, binding the result as \isa{a}.  Note that
   1.243    attributes may be involved as well, both on the left and right hand
   1.244    sides.
   1.245  
   1.246 @@ -368,30 +368,30 @@
   1.247    \item \hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{b} abbreviates ``\hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{b}~\hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}''; thus \hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}} is
   1.248    equivalent to ``\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{this}''.
   1.249    
   1.250 -  \item \hyperlink{command.with}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{with}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}b\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ b\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} abbreviates ``\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}b\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ b\isactrlsub n\ {\isasymAND}\ this{\isachardoublequote}}''; thus the forward chaining
   1.251 +  \item \hyperlink{command.with}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{with}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} abbreviates ``\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ this{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''; thus the forward chaining
   1.252    is from earlier facts together with the current ones.
   1.253    
   1.254 -  \item \hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}b\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ b\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} augments the facts being
   1.255 +  \item \hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} augments the facts being
   1.256    currently indicated for use by a subsequent refinement step (such as
   1.257    \indexref{}{command}{apply}\hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}} or \indexref{}{command}{proof}\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}).
   1.258    
   1.259 -  \item \hyperlink{command.unfolding}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{unfolding}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}b\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ b\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} is structurally
   1.260 +  \item \hyperlink{command.unfolding}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{unfolding}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is structurally
   1.261    similar to \hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}}, but unfolds definitional equations
   1.262 -  \isa{{\isachardoublequote}b\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}\ b\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} throughout the goal state and facts.
   1.263 +  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} throughout the goal state and facts.
   1.264  
   1.265    \end{description}
   1.266  
   1.267    Forward chaining with an empty list of theorems is the same as not
   1.268    chaining at all.  Thus ``\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{nothing}'' has no
   1.269 -  effect apart from entering \isa{{\isachardoublequote}prove{\isacharparenleft}chain{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} mode, since
   1.270 +  effect apart from entering \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}prove{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} mode, since
   1.271    \indexref{}{fact}{nothing}\hyperlink{fact.nothing}{\mbox{\isa{nothing}}} is bound to the empty list of theorems.
   1.272  
   1.273    Basic proof methods (such as \indexref{}{method}{rule}\hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}) expect multiple
   1.274    facts to be given in their proper order, corresponding to a prefix
   1.275    of the premises of the rule involved.  Note that positions may be
   1.276 -  easily skipped using something like \hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharunderscore}\ {\isasymAND}\ a\ {\isasymAND}\ b{\isachardoublequote}}, for example.  This involves the trivial rule
   1.277 -  \isa{{\isachardoublequote}PROP\ {\isasympsi}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ PROP\ {\isasympsi}{\isachardoublequote}}, which is bound in Isabelle/Pure as
   1.278 -  ``\indexref{}{fact}{\_}\hyperlink{fact.underscore}{\mbox{\isa{{\isacharunderscore}}}}'' (underscore).
   1.279 +  easily skipped using something like \hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ a\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ b{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, for example.  This involves the trivial rule
   1.280 +  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}PROP\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7073693E}{\isasympsi}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ PROP\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7073693E}{\isasympsi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, which is bound in Isabelle/Pure as
   1.281 +  ``\indexref{}{fact}{\_}\hyperlink{fact.underscore}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}}}'' (underscore).
   1.282  
   1.283    Automated methods (such as \hyperlink{method.simp}{\mbox{\isa{simp}}} or \hyperlink{method.auto}{\mbox{\isa{auto}}}) just
   1.284    insert any given facts before their usual operation.  Depending on
   1.285 @@ -406,17 +406,17 @@
   1.286  %
   1.287  \begin{isamarkuptext}%
   1.288  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
   1.289 -    \indexdef{}{command}{lemma}\hypertarget{command.lemma}{\hyperlink{command.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemma}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.290 -    \indexdef{}{command}{theorem}\hypertarget{command.theorem}{\hyperlink{command.theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorem}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.291 -    \indexdef{}{command}{corollary}\hypertarget{command.corollary}{\hyperlink{command.corollary}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{corollary}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.292 -    \indexdef{}{command}{schematic\_lemma}\hypertarget{command.schematic-lemma}{\hyperlink{command.schematic-lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isacharunderscore}lemma}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.293 -    \indexdef{}{command}{schematic\_theorem}\hypertarget{command.schematic-theorem}{\hyperlink{command.schematic-theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isacharunderscore}theorem}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.294 -    \indexdef{}{command}{schematic\_corollary}\hypertarget{command.schematic-corollary}{\hyperlink{command.schematic-corollary}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isacharunderscore}corollary}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.295 -    \indexdef{}{command}{have}\hypertarget{command.have}{\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharbar}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}chain{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.296 -    \indexdef{}{command}{show}\hypertarget{command.show}{\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharbar}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}chain{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.297 -    \indexdef{}{command}{hence}\hypertarget{command.hence}{\hyperlink{command.hence}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hence}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.298 -    \indexdef{}{command}{thus}\hypertarget{command.thus}{\hyperlink{command.thus}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{thus}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.299 -    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_statement}\hypertarget{command.print-statement}{\hyperlink{command.print-statement}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isacharunderscore}statement}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}context\ {\isasymrightarrow}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.300 +    \indexdef{}{command}{lemma}\hypertarget{command.lemma}{\hyperlink{command.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemma}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.301 +    \indexdef{}{command}{theorem}\hypertarget{command.theorem}{\hyperlink{command.theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorem}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.302 +    \indexdef{}{command}{corollary}\hypertarget{command.corollary}{\hyperlink{command.corollary}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{corollary}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.303 +    \indexdef{}{command}{schematic\_lemma}\hypertarget{command.schematic-lemma}{\hyperlink{command.schematic-lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}lemma}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.304 +    \indexdef{}{command}{schematic\_theorem}\hypertarget{command.schematic-theorem}{\hyperlink{command.schematic-theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theorem}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.305 +    \indexdef{}{command}{schematic\_corollary}\hypertarget{command.schematic-corollary}{\hyperlink{command.schematic-corollary}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}corollary}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.306 +    \indexdef{}{command}{have}\hypertarget{command.have}{\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.307 +    \indexdef{}{command}{show}\hypertarget{command.show}{\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.308 +    \indexdef{}{command}{hence}\hypertarget{command.hence}{\hyperlink{command.hence}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{hence}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.309 +    \indexdef{}{command}{thus}\hypertarget{command.thus}{\hyperlink{command.thus}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{thus}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.310 +    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_statement}\hypertarget{command.print-statement}{\hyperlink{command.print-statement}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}statement}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.311    \end{matharray}
   1.312  
   1.313    From a theory context, proof mode is entered by an initial goal
   1.314 @@ -429,7 +429,7 @@
   1.315  
   1.316    Goals may consist of multiple statements, resulting in a list of
   1.317    facts eventually.  A pending multi-goal is internally represented as
   1.318 -  a meta-level conjunction (\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharampersand}{\isacharampersand}{\isacharampersand}{\isachardoublequote}}), which is usually
   1.319 +  a meta-level conjunction (\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{26}{\isacharampersand}}{\isaliteral{26}{\isacharampersand}}{\isaliteral{26}{\isacharampersand}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}), which is usually
   1.320    split into the corresponding number of sub-goals prior to an initial
   1.321    method application, via \indexref{}{command}{proof}\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}
   1.322    (\secref{sec:proof-steps}) or \indexref{}{command}{apply}\hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}}
   1.323 @@ -472,19 +472,19 @@
   1.324  
   1.325    \begin{description}
   1.326    
   1.327 -  \item \hyperlink{command.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemma}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}a{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymphi}{\isachardoublequote}} enters proof mode with
   1.328 -  \isa{{\isasymphi}} as main goal, eventually resulting in some fact \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymturnstile}\ {\isasymphi}{\isachardoublequote}} to be put back into the target context.  An additional
   1.329 +  \item \hyperlink{command.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemma}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} enters proof mode with
   1.330 +  \isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}} as main goal, eventually resulting in some fact \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} to be put back into the target context.  An additional
   1.331    \railnonterm{context} specification may build up an initial proof
   1.332    context for the subsequent claim; this includes local definitions
   1.333    and syntax as well, see the definition of \hyperlink{syntax.contextelem}{\mbox{\isa{contextelem}}} in
   1.334    \secref{sec:locale}.
   1.335    
   1.336 -  \item \hyperlink{command.theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorem}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}a{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymphi}{\isachardoublequote}} and \hyperlink{command.corollary}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{corollary}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}a{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymphi}{\isachardoublequote}} are essentially the same as \hyperlink{command.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemma}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}a{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymphi}{\isachardoublequote}}, but the facts are internally marked as
   1.337 +  \item \hyperlink{command.theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorem}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and \hyperlink{command.corollary}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{corollary}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are essentially the same as \hyperlink{command.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemma}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, but the facts are internally marked as
   1.338    being of a different kind.  This discrimination acts like a formal
   1.339    comment.
   1.340  
   1.341 -  \item \hyperlink{command.schematic-lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isacharunderscore}lemma}}}}, \hyperlink{command.schematic-theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isacharunderscore}theorem}}}},
   1.342 -  \hyperlink{command.schematic-corollary}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isacharunderscore}corollary}}}} are similar to \hyperlink{command.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemma}}}},
   1.343 +  \item \hyperlink{command.schematic-lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}lemma}}}}, \hyperlink{command.schematic-theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theorem}}}},
   1.344 +  \hyperlink{command.schematic-corollary}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{schematic{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}corollary}}}} are similar to \hyperlink{command.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemma}}}},
   1.345    \hyperlink{command.theorem}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{theorem}}}}, \hyperlink{command.corollary}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{corollary}}}}, respectively but allow
   1.346    the statement to contain unbound schematic variables.
   1.347  
   1.348 @@ -495,14 +495,14 @@
   1.349    proofs is lost, which also impacts performance, because proof
   1.350    checking is forced into sequential mode.
   1.351    
   1.352 -  \item \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}a{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymphi}{\isachardoublequote}} claims a local goal,
   1.353 +  \item \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} claims a local goal,
   1.354    eventually resulting in a fact within the current logical context.
