wenzelm@32962
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(* Title: HOL/Library/Zorn.thy
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Author: Jacques D. Fleuriot, Tobias Nipkow
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Zorn's Lemma (ported from Larry Paulson's Zorn.thy in ZF).
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wenzelm@32962
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The well-ordering theorem.
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*)
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header {* Zorn's Lemma *}
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theory Zorn
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imports Order_Relation Main
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begin
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(* Define globally? In Set.thy? *)
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definition chain_subset :: "'a set set \<Rightarrow> bool" ("chain\<^bsub>\<subseteq>\<^esub>")
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where
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"chain\<^bsub>\<subseteq>\<^esub> C \<equiv> \<forall>A\<in>C.\<forall>B\<in>C. A \<subseteq> B \<or> B \<subseteq> A"
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text{*
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The lemma and section numbers refer to an unpublished article
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\cite{Abrial-Laffitte}.
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*}
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definition chain :: "'a set set \<Rightarrow> 'a set set set"
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where
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"chain S = {F. F \<subseteq> S \<and> chain\<^bsub>\<subseteq>\<^esub> F}"
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definition super :: "'a set set \<Rightarrow> 'a set set \<Rightarrow> 'a set set set"
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where
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"super S c = {d. d \<in> chain S \<and> c \<subset> d}"
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definition maxchain :: "'a set set \<Rightarrow> 'a set set set"
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where
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"maxchain S = {c. c \<in> chain S \<and> super S c = {}}"
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definition succ :: "'a set set \<Rightarrow> 'a set set \<Rightarrow> 'a set set"
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where
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"succ S c = (if c \<notin> chain S \<or> c \<in> maxchain S then c else SOME c'. c' \<in> super S c)"
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inductive_set TFin :: "'a set set \<Rightarrow> 'a set set set"
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for S :: "'a set set"
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where
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succI: "x \<in> TFin S \<Longrightarrow> succ S x \<in> TFin S"
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| Pow_UnionI: "Y \<in> Pow (TFin S) \<Longrightarrow> \<Union>Y \<in> TFin S"
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subsection{*Mathematical Preamble*}
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lemma Union_lemma0:
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"(\<forall>x \<in> C. x \<subseteq> A | B \<subseteq> x) ==> Union(C) \<subseteq