   1.355    This operation is completely independent of any pending sub-goals of
   1.356    an enclosing goal statements, so \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}} may be freely
   1.357    used for experimental exploration of potential results within a
   1.358    proof body.
   1.359    
   1.360 -  \item \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}a{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymphi}{\isachardoublequote}} is like \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}a{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymphi}{\isachardoublequote}} plus a second stage to refine some pending
   1.361 +  \item \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is like \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} plus a second stage to refine some pending
   1.362    sub-goal for each one of the finished result, after having been
   1.363    exported into the corresponding context (at the head of the
   1.364    sub-proof of this \hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}} command).
   1.365 @@ -525,14 +525,14 @@
   1.366    \item \hyperlink{command.thus}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{thus}}}} abbreviates ``\hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}~\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}''.  Note that \hyperlink{command.thus}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{thus}}}} is also equivalent to
   1.367    ``\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{this}~\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}''.
   1.368    
   1.369 -  \item \hyperlink{command.print-statement}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isacharunderscore}statement}}}}~\isa{a} prints facts from the
   1.370 +  \item \hyperlink{command.print-statement}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}statement}}}}~\isa{a} prints facts from the
   1.371    current theory or proof context in long statement form, according to
   1.372    the syntax for \hyperlink{command.lemma}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{lemma}}}} given above.
   1.373  
   1.374    \end{description}
   1.375  
   1.376    Any goal statement causes some term abbreviations (such as
   1.377 -  \indexref{}{variable}{?thesis}\hyperlink{variable.?thesis}{\mbox{\isa{{\isacharquery}thesis}}}) to be bound automatically, see also
   1.378 +  \indexref{}{variable}{?thesis}\hyperlink{variable.?thesis}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}thesis}}}) to be bound automatically, see also
   1.379    \secref{sec:term-abbrev}.
   1.380  
   1.381    The optional case names of \indexref{}{element}{obtains}\hyperlink{element.obtains}{\mbox{\isa{\isakeyword{obtains}}}} have a twofold
   1.382 @@ -556,7 +556,7 @@
   1.383    methods via ``\verb|,|'' (sequential composition),
   1.384    ``\verb||\verb,|,\verb||'' (alternative choices), ``\verb|?|'' 
   1.385    (try), ``\verb|+|'' (repeat at least once), ``\verb|[|\isa{n}\verb|]|'' (restriction to first \isa{n}
   1.386 -  sub-goals, with default \isa{{\isachardoublequote}n\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardoublequote}}).  In practice, proof
   1.387 +  sub-goals, with default \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}).  In practice, proof
   1.388    methods are usually just a comma separated list of
   1.389    \railqtok{nameref}~\railnonterm{args} specifications.  Note that
   1.390    parentheses may be dropped for single method specifications (with no
   1.391 @@ -572,18 +572,18 @@
   1.392  
   1.393    Proper Isar proof methods do \emph{not} admit arbitrary goal
   1.394    addressing, but refer either to the first sub-goal or all sub-goals
   1.395 -  uniformly.  The goal restriction operator ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharbrackleft}n{\isacharbrackright}{\isachardoublequote}}''
   1.396 +  uniformly.  The goal restriction operator ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}n{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''
   1.397    evaluates a method expression within a sandbox consisting of the
   1.398    first \isa{n} sub-goals (which need to exist).  For example, the
   1.399 -  method ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}simp{\isacharunderscore}all{\isacharbrackleft}{\isadigit{3}}{\isacharbrackright}{\isachardoublequote}}'' simplifies the first three
   1.400 -  sub-goals, while ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}rule\ foo{\isacharcomma}\ simp{\isacharunderscore}all{\isacharparenright}{\isacharbrackleft}{\isacharbrackright}{\isachardoublequote}}'' simplifies all
   1.401 -  new goals that emerge from applying rule \isa{{\isachardoublequote}foo{\isachardoublequote}} to the
   1.402 +  method ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' simplifies the first three
   1.403 +  sub-goals, while ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}rule\ foo{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ simp{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}all{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' simplifies all
   1.404 +  new goals that emerge from applying rule \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}foo{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} to the
   1.405    originally first one.
   1.406  
   1.407    Improper methods, notably tactic emulations, offer a separate
   1.408    low-level goal addressing scheme as explicit argument to the
   1.409 -  individual tactic being involved.  Here ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharbrackleft}{\isacharbang}{\isacharbrackright}{\isachardoublequote}}'' refers to
   1.410 -  all goals, and ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharbrackleft}n{\isacharminus}{\isacharbrackright}{\isachardoublequote}}'' to all goals starting from \isa{{\isachardoublequote}n{\isachardoublequote}}.
   1.411 +  individual tactic being involved.  Here ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' refers to
   1.412 +  all goals, and ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}n{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' to all goals starting from \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
   1.413  
   1.414    \indexouternonterm{goalspec}
   1.415    \begin{rail}
   1.416 @@ -599,12 +599,12 @@
   1.417  %
   1.418  \begin{isamarkuptext}%
   1.419  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
   1.420 -    \indexdef{}{command}{proof}\hypertarget{command.proof}{\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.421 -    \indexdef{}{command}{qed}\hypertarget{command.qed}{\hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharbar}\ local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isacharbar}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.422 -    \indexdef{}{command}{by}\hypertarget{command.by}{\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharbar}\ local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isacharbar}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.423 -    \indexdef{}{command}{..}\hypertarget{command.ddot}{\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isachardot}{\isachardot}}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharbar}\ local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isacharbar}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.424 -    \indexdef{}{command}{.}\hypertarget{command.dot}{\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isachardot}}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharbar}\ local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isacharbar}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.425 -    \indexdef{}{command}{sorry}\hypertarget{command.sorry}{\hyperlink{command.sorry}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sorry}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharbar}\ local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isacharbar}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.426 +    \indexdef{}{command}{proof}\hypertarget{command.proof}{\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.427 +    \indexdef{}{command}{qed}\hypertarget{command.qed}{\hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.428 +    \indexdef{}{command}{by}\hypertarget{command.by}{\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.429 +    \indexdef{}{command}{..}\hypertarget{command.ddot}{\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.430 +    \indexdef{}{command}{.}\hypertarget{command.dot}{\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.431 +    \indexdef{}{command}{sorry}\hypertarget{command.sorry}{\hyperlink{command.sorry}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sorry}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.432    \end{matharray}
   1.433  
   1.434    Arbitrary goal refinement via tactics is considered harmful.
   1.435 @@ -613,12 +613,12 @@
   1.436  
   1.437    \begin{enumerate}
   1.438  
   1.439 -  \item An \emph{initial} refinement step \indexref{}{command}{proof}\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}m\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardoublequote}} reduces a newly stated goal to a number
   1.440 +  \item An \emph{initial} refinement step \indexref{}{command}{proof}\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} reduces a newly stated goal to a number
   1.441    of sub-goals that are to be solved later.  Facts are passed to
   1.442 -  \isa{{\isachardoublequote}m\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardoublequote}} for forward chaining, if so indicated by \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}chain{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} mode.
   1.443 +  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} for forward chaining, if so indicated by \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} mode.
   1.444    
   1.445 -  \item A \emph{terminal} conclusion step \indexref{}{command}{qed}\hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}m\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isachardoublequote}} is intended to solve remaining goals.  No facts are
   1.446 -  passed to \isa{{\isachardoublequote}m\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isachardoublequote}}.
   1.447 +  \item A \emph{terminal} conclusion step \indexref{}{command}{qed}\hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is intended to solve remaining goals.  No facts are
   1.448 +  passed to \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
   1.449  
   1.450    \end{enumerate}
   1.451  
   1.452 @@ -654,15 +654,15 @@
   1.453  
   1.454    \begin{description}
   1.455    
   1.456 -  \item \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}m\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardoublequote}} refines the goal by proof
   1.457 -  method \isa{{\isachardoublequote}m\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardoublequote}}; facts for forward chaining are passed if so
   1.458 -  indicated by \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}chain{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} mode.
   1.459 +  \item \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} refines the goal by proof
   1.460 +  method \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}; facts for forward chaining are passed if so
   1.461 +  indicated by \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} mode.
   1.462    
   1.463 -  \item \hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}m\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isachardoublequote}} refines any remaining goals by
   1.464 -  proof method \isa{{\isachardoublequote}m\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isachardoublequote}} and concludes the sub-proof by assumption.
   1.465 -  If the goal had been \isa{{\isachardoublequote}show{\isachardoublequote}} (or \isa{{\isachardoublequote}thus{\isachardoublequote}}), some
   1.466 +  \item \hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} refines any remaining goals by
   1.467 +  proof method \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} and concludes the sub-proof by assumption.
   1.468 +  If the goal had been \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}show{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} (or \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}thus{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}), some
   1.469    pending sub-goal is solved as well by the rule resulting from the
   1.470 -  result \emph{exported} into the enclosing goal context.  Thus \isa{{\isachardoublequote}qed{\isachardoublequote}} may fail for two reasons: either \isa{{\isachardoublequote}m\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isachardoublequote}} fails, or the
   1.471 +  result \emph{exported} into the enclosing goal context.  Thus \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}qed{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} may fail for two reasons: either \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} fails, or the
   1.472    resulting rule does not fit to any pending goal\footnote{This
   1.473    includes any additional ``strong'' assumptions as introduced by
   1.474    \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}.} of the enclosing context.  Debugging such a
   1.475 @@ -670,25 +670,25 @@
   1.476    \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}, or weakening the local context by replacing
   1.477    occurrences of \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}} by \hyperlink{command.presume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{presume}}}}.
   1.478    
   1.479 -  \item \hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}m\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ m\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isachardoublequote}} is a \emph{terminal
   1.480 -  proof}\index{proof!terminal}; it abbreviates \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}m\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardoublequote}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}qed{\isachardoublequote}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}m\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isachardoublequote}}, but with
   1.481 +  \item \hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is a \emph{terminal
   1.482 +  proof}\index{proof!terminal}; it abbreviates \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}qed{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, but with
   1.483    backtracking across both methods.  Debugging an unsuccessful
   1.484 -  \hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}m\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ m\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isachardoublequote}} command can be done by expanding its
   1.485 -  definition; in many cases \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}m\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardoublequote}} (or even
   1.486 -  \isa{{\isachardoublequote}apply{\isachardoublequote}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}m\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardoublequote}}) is already sufficient to see the
   1.487 +  \hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{2}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} command can be done by expanding its
   1.488 +  definition; in many cases \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} (or even
   1.489 +  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}apply{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}) is already sufficient to see the
   1.490    problem.
   1.491  
   1.492 -  \item ``\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isachardot}{\isachardot}}}}}'' is a \emph{default
   1.493 -  proof}\index{proof!default}; it abbreviates \hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}rule{\isachardoublequote}}.
   1.494 +  \item ``\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}'' is a \emph{default
   1.495 +  proof}\index{proof!default}; it abbreviates \hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}rule{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
   1.496  
   1.497 -  \item ``\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isachardot}}}}}'' is a \emph{trivial
   1.498 -  proof}\index{proof!trivial}; it abbreviates \hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}this{\isachardoublequote}}.
   1.499 +  \item ``\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}'' is a \emph{trivial
   1.500 +  proof}\index{proof!trivial}; it abbreviates \hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}this{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}.
   1.501    
   1.502    \item \hyperlink{command.sorry}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sorry}}}} is a \emph{fake proof}\index{proof!fake}
   1.503    pretending to solve the pending claim without further ado.  This
   1.504    only works in interactive development, or if the \verb|quick_and_dirty| flag is enabled (in ML).  Facts emerging from fake
   1.505    proofs are not the real thing.  Internally, each theorem container
   1.506 -  is tainted by an oracle invocation, which is indicated as ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharbrackleft}{\isacharbang}{\isacharbrackright}{\isachardoublequote}}'' in the printed result.
   1.507 +  is tainted by an oracle invocation, which is indicated as ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' in the printed result.
   1.508    
   1.509    The most important application of \hyperlink{command.sorry}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sorry}}}} is to support
   1.510    experimentation and top-down proof development.
   1.511 @@ -708,7 +708,7 @@
   1.512    \chref{ch:gen-tools} and \chref{ch:hol}).
   1.513  
   1.514    \begin{matharray}{rcl}
   1.515 -    \indexdef{}{method}{-}\hypertarget{method.-}{\hyperlink{method.-}{\mbox{\isa{{\isacharminus}}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
   1.516 +    \indexdef{}{method}{-}\hypertarget{method.-}{\hyperlink{method.-}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
   1.517      \indexdef{}{method}{fact}\hypertarget{method.fact}{\hyperlink{method.fact}{\mbox{\isa{fact}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
   1.518      \indexdef{}{method}{assumption}\hypertarget{method.assumption}{\hyperlink{method.assumption}{\mbox{\isa{assumption}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
   1.519      \indexdef{}{method}{this}\hypertarget{method.this}{\hyperlink{method.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}}} & : & \isa{method} \\
   1.520 @@ -743,19 +743,19 @@
   1.521  
   1.522    \begin{description}
   1.523    
   1.524 -  \item ``\hyperlink{method.-}{\mbox{\isa{{\isacharminus}}}}'' (minus) does nothing but insert the forward
   1.525 +  \item ``\hyperlink{method.-}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}}}}'' (minus) does nothing but insert the forward
   1.526    chaining facts as premises into the goal.  Note that command
   1.527    \indexref{}{command}{proof}\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}} without any method actually performs a single
   1.528    reduction step using the \indexref{}{method}{rule}\hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}} method; thus a plain
   1.529 -  \emph{do-nothing} proof step would be ``\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharminus}{\isachardoublequote}}'' rather than \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}} alone.
   1.530 +  \emph{do-nothing} proof step would be ``\hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' rather than \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}} alone.
   1.531    
   1.532 -  \item \hyperlink{method.fact}{\mbox{\isa{fact}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}a\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ a\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} composes some fact from
   1.533 -  \isa{{\isachardoublequote}a\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ a\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} (or implicitly from the current proof context)
   1.534 +  \item \hyperlink{method.fact}{\mbox{\isa{fact}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} composes some fact from
   1.535 +  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} (or implicitly from the current proof context)
   1.536    modulo unification of schematic type and term variables.  The rule
   1.537    structure is not taken into account, i.e.\ meta-level implication is
   1.538    considered atomic.  This is the same principle underlying literal
   1.539 -  facts (cf.\ \secref{sec:syn-att}): ``\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymphi}{\isachardoublequote}}~\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{fact}'' is equivalent to ``\hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\verb|`|\isa{{\isasymphi}}\verb|`|'' provided that
   1.540 -  \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymturnstile}\ {\isasymphi}{\isachardoublequote}} is an instance of some known \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymturnstile}\ {\isasymphi}{\isachardoublequote}} in the
   1.541 +  facts (cf.\ \secref{sec:syn-att}): ``\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{fact}'' is equivalent to ``\hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\verb|`|\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}}\verb|`|'' provided that
   1.542 +  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is an instance of some known \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} in the
   1.543    proof context.
   1.544    
   1.545    \item \hyperlink{method.assumption}{\mbox{\isa{assumption}}} solves some goal by a single assumption
   1.546 @@ -767,9 +767,9 @@
   1.547    all.
   1.548    
   1.549    \item \hyperlink{method.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}} applies all of the current facts directly as
   1.550 -  rules.  Recall that ``\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isachardot}}}}}'' (dot) abbreviates ``\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{this}''.
   1.551 +  rules.  Recall that ``\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}'' (dot) abbreviates ``\hyperlink{command.by}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{by}}}}~\isa{this}''.
   1.552    
   1.553 -  \item \hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}a\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ a\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} applies some rule given as
   1.554 +  \item \hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} applies some rule given as
   1.555    argument in backward manner; facts are used to reduce the rule
   1.556    before applying it to the goal.  Thus \hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}} without facts
   1.557    is plain introduction, while with facts it becomes elimination.
   1.558 @@ -778,39 +778,39 @@
   1.559    appropriate rules automatically, as declared in the current context
   1.560    using the \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}, \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}},
   1.561    \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.dest}{\mbox{\isa{dest}}} attributes (see below).  This is the
   1.562 -  default behavior of \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}} and ``\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isachardot}{\isachardot}}}}}'' 
   1.563 +  default behavior of \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}} and ``\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}'' 
   1.564    (double-dot) steps (see \secref{sec:proof-steps}).
   1.565    
   1.566    \item \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.intro}{\mbox{\isa{intro}}}, \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.elim}{\mbox{\isa{elim}}}, and
   1.567    \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.dest}{\mbox{\isa{dest}}} declare introduction, elimination, and
   1.568    destruct rules, to be used with method \hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}, and similar
   1.569    tools.  Note that the latter will ignore rules declared with
   1.570 -  ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharquery}{\isachardoublequote}}'', while ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharbang}{\isachardoublequote}}''  are used most aggressively.
   1.571 +  ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'', while ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{21}{\isacharbang}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''  are used most aggressively.
   1.572    
   1.573    The classical reasoner (see \secref{sec:classical}) introduces its
   1.574    own variants of these attributes; use qualified names to access the
   1.575 -  present versions of Isabelle/Pure, i.e.\ \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.Pure.intro}{\mbox{\isa{Pure{\isachardot}intro}}}.
   1.576 +  present versions of Isabelle/Pure, i.e.\ \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.Pure.intro}{\mbox{\isa{Pure{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}intro}}}.
   1.577    
   1.578    \item \hyperlink{attribute.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}}~\isa{del} undeclares introduction,
   1.579    elimination, or destruct rules.
   1.580    
   1.581 -  \item \hyperlink{attribute.OF}{\mbox{\isa{OF}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}a\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ a\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} applies some
   1.582 -  theorem to all of the given rules \isa{{\isachardoublequote}a\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ a\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}}
   1.583 +  \item \hyperlink{attribute.OF}{\mbox{\isa{OF}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} applies some
   1.584 +  theorem to all of the given rules \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
   1.585    (in parallel).  This corresponds to the \verb|op MRS| operation in
   1.586    ML, but note the reversed order.  Positions may be effectively
   1.587 -  skipped by including ``\isa{{\isacharunderscore}}'' (underscore) as argument.
   1.588 +  skipped by including ``\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}'' (underscore) as argument.
   1.589    
   1.590 -  \item \hyperlink{attribute.of}{\mbox{\isa{of}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}t\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ t\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} performs positional
   1.591 -  instantiation of term variables.  The terms \isa{{\isachardoublequote}t\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ t\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} are
   1.592 +  \item \hyperlink{attribute.of}{\mbox{\isa{of}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} performs positional
   1.593 +  instantiation of term variables.  The terms \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are
   1.594    substituted for any schematic variables occurring in a theorem from
   1.595 -  left to right; ``\isa{{\isacharunderscore}}'' (underscore) indicates to skip a
   1.596 -  position.  Arguments following a ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}concl{\isacharcolon}{\isachardoublequote}}'' specification
   1.597 +  left to right; ``\isa{{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}}'' (underscore) indicates to skip a
   1.598 +  position.  Arguments following a ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}concl{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' specification
   1.599    refer to positions of the conclusion of a rule.
   1.600    
   1.601 -  \item \hyperlink{attribute.where}{\mbox{\isa{where}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isacharequal}\ t\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymAND}\ {\isasymdots}\ x\isactrlsub n\ {\isacharequal}\ t\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}}
   1.602 +  \item \hyperlink{attribute.where}{\mbox{\isa{where}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
   1.603    performs named instantiation of schematic type and term variables
   1.604    occurring in a theorem.  Schematic variables have to be specified on
   1.605 -  the left-hand side (e.g.\ \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharquery}x{\isadigit{1}}{\isachardot}{\isadigit{3}}{\isachardoublequote}}).  The question mark may
   1.606 +  the left-hand side (e.g.\ \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}x{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isadigit{3}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}).  The question mark may
   1.607    be omitted if the variable name is a plain identifier without index.
   1.608    As type instantiations are inferred from term instantiations,
   1.609    explicit type instantiations are seldom necessary.
   1.610 @@ -834,12 +834,12 @@
   1.611    be used in scripts, too.
   1.612  
   1.613    \begin{matharray}{rcl}
   1.614 -    \indexdef{}{command}{apply}\hypertarget{command.apply}{\hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.615 -    \indexdef{}{command}{apply\_end}\hypertarget{command.apply-end}{\hyperlink{command.apply-end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply{\isacharunderscore}end}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.616 -    \indexdef{}{command}{done}\hypertarget{command.done}{\hyperlink{command.done}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{done}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharbar}\ local{\isacharunderscore}theory\ {\isacharbar}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.617 -    \indexdef{}{command}{defer}\hypertarget{command.defer}{\hyperlink{command.defer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{defer}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.618 -    \indexdef{}{command}{prefer}\hypertarget{command.prefer}{\hyperlink{command.prefer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{prefer}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.619 -    \indexdef{}{command}{back}\hypertarget{command.back}{\hyperlink{command.back}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{back}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.620 +    \indexdef{}{command}{apply}\hypertarget{command.apply}{\hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.621 +    \indexdef{}{command}{apply\_end}\hypertarget{command.apply-end}{\hyperlink{command.apply-end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}end}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.622 +    \indexdef{}{command}{done}\hypertarget{command.done}{\hyperlink{command.done}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{done}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ local{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}theory\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.623 +    \indexdef{}{command}{defer}\hypertarget{command.defer}{\hyperlink{command.defer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{defer}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.624 +    \indexdef{}{command}{prefer}\hypertarget{command.prefer}{\hyperlink{command.prefer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{prefer}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.625 +    \indexdef{}{command}{back}\hypertarget{command.back}{\hyperlink{command.back}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{back}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.626    \end{matharray}
   1.627  
   1.628    \begin{rail}
   1.629 @@ -854,7 +854,7 @@
   1.630    \begin{description}
   1.631  
   1.632    \item \hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}}~\isa{m} applies proof method \isa{m} in
   1.633 -  initial position, but unlike \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}} it retains ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}}'' mode.  Thus consecutive method applications may be
   1.634 +  initial position, but unlike \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}} it retains ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' mode.  Thus consecutive method applications may be
   1.635    given just as in tactic scripts.
   1.636    
   1.637    Facts are passed to \isa{m} as indicated by the goal's
   1.638 @@ -862,7 +862,7 @@
   1.639    further \hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}} command would always work in a purely
   1.640    backward manner.
   1.641    
   1.642 -  \item \hyperlink{command.apply-end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply{\isacharunderscore}end}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}m{\isachardoublequote}} applies proof method \isa{m} as if in terminal position.  Basically, this simulates a
   1.643 +  \item \hyperlink{command.apply-end}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}end}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} applies proof method \isa{m} as if in terminal position.  Basically, this simulates a
   1.644    multi-step tactic script for \hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}}, but may be given
   1.645    anywhere within the proof body.
   1.646    
   1.647 @@ -872,11 +872,11 @@
   1.648    
   1.649    \item \hyperlink{command.done}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{done}}}} completes a proof script, provided that the
   1.650    current goal state is solved completely.  Note that actual
   1.651 -  structured proof commands (e.g.\ ``\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isachardot}}}}}'' or \hyperlink{command.sorry}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sorry}}}}) may be used to conclude proof scripts as well.
   1.652 +  structured proof commands (e.g.\ ``\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}'' or \hyperlink{command.sorry}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{sorry}}}}) may be used to conclude proof scripts as well.
   1.653  
   1.654    \item \hyperlink{command.defer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{defer}}}}~\isa{n} and \hyperlink{command.prefer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{prefer}}}}~\isa{n}
   1.655    shuffle the list of pending goals: \hyperlink{command.defer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{defer}}}} puts off
   1.656 -  sub-goal \isa{n} to the end of the list (\isa{{\isachardoublequote}n\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardoublequote}} by
   1.657 +  sub-goal \isa{n} to the end of the list (\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} by
   1.658    default), while \hyperlink{command.prefer}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{prefer}}}} brings sub-goal \isa{n} to the
   1.659    front.
   1.660    
   1.661 @@ -899,7 +899,7 @@
   1.662  %
   1.663  \begin{isamarkuptext}%
   1.664  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
   1.665 -    \indexdef{}{command}{method\_setup}\hypertarget{command.method-setup}{\hyperlink{command.method-setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{method{\isacharunderscore}setup}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}theory\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ theory{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.666 +    \indexdef{}{command}{method\_setup}\hypertarget{command.method-setup}{\hyperlink{command.method-setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{method{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}theory\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ theory{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.667    \end{matharray}
   1.668  
   1.669    \begin{rail}
   1.670 @@ -909,8 +909,8 @@
   1.671  
   1.672    \begin{description}
   1.673  
   1.674 -  \item \hyperlink{command.method-setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{method{\isacharunderscore}setup}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}name\ {\isacharequal}\ text\ description{\isachardoublequote}}
   1.675 -  defines a proof method in the current theory.  The given \isa{{\isachardoublequote}text{\isachardoublequote}} has to be an ML expression of type
   1.676 +  \item \hyperlink{command.method-setup}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{method{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}name\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ text\ description{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
   1.677 +  defines a proof method in the current theory.  The given \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}text{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} has to be an ML expression of type
   1.678    \verb|(Proof.context -> Proof.method) context_parser|, cf.\
   1.679    basic parsers defined in structure \verb|Args| and \verb|Attrib|.  There are also combinators like \verb|METHOD| and \verb|SIMPLE_METHOD| to turn certain tactic forms into official proof
   1.680    methods; the primed versions refer to tactics with explicit goal
   1.681 @@ -927,22 +927,22 @@
   1.682  \endisadelimML
   1.683  %
   1.684  \isatagML
   1.685 -\isacommand{method{\isacharunderscore}setup}\isamarkupfalse%
   1.686 -\ my{\isacharunderscore}method{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isacharverbatimopen}\isanewline
   1.687 -\ \ \ \ \ \ Scan{\isachardot}succeed\ {\isacharparenleft}K\ {\isacharparenleft}SIMPLE{\isacharunderscore}METHOD{\isacharprime}\ {\isacharparenleft}fn\ i{\isacharcolon}\ int\ {\isacharequal}{\isachargreater}\ no{\isacharunderscore}tac{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}\isanewline
   1.688 -\ \ \ \ {\isacharverbatimclose}\ \ {\isachardoublequoteopen}my\ first\ method\ {\isacharparenleft}without\ any\ arguments{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequoteclose}\isanewline
   1.689 +\isacommand{method{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}\isamarkupfalse%
   1.690 +\ my{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}method{\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{7B2A}{\isacharverbatimopen}}\isanewline
   1.691 +\ \ \ \ \ \ Scan{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}succeed\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}K\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}SIMPLE{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}METHOD{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fn\ i{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ int\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
   1.692 +\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{2A7D}{\isacharverbatimclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}my\ first\ method\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}without\ any\ arguments{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
   1.693  \isanewline
   1.694 -\ \ \ \ \isacommand{method{\isacharunderscore}setup}\isamarkupfalse%
   1.695 -\ my{\isacharunderscore}method{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isacharverbatimopen}\isanewline
   1.696 -\ \ \ \ \ \ Scan{\isachardot}succeed\ {\isacharparenleft}fn\ ctxt{\isacharcolon}\ Proof{\isachardot}context\ {\isacharequal}{\isachargreater}\isanewline
   1.697 -\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ SIMPLE{\isacharunderscore}METHOD{\isacharprime}\ {\isacharparenleft}fn\ i{\isacharcolon}\ int\ {\isacharequal}{\isachargreater}\ no{\isacharunderscore}tac{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}\isanewline
   1.698 -\ \ \ \ {\isacharverbatimclose}\ \ {\isachardoublequoteopen}my\ second\ method\ {\isacharparenleft}with\ context{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequoteclose}\isanewline
   1.699 +\ \ \ \ \isacommand{method{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}\isamarkupfalse%
   1.700 +\ my{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}method{\isadigit{2}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{7B2A}{\isacharverbatimopen}}\isanewline
   1.701 +\ \ \ \ \ \ Scan{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}succeed\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fn\ ctxt{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ Proof{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}context\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\isanewline
   1.702 +\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ SIMPLE{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}METHOD{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fn\ i{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ int\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
   1.703 +\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{2A7D}{\isacharverbatimclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}my\ second\ method\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}with\ context{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}\isanewline
   1.704  \isanewline
   1.705 -\ \ \ \ \isacommand{method{\isacharunderscore}setup}\isamarkupfalse%
   1.706 -\ my{\isacharunderscore}method{\isadigit{3}}\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isacharverbatimopen}\isanewline
   1.707 -\ \ \ \ \ \ Attrib{\isachardot}thms\ {\isachargreater}{\isachargreater}\ {\isacharparenleft}fn\ thms{\isacharcolon}\ thm\ list\ {\isacharequal}{\isachargreater}\ fn\ ctxt{\isacharcolon}\ Proof{\isachardot}context\ {\isacharequal}{\isachargreater}\isanewline
   1.708 -\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ SIMPLE{\isacharunderscore}METHOD{\isacharprime}\ {\isacharparenleft}fn\ i{\isacharcolon}\ int\ {\isacharequal}{\isachargreater}\ no{\isacharunderscore}tac{\isacharparenright}{\isacharparenright}\isanewline
   1.709 -\ \ \ \ {\isacharverbatimclose}\ \ {\isachardoublequoteopen}my\ third\ method\ {\isacharparenleft}with\ theorem\ arguments\ and\ context{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequoteclose}%
   1.710 +\ \ \ \ \isacommand{method{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}setup}\isamarkupfalse%
   1.711 +\ my{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}method{\isadigit{3}}\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isaliteral{7B2A}{\isacharverbatimopen}}\isanewline
   1.712 +\ \ \ \ \ \ Attrib{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}thms\ {\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fn\ thms{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ thm\ list\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ fn\ ctxt{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ Proof{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}context\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\isanewline
   1.713 +\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ SIMPLE{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}METHOD{\isaliteral{27}{\isacharprime}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}fn\ i{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ int\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{3E}{\isachargreater}}\ no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}tac{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\isanewline
   1.714 +\ \ \ \ {\isaliteral{2A7D}{\isacharverbatimclose}}\ \ {\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteopen}}my\ third\ method\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}with\ theorem\ arguments\ and\ context{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequoteclose}}%
   1.715  \endisatagML
   1.716  {\isafoldML}%
   1.717  %
   1.718 @@ -956,8 +956,8 @@
   1.719  %
   1.720  \begin{isamarkuptext}%
   1.721  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
   1.722 -    \indexdef{}{command}{obtain}\hypertarget{command.obtain}{\hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharbar}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}chain{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.723 -    \indexdef{}{command}{guess}\hypertarget{command.guess}{\hyperlink{command.guess}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{guess}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isacharbar}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}chain{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}prove{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.724 +    \indexdef{}{command}{obtain}\hypertarget{command.obtain}{\hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.725 +    \indexdef{}{command}{guess}\hypertarget{command.guess}{\hyperlink{command.guess}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{guess}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{7C}{\isacharbar}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}prove{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.726    \end{matharray}
   1.727  
   1.728    Generalized elimination means that additional elements with certain
   1.729 @@ -979,19 +979,19 @@
   1.730    \end{rail}
   1.731  
   1.732    The derived Isar command \hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}} is defined as follows
   1.733 -  (where \isa{{\isachardoublequote}b\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ b\isactrlsub k{\isachardoublequote}} shall refer to (optional)
   1.734 +  (where \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub k{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} shall refer to (optional)
   1.735    facts indicated for forward chaining).
   1.736    \begin{matharray}{l}
   1.737 -    \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymlangle}using\ b\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ b\isactrlsub k{\isasymrangle}{\isachardoublequote}}~~\hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ x\isactrlsub m\ {\isasymWHERE}\ a{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub n\ \ {\isasymlangle}proof{\isasymrangle}\ {\isasymequiv}{\isachardoublequote}} \\[1ex]
   1.738 -    \quad \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymAnd}thesis{\isachardot}\ {\isacharparenleft}{\isasymAnd}x\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ x\isactrlsub m{\isachardot}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub n\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ thesis{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ thesis{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.739 +    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C616E676C653E}{\isasymlangle}}using\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub k{\isaliteral{5C3C72616E676C653E}{\isasymrangle}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~~\hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m\ {\isaliteral{5C3C57484552453E}{\isasymWHERE}}\ a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ \ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C616E676C653E}{\isasymlangle}}proof{\isaliteral{5C3C72616E676C653E}{\isasymrangle}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[1ex]
   1.740 +    \quad \hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}thesis{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.741      \quad \hyperlink{command.proof}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{proof}}}}~\hyperlink{method.succeed}{\mbox{\isa{succeed}}} \\
   1.742      \qquad \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{thesis} \\
   1.743 -    \qquad \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}that\ {\isacharbrackleft}Pure{\isachardot}intro{\isacharquery}{\isacharbrackright}{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymAnd}x\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ x\isactrlsub m{\isachardot}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub n\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ thesis{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.744 +    \qquad \hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}that\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}Pure{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}intro{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.745      \qquad \hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}~\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}~\isa{thesis} \\
   1.746 -    \quad\qquad \hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}}~\isa{{\isacharminus}} \\
   1.747 -    \quad\qquad \hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}b\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ b\isactrlsub k\ \ {\isasymlangle}proof{\isasymrangle}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.748 +    \quad\qquad \hyperlink{command.apply}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{apply}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{2D}{\isacharminus}}} \\
   1.749 +    \quad\qquad \hyperlink{command.using}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{using}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ b\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub k\ \ {\isaliteral{5C3C6C616E676C653E}{\isasymlangle}}proof{\isaliteral{5C3C72616E676C653E}{\isasymrangle}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.750      \quad \hyperlink{command.qed}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{qed}}}} \\
   1.751 -    \quad \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ x\isactrlsub m{\isachardoublequote}}~\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}\ a{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.752 +    \quad \hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}\ a{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.753    \end{matharray}
   1.754  
   1.755    Typically, the soundness proof is relatively straight-forward, often
   1.756 @@ -1015,9 +1015,9 @@
   1.757    \medskip The improper variant \hyperlink{command.guess}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{guess}}}} is similar to
   1.758    \hyperlink{command.obtain}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{obtain}}}}, but derives the obtained statement from the
   1.759    course of reasoning!  The proof starts with a fixed goal \isa{thesis}.  The subsequent proof may refine this to anything of the
   1.760 -  form like \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymAnd}x\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ x\isactrlsub m{\isachardot}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub n\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ thesis{\isachardoublequote}}, but must not introduce new subgoals.  The
   1.761 +  form like \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ thesis{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, but must not introduce new subgoals.  The
   1.762    final goal state is then used as reduction rule for the obtain
   1.763 -  scheme described above.  Obtained parameters \isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ x\isactrlsub m{\isachardoublequote}} are marked as internal by default, which prevents the
   1.764 +  scheme described above.  Obtained parameters \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} are marked as internal by default, which prevents the
   1.765    proof context from being polluted by ad-hoc variables.  The variable
   1.766    names and type constraints given as arguments for \hyperlink{command.guess}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{guess}}}}
   1.767    specify a prefix of obtained parameters explicitly in the text.
   1.768 @@ -1033,19 +1033,19 @@
   1.769  %
   1.770  \begin{isamarkuptext}%
   1.771  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
   1.772 -    \indexdef{}{command}{also}\hypertarget{command.also}{\hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.773 -    \indexdef{}{command}{finally}\hypertarget{command.finally}{\hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}chain{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.774 -    \indexdef{}{command}{moreover}\hypertarget{command.moreover}{\hyperlink{command.moreover}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{moreover}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.775 -    \indexdef{}{command}{ultimately}\hypertarget{command.ultimately}{\hyperlink{command.ultimately}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ultimately}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}chain{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.776 -    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_trans\_rules}\hypertarget{command.print-trans-rules}{\hyperlink{command.print-trans-rules}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isacharunderscore}trans{\isacharunderscore}rules}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}context\ {\isasymrightarrow}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.777 +    \indexdef{}{command}{also}\hypertarget{command.also}{\hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.778 +    \indexdef{}{command}{finally}\hypertarget{command.finally}{\hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.779 +    \indexdef{}{command}{moreover}\hypertarget{command.moreover}{\hyperlink{command.moreover}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{moreover}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.780 +    \indexdef{}{command}{ultimately}\hypertarget{command.ultimately}{\hyperlink{command.ultimately}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ultimately}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}chain{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.781 +    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_trans\_rules}\hypertarget{command.print-trans-rules}{\hyperlink{command.print-trans-rules}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}trans{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}rules}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.782      \hyperlink{attribute.trans}{\mbox{\isa{trans}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
   1.783      \hyperlink{attribute.sym}{\mbox{\isa{sym}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
   1.784      \hyperlink{attribute.symmetric}{\mbox{\isa{symmetric}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
   1.785    \end{matharray}
   1.786  
   1.787    Calculational proof is forward reasoning with implicit application
   1.788 -  of transitivity rules (such those of \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharequal}{\isachardoublequote}}, \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymle}{\isachardoublequote}},
   1.789 -  \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharless}{\isachardoublequote}}).  Isabelle/Isar maintains an auxiliary fact register
   1.790 +  of transitivity rules (such those of \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6C653E}{\isasymle}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}},
   1.791 +  \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3C}{\isacharless}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}).  Isabelle/Isar maintains an auxiliary fact register
   1.792    \indexref{}{fact}{calculation}\hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} for accumulating results obtained by
   1.793    transitivity composed with the current result.  Command \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}} updates \hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} involving \hyperlink{fact.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}}, while
   1.794    \hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}} exhibits the final \hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} by
   1.795 @@ -1056,7 +1056,7 @@
   1.796    but only collect further results in \hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} without
   1.797    applying any rules yet.
   1.798  
   1.799 -  Also note that the implicit term abbreviation ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymdots}{\isachardoublequote}}'' has
   1.800 +  Also note that the implicit term abbreviation ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' has
   1.801    its canonical application with calculational proofs.  It refers to
   1.802    the argument of the preceding statement. (The argument of a curried
   1.803    infix expression happens to be its right-hand side.)
   1.804 @@ -1073,10 +1073,10 @@
   1.805    handling of block-structure.}
   1.806  
   1.807    \begin{matharray}{rcl}
   1.808 -    \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{0}}{\isachardoublequote}} & \equiv & \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}calculation\ {\isacharequal}\ this{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.809 -    \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsub n{\isacharplus}{\isadigit{1}}{\isachardoublequote}} & \equiv & \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}calculation\ {\isacharequal}\ trans\ {\isacharbrackleft}OF\ calculation\ this{\isacharbrackright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\[0.5ex]
   1.810 +    \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{0}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \equiv & \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}calculation\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ this{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.811 +    \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{2B}{\isacharplus}}{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \equiv & \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}calculation\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ trans\ {\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}OF\ calculation\ this{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\[0.5ex]
   1.812      \hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}} & \equiv & \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}~\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{calculation} \\[0.5ex]
   1.813 -    \hyperlink{command.moreover}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{moreover}}}} & \equiv & \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}calculation\ {\isacharequal}\ calculation\ this{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.814 +    \hyperlink{command.moreover}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{moreover}}}} & \equiv & \hyperlink{command.note}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{note}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}calculation\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ calculation\ this{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.815      \hyperlink{command.ultimately}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ultimately}}}} & \equiv & \hyperlink{command.moreover}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{moreover}}}}~\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\isa{calculation} \\
   1.816    \end{matharray}
   1.817  
   1.818 @@ -1089,7 +1089,7 @@
   1.819  
   1.820    \begin{description}
   1.821  
   1.822 -  \item \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}a\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ a\isactrlsub n{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} maintains the auxiliary
   1.823 +  \item \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} maintains the auxiliary
   1.824    \hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} register as follows.  The first occurrence of
   1.825    \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}} in some calculational thread initializes \hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} by \hyperlink{fact.this}{\mbox{\isa{this}}}. Any subsequent \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}} on
   1.826    the same level of block-structure updates \hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} by
   1.827 @@ -1097,16 +1097,16 @@
   1.828    current context, unless alternative rules are given as explicit
   1.829    arguments.
   1.830  
   1.831 -  \item \hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}a\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ a\isactrlsub n{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} maintaining \hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} in the same way as \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}, and concludes the
   1.832 +  \item \hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ a\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} maintaining \hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}} in the same way as \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}, and concludes the
   1.833    current calculational thread.  The final result is exhibited as fact
   1.834    for forward chaining towards the next goal. Basically, \hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}} just abbreviates \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}}~\hyperlink{command.from}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{from}}}}~\hyperlink{fact.calculation}{\mbox{\isa{calculation}}}.  Typical idioms for concluding
   1.835 -  calculational proofs are ``\hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}~\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}~\isa{{\isacharquery}thesis}~\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isachardot}}}}}'' and ``\hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}~\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isasymphi}}~\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isachardot}}}}}''.
   1.836 +  calculational proofs are ``\hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}~\hyperlink{command.show}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{show}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}thesis}~\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}'' and ``\hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}~\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}}~\hyperlink{command.dot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}''.
   1.837  
   1.838    \item \hyperlink{command.moreover}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{moreover}}}} and \hyperlink{command.ultimately}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{ultimately}}}} are
   1.839    analogous to \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}} and \hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}, but collect
   1.840    results only, without applying rules.
   1.841  
   1.842 -  \item \hyperlink{command.print-trans-rules}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isacharunderscore}trans{\isacharunderscore}rules}}}} prints the list of transitivity
   1.843 +  \item \hyperlink{command.print-trans-rules}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}trans{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}rules}}}} prints the list of transitivity
   1.844    rules (for calculational commands \hyperlink{command.also}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{also}}}} and \hyperlink{command.finally}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{finally}}}}) and symmetry rules (for the \hyperlink{attribute.symmetric}{\mbox{\isa{symmetric}}}
   1.845    operation and single step elimination patters) of the current
   1.846    context.
   1.847 @@ -1114,15 +1114,15 @@
   1.848    \item \hyperlink{attribute.trans}{\mbox{\isa{trans}}} declares theorems as transitivity rules.
   1.849  
   1.850    \item \hyperlink{attribute.sym}{\mbox{\isa{sym}}} declares symmetry rules, as well as
   1.851 -  \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.elim}{\mbox{\isa{Pure{\isachardot}elim}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharquery}{\isachardoublequote}} rules.
   1.852 +  \hyperlink{attribute.Pure.elim}{\mbox{\isa{Pure{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}elim}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} rules.
   1.853  
   1.854    \item \hyperlink{attribute.symmetric}{\mbox{\isa{symmetric}}} resolves a theorem with some rule
   1.855    declared as \hyperlink{attribute.sym}{\mbox{\isa{sym}}} in the current context.  For example,
   1.856 -  ``\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharbrackleft}symmetric{\isacharbrackright}{\isacharcolon}\ x\ {\isacharequal}\ y{\isachardoublequote}}'' produces a
   1.857 +  ``\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5B}{\isacharbrackleft}}symmetric{\isaliteral{5D}{\isacharbrackright}}{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' produces a
   1.858    swapped fact derived from that assumption.
   1.859  
   1.860    In structured proof texts it is often more appropriate to use an
   1.861 -  explicit single-step elimination proof, such as ``\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\ {\isacharequal}\ y{\isachardoublequote}}~\hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}~\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}y\ {\isacharequal}\ x{\isachardoublequote}}~\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isachardot}{\isachardot}}}}}''.
   1.862 +  explicit single-step elimination proof, such as ``\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ y{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.then}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{then}}}}~\hyperlink{command.have}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{have}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}y\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.ddot}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}}}}}''.
   1.863  
   1.864    \end{description}%
   1.865  \end{isamarkuptext}%
   1.866 @@ -1138,10 +1138,10 @@
   1.867  %
   1.868  \begin{isamarkuptext}%
   1.869  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
   1.870 -    \indexdef{}{command}{case}\hypertarget{command.case}{\hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}\ {\isasymrightarrow}\ proof{\isacharparenleft}state{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.871 -    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_cases}\hypertarget{command.print-cases}{\hyperlink{command.print-cases}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isacharunderscore}cases}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}context\ {\isasymrightarrow}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
   1.872 -    \indexdef{}{attribute}{case\_names}\hypertarget{attribute.case-names}{\hyperlink{attribute.case-names}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isacharunderscore}names}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
   1.873 -    \indexdef{}{attribute}{case\_conclusion}\hypertarget{attribute.case-conclusion}{\hyperlink{attribute.case-conclusion}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isacharunderscore}conclusion}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
   1.874 +    \indexdef{}{command}{case}\hypertarget{command.case}{\hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}\ proof{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}state{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.875 +    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_cases}\hypertarget{command.print-cases}{\hyperlink{command.print-cases}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
   1.876 +    \indexdef{}{attribute}{case\_names}\hypertarget{attribute.case-names}{\hyperlink{attribute.case-names}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}names}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
   1.877 +    \indexdef{}{attribute}{case\_conclusion}\hypertarget{attribute.case-conclusion}{\hyperlink{attribute.case-conclusion}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}conclusion}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
   1.878      \indexdef{}{attribute}{params}\hypertarget{attribute.params}{\hyperlink{attribute.params}{\mbox{\isa{params}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
   1.879      \indexdef{}{attribute}{consumes}\hypertarget{attribute.consumes}{\hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
   1.880    \end{matharray}
   1.881 @@ -1155,20 +1155,20 @@
   1.882  
   1.883    The \hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}} command provides a shorthand to refer to a
   1.884    local context symbolically: certain proof methods provide an
   1.885 -  environment of named ``cases'' of the form \isa{{\isachardoublequote}c{\isacharcolon}\ x\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ x\isactrlsub m{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}}; the effect of ``\hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}~\isa{c}'' is then equivalent to ``\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ x\isactrlsub m{\isachardoublequote}}~\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}c{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}}''.  Term bindings may be covered as well, notably
   1.886 -  \hyperlink{variable.?case}{\mbox{\isa{{\isacharquery}case}}} for the main conclusion.
   1.887 +  environment of named ``cases'' of the form \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}; the effect of ``\hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}~\isa{c}'' is then equivalent to ``\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''.  Term bindings may be covered as well, notably
   1.888 +  \hyperlink{variable.?case}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}case}}} for the main conclusion.
   1.889  
   1.890 -  By default, the ``terminology'' \isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ x\isactrlsub m{\isachardoublequote}} of
   1.891 +  By default, the ``terminology'' \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} of
   1.892    a case value is marked as hidden, i.e.\ there is no way to refer to
   1.893    such parameters in the subsequent proof text.  After all, original
   1.894    rule parameters stem from somewhere outside of the current proof
   1.895 -  text.  By using the explicit form ``\hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}c\ y\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ y\isactrlsub m{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}}'' instead, the proof author is able to
   1.896 +  text.  By using the explicit form ``\hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}c\ y\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ y\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' instead, the proof author is able to
   1.897    chose local names that fit nicely into the current context.
   1.898  
   1.899    \medskip It is important to note that proper use of \hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}} does not provide means to peek at the current goal state,
   1.900    which is not directly observable in Isar!  Nonetheless, goal
   1.901 -  refinement commands do provide named cases \isa{{\isachardoublequote}goal\isactrlsub i{\isachardoublequote}}
   1.902 -  for each subgoal \isa{{\isachardoublequote}i\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ n{\isachardoublequote}} of the resulting goal state.
   1.903 +  refinement commands do provide named cases \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}goal\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub i{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
   1.904 +  for each subgoal \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}i\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} of the resulting goal state.
   1.905    Using this extra feature requires great care, because some bits of
   1.906    the internal tactical machinery intrude the proof text.  In
   1.907    particular, parameter names stemming from the left-over of automated
   1.908 @@ -1204,28 +1204,28 @@
   1.909  
   1.910    \begin{description}
   1.911    
   1.912 -  \item \hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}c\ x\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ x\isactrlsub m{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} invokes a named local
   1.913 -  context \isa{{\isachardoublequote}c{\isacharcolon}\ x\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ x\isactrlsub m{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub m{\isachardoublequote}}, as provided by an
   1.914 +  \item \hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}c\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} invokes a named local
   1.915 +  context \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, as provided by an
   1.916    appropriate proof method (such as \indexref{}{method}{cases}\hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} and
   1.917 -  \indexref{}{method}{induct}\hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}).  The command ``\hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}c\ x\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ x\isactrlsub m{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}}'' abbreviates ``\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ x\isactrlsub m{\isachardoublequote}}~\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}c{\isacharcolon}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}}''.
   1.918 +  \indexref{}{method}{induct}\hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}).  The command ``\hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}c\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}'' abbreviates ``\hyperlink{command.fix}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{fix}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}~\hyperlink{command.assume}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{assume}}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''.
   1.919  
   1.920 -  \item \hyperlink{command.print-cases}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isacharunderscore}cases}}}} prints all local contexts of the
   1.921 +  \item \hyperlink{command.print-cases}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases}}}} prints all local contexts of the
   1.922    current state, using Isar proof language notation.
   1.923    
   1.924 -  \item \hyperlink{attribute.case-names}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isacharunderscore}names}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}c\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ c\isactrlsub k{\isachardoublequote}} declares names for
   1.925 -  the local contexts of premises of a theorem; \isa{{\isachardoublequote}c\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ c\isactrlsub k{\isachardoublequote}}
   1.926 +  \item \hyperlink{attribute.case-names}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}names}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub k{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} declares names for
   1.927 +  the local contexts of premises of a theorem; \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ c\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub k{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
   1.928    refers to the \emph{suffix} of the list of premises.
   1.929    
   1.930 -  \item \hyperlink{attribute.case-conclusion}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isacharunderscore}conclusion}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}c\ d\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ d\isactrlsub k{\isachardoublequote}} declares
   1.931 -  names for the conclusions of a named premise \isa{c}; here \isa{{\isachardoublequote}d\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ d\isactrlsub k{\isachardoublequote}} refers to the prefix of arguments of a logical formula
   1.932 -  built by nesting a binary connective (e.g.\ \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymor}{\isachardoublequote}}).
   1.933 +  \item \hyperlink{attribute.case-conclusion}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}conclusion}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}c\ d\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ d\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub k{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} declares
   1.934 +  names for the conclusions of a named premise \isa{c}; here \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}d\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ d\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub k{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} refers to the prefix of arguments of a logical formula
   1.935 +  built by nesting a binary connective (e.g.\ \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C6F723E}{\isasymor}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}).
   1.936    
   1.937    Note that proof methods such as \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} and \hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}} already provide a default name for the conclusion as a
   1.938    whole.  The need to name subformulas only arises with cases that
   1.939    split into several sub-cases, as in common co-induction rules.
   1.940  
   1.941 -  \item \hyperlink{attribute.params}{\mbox{\isa{params}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}p\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ p\isactrlsub m\ {\isasymAND}\ {\isasymdots}\ q\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ q\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}} renames
   1.942 -  the innermost parameters of premises \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ n{\isachardoublequote}} of some
   1.943 +  \item \hyperlink{attribute.params}{\mbox{\isa{params}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ p\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m\ {\isaliteral{5C3C414E443E}{\isasymAND}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ q\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} renames
   1.944 +  the innermost parameters of premises \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} of some
   1.945    theorem.  An empty list of names may be given to skip positions,
   1.946    leaving the present parameters unchanged.
   1.947    
   1.948 @@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@
   1.949    \item \hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}}~\isa{n} declares the number of ``major
   1.950    premises'' of a rule, i.e.\ the number of facts to be consumed when
   1.951    it is applied by an appropriate proof method.  The default value of
   1.952 -  \hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}} is \isa{{\isachardoublequote}n\ {\isacharequal}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isachardoublequote}}, which is appropriate for
   1.953 +  \hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}} is \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}n\ {\isaliteral{3D}{\isacharequal}}\ {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, which is appropriate for
   1.954    the usual kind of cases and induction rules for inductive sets (cf.\
   1.955    \secref{sec:hol-inductive}).  Rules without any \hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}} declaration given are treated as if \hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}}~\isa{{\isadigit{0}}} had been specified.
   1.956    
   1.957 @@ -1296,7 +1296,7 @@
   1.958  
   1.959    \begin{description}
   1.960  
   1.961 -  \item \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}insts\ R{\isachardoublequote}} applies method \hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}} with an appropriate case distinction theorem, instantiated to
   1.962 +  \item \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}insts\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} applies method \hyperlink{method.rule}{\mbox{\isa{rule}}} with an appropriate case distinction theorem, instantiated to
   1.963    the subjects \isa{insts}.  Symbolic case names are bound according
   1.964    to the rule's local contexts.
   1.965  
   1.966 @@ -1308,8 +1308,8 @@
   1.967      facts           &                 & arguments   & rule \\\hline
   1.968                      & \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} &             & classical case split \\
   1.969                      & \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} & \isa{t}   & datatype exhaustion (type of \isa{t}) \\
   1.970 -    \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymturnstile}\ A\ t{\isachardoublequote}} & \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymdots}{\isachardoublequote}} & inductive predicate/set elimination (of \isa{A}) \\
   1.971 -    \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymdots}{\isachardoublequote}}     & \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymdots}\ rule{\isacharcolon}\ R{\isachardoublequote}} & explicit rule \isa{R} \\
   1.972 +    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ A\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & inductive predicate/set elimination (of \isa{A}) \\
   1.973 +    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}     & \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ rule{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & explicit rule \isa{R} \\
   1.974    \end{tabular}
   1.975    \medskip
   1.976  
   1.977 @@ -1317,31 +1317,31 @@
   1.978    of premises of the case rule; within each premise, the \emph{prefix}
   1.979    of variables is instantiated.  In most situations, only a single
   1.980    term needs to be specified; this refers to the first variable of the
   1.981 -  last premise (it is usually the same for all cases).  The \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}no{\isacharunderscore}simp{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} option can be used to disable pre-simplification of
   1.982 +  last premise (it is usually the same for all cases).  The \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simp{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} option can be used to disable pre-simplification of
   1.983    cases (see the description of \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} below for details).
   1.984  
   1.985 -  \item \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}insts\ R{\isachardoublequote}} is analogous to the
   1.986 +  \item \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}insts\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is analogous to the
   1.987    \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} method, but refers to induction rules, which are
   1.988    determined as follows:
   1.989  
   1.990    \medskip
   1.991    \begin{tabular}{llll}
   1.992      facts           &                  & arguments            & rule \\\hline
   1.993 -                    & \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}P\ x{\isachardoublequote}}        & datatype induction (type of \isa{x}) \\
   1.994 -    \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymturnstile}\ A\ x{\isachardoublequote}} & \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymdots}{\isachardoublequote}}          & predicate/set induction (of \isa{A}) \\
   1.995 -    \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymdots}{\isachardoublequote}}     & \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymdots}\ rule{\isacharcolon}\ R{\isachardoublequote}} & explicit rule \isa{R} \\
   1.996 +                    & \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}        & datatype induction (type of \isa{x}) \\
   1.997 +    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C7475726E7374696C653E}{\isasymturnstile}}\ A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}          & predicate/set induction (of \isa{A}) \\
   1.998 +    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}     & \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ rule{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & explicit rule \isa{R} \\
   1.999    \end{tabular}
  1.1000    \medskip
  1.1001    
  1.1002    Several instantiations may be given, each referring to some part of
  1.1003    a mutual inductive definition or datatype --- only related partial
  1.1004    induction rules may be used together, though.  Any of the lists of
  1.1005 -  terms \isa{{\isachardoublequote}P{\isacharcomma}\ x{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isachardoublequote}} refers to the \emph{suffix} of variables
  1.1006 +  terms \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} refers to the \emph{suffix} of variables
  1.1007    present in the induction rule.  This enables the writer to specify
  1.1008    only induction variables, or both predicates and variables, for
  1.1009    example.
  1.1010  
  1.1011 -  Instantiations may be definitional: equations \isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\ {\isasymequiv}\ t{\isachardoublequote}}
  1.1012 +  Instantiations may be definitional: equations \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
  1.1013    introduce local definitions, which are inserted into the claim and
  1.1014    discharged after applying the induction rule.  Equalities reappear
  1.1015    in the inductive cases, but have been transformed according to the
  1.1016 @@ -1349,7 +1349,7 @@
  1.1017    practically useful induction hypotheses, some variables occurring in
  1.1018    \isa{t} need to be fixed (see below).  Instantiations of the form
  1.1019    \isa{t}, where \isa{t} is not a variable, are taken as a
  1.1020 -  shorthand for \mbox{\isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\ {\isasymequiv}\ t{\isachardoublequote}}}, where \isa{x} is a fresh
  1.1021 +  shorthand for \mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\ {\isaliteral{5C3C65717569763E}{\isasymequiv}}\ t{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}}, where \isa{x} is a fresh
  1.1022    variable. If this is not intended, \isa{t} has to be enclosed in
  1.1023    parentheses.  By default, the equalities generated by definitional
  1.1024    instantiations are pre-simplified using a specific set of rules,
  1.1025 @@ -1357,23 +1357,23 @@
  1.1026    datatypes. This pre-simplification may cause some of the parameters
  1.1027    of an inductive case to disappear, or may even completely delete
  1.1028    some of the inductive cases, if one of the equalities occurring in
  1.1029 -  their premises can be simplified to \isa{False}.  The \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isacharparenleft}no{\isacharunderscore}simp{\isacharparenright}{\isachardoublequote}} option can be used to disable pre-simplification.
  1.1030 +  their premises can be simplified to \isa{False}.  The \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{28}{\isacharparenleft}}no{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simp{\isaliteral{29}{\isacharparenright}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} option can be used to disable pre-simplification.
  1.1031    Additional rules to be used in pre-simplification can be declared
  1.1032 -  using the \indexdef{}{attribute}{induct\_simp}\hypertarget{attribute.induct-simp}{\hyperlink{attribute.induct-simp}{\mbox{\isa{induct{\isacharunderscore}simp}}}} attribute.
  1.1033 +  using the \indexdef{}{attribute}{induct\_simp}\hypertarget{attribute.induct-simp}{\hyperlink{attribute.induct-simp}{\mbox{\isa{induct{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}simp}}}} attribute.
  1.1034  
  1.1035 -  The optional ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}arbitrary{\isacharcolon}\ x\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ x\isactrlsub m{\isachardoublequote}}''
  1.1036 -  specification generalizes variables \isa{{\isachardoublequote}x\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isacharcomma}\ {\isasymdots}{\isacharcomma}\ x\isactrlsub m{\isachardoublequote}} of the original goal before applying induction.  Thus
  1.1037 +  The optional ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}arbitrary{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''
  1.1038 +  specification generalizes variables \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{2C}{\isacharcomma}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} of the original goal before applying induction.  Thus
  1.1039    induction hypotheses may become sufficiently general to get the
  1.1040    proof through.  Together with definitional instantiations, one may
  1.1041    effectively perform induction over expressions of a certain
  1.1042    structure.
  1.1043    
  1.1044 -  The optional ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}taking{\isacharcolon}\ t\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ t\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}}''
  1.1045 +  The optional ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}taking{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''
  1.1046    specification provides additional instantiations of a prefix of
  1.1047    pending variables in the rule.  Such schematic induction rules
  1.1048    rarely occur in practice, though.
  1.1049  
  1.1050 -  \item \hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}}~\isa{{\isachardoublequote}inst\ R{\isachardoublequote}} is analogous to the
  1.1051 +  \item \hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}}~\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}inst\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} is analogous to the
  1.1052    \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} method, but refers to coinduction rules, which are
  1.1053    determined as follows:
  1.1054  
  1.1055 @@ -1381,20 +1381,20 @@
  1.1056    \begin{tabular}{llll}
  1.1057      goal          &                    & arguments & rule \\\hline
  1.1058                    & \hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}} & \isa{x} & type coinduction (type of \isa{x}) \\
  1.1059 -    \isa{{\isachardoublequote}A\ x{\isachardoublequote}} & \hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymdots}{\isachardoublequote}} & predicate/set coinduction (of \isa{A}) \\
  1.1060 -    \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymdots}{\isachardoublequote}}   & \hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}} & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymdots}\ rule{\isacharcolon}\ R{\isachardoublequote}} & explicit rule \isa{R} \\
  1.1061 +    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & \hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & predicate/set coinduction (of \isa{A}) \\
  1.1062 +    \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}   & \hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}} & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ rule{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ R{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & explicit rule \isa{R} \\
  1.1063    \end{tabular}
  1.1064    
  1.1065    Coinduction is the dual of induction.  Induction essentially
  1.1066 -  eliminates \isa{{\isachardoublequote}A\ x{\isachardoublequote}} towards a generic result \isa{{\isachardoublequote}P\ x{\isachardoublequote}},
  1.1067 -  while coinduction introduces \isa{{\isachardoublequote}A\ x{\isachardoublequote}} starting with \isa{{\isachardoublequote}B\ x{\isachardoublequote}}, for a suitable ``bisimulation'' \isa{B}.  The cases of a
  1.1068 +  eliminates \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} towards a generic result \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}P\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}},
  1.1069 +  while coinduction introduces \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}A\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} starting with \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}B\ x{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}, for a suitable ``bisimulation'' \isa{B}.  The cases of a
  1.1070    coinduct rule are typically named after the predicates or sets being
  1.1071    covered, while the conclusions consist of several alternatives being
  1.1072    named after the individual destructor patterns.
  1.1073    
  1.1074    The given instantiation refers to the \emph{suffix} of variables
  1.1075    occurring in the rule's major premise, or conclusion if unavailable.
  1.1076 -  An additional ``\isa{{\isachardoublequote}taking{\isacharcolon}\ t\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ t\isactrlsub n{\isachardoublequote}}''
  1.1077 +  An additional ``\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}taking{\isaliteral{3A}{\isacharcolon}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ t\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}''
  1.1078    specification may be required in order to specify the bisimulation
  1.1079    to be used in the coinduction step.
  1.1080  
  1.1081 @@ -1404,17 +1404,17 @@
  1.1082    instantiated rule as given in the text.  Beyond that, the \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} and \hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}} methods guess further instantiations
  1.1083    from the goal specification itself.  Any persisting unresolved
  1.1084    schematic variables of the resulting rule will render the the
  1.1085 -  corresponding case invalid.  The term binding \hyperlink{variable.?case}{\mbox{\isa{{\isacharquery}case}}} for
  1.1086 +  corresponding case invalid.  The term binding \hyperlink{variable.?case}{\mbox{\isa{{\isaliteral{3F}{\isacharquery}}case}}} for
  1.1087    the conclusion will be provided with each case, provided that term
  1.1088    is fully specified.
  1.1089  
  1.1090 -  The \hyperlink{command.print-cases}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isacharunderscore}cases}}}} command prints all named cases present
  1.1091 +  The \hyperlink{command.print-cases}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}cases}}}} command prints all named cases present
  1.1092    in the current proof state.
  1.1093  
  1.1094    \medskip Despite the additional infrastructure, both \hyperlink{method.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}}
  1.1095    and \hyperlink{method.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}} merely apply a certain rule, after
  1.1096    instantiation, while conforming due to the usual way of monotonic
  1.1097 -  natural deduction: the context of a structured statement \isa{{\isachardoublequote}{\isasymAnd}x\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymdots}\ x\isactrlsub m{\isachardot}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ {\isasymdots}\ {\isasymphi}\isactrlsub n\ {\isasymLongrightarrow}\ {\isasymdots}{\isachardoublequote}}
  1.1098 +  natural deduction: the context of a structured statement \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}{\isaliteral{5C3C416E643E}{\isasymAnd}}x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ x\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub m{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub {\isadigit{1}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C7068693E}{\isasymphi}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375623E}{}\isactrlsub n\ {\isaliteral{5C3C4C6F6E6772696768746172726F773E}{\isasymLongrightarrow}}\ {\isaliteral{5C3C646F74733E}{\isasymdots}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
  1.1099    reappears unchanged after the case split.
  1.1100  
  1.1101    The \hyperlink{method.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}} method is fundamentally different in this
  1.1102 @@ -1429,7 +1429,7 @@
  1.1103    In induction proofs, local assumptions introduced by cases are split
  1.1104    into two different kinds: \isa{hyps} stemming from the rule and
  1.1105    \isa{prems} from the goal statement.  This is reflected in the
  1.1106 -  extracted cases accordingly, so invoking ``\hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}~\isa{c}'' will provide separate facts \isa{c{\isachardot}hyps} and \isa{c{\isachardot}prems},
  1.1107 +  extracted cases accordingly, so invoking ``\hyperlink{command.case}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{case}}}}~\isa{c}'' will provide separate facts \isa{c{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}hyps} and \isa{c{\isaliteral{2E}{\isachardot}}prems},
  1.1108    as well as fact \isa{c} to hold the all-inclusive list.
  1.1109  
  1.1110    \medskip Facts presented to either method are consumed according to
  1.1111 @@ -1448,7 +1448,7 @@
  1.1112  %
  1.1113  \begin{isamarkuptext}%
  1.1114  \begin{matharray}{rcl}
  1.1115 -    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_induct\_rules}\hypertarget{command.print-induct-rules}{\hyperlink{command.print-induct-rules}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isacharunderscore}induct{\isacharunderscore}rules}}}}}\isa{{\isachardoublequote}\isactrlsup {\isacharasterisk}{\isachardoublequote}} & : & \isa{{\isachardoublequote}context\ {\isasymrightarrow}{\isachardoublequote}} \\
  1.1116 +    \indexdef{}{command}{print\_induct\_rules}\hypertarget{command.print-induct-rules}{\hyperlink{command.print-induct-rules}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}induct{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}rules}}}}}\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}\isaliteral{5C3C5E7375703E}{}\isactrlsup {\isaliteral{2A}{\isacharasterisk}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} & : & \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}context\ {\isaliteral{5C3C72696768746172726F773E}{\isasymrightarrow}}{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} \\
  1.1117      \indexdef{}{attribute}{cases}\hypertarget{attribute.cases}{\hyperlink{attribute.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
  1.1118      \indexdef{}{attribute}{induct}\hypertarget{attribute.induct}{\hyperlink{attribute.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
  1.1119      \indexdef{}{attribute}{coinduct}\hypertarget{attribute.coinduct}{\hyperlink{attribute.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}}} & : & \isa{attribute} \\
  1.1120 @@ -1468,7 +1468,7 @@
  1.1121  
  1.1122    \begin{description}
  1.1123  
  1.1124 -  \item \hyperlink{command.print-induct-rules}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isacharunderscore}induct{\isacharunderscore}rules}}}} prints cases and induct rules
  1.1125 +  \item \hyperlink{command.print-induct-rules}{\mbox{\isa{\isacommand{print{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}induct{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}rules}}}} prints cases and induct rules
  1.1126    for predicates (or sets) and types of the current context.
  1.1127    
  1.1128    \item \hyperlink{attribute.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}}, \hyperlink{attribute.induct}{\mbox{\isa{induct}}}, and \hyperlink{attribute.coinduct}{\mbox{\isa{coinduct}}} (as attributes) declare rules for reasoning about
  1.1129 @@ -1477,12 +1477,12 @@
  1.1130    packages of object-logics usually declare emerging cases and
  1.1131    induction rules as expected, so users rarely need to intervene.
  1.1132  
  1.1133 -  Rules may be deleted via the \isa{{\isachardoublequote}del{\isachardoublequote}} specification, which
  1.1134 -  covers all of the \isa{{\isachardoublequote}type{\isachardoublequote}}/\isa{{\isachardoublequote}pred{\isachardoublequote}}/\isa{{\isachardoublequote}set{\isachardoublequote}}
  1.1135 +  Rules may be deleted via the \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}del{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}} specification, which
  1.1136 +  covers all of the \isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}type{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}/\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}pred{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}/\isa{{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}set{\isaliteral{22}{\isachardoublequote}}}
  1.1137    sub-categories simultaneously.  For example, \hyperlink{attribute.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}}~\isa{del} removes any \hyperlink{attribute.cases}{\mbox{\isa{cases}}} rules declared for
  1.1138    some type, predicate, or set.
  1.1139    
  1.1140 -  Manual rule declarations usually refer to the \hyperlink{attribute.case-names}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isacharunderscore}names}}} and \hyperlink{attribute.params}{\mbox{\isa{params}}} attributes to adjust names of
  1.1141 +  Manual rule declarations usually refer to the \hyperlink{attribute.case-names}{\mbox{\isa{case{\isaliteral{5F}{\isacharunderscore}}names}}} and \hyperlink{attribute.params}{\mbox{\isa{params}}} attributes to adjust names of
  1.1142    cases and parameters of a rule; the \hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}}
  1.1143    declaration is taken care of automatically: \hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}}~\isa{{\isadigit{0}}} is specified for ``type'' rules and \hyperlink{attribute.consumes}{\mbox{\isa{consumes}}}~\isa{{\isadigit{1}}} for ``predicate'' / ``set'' rules.
  1.1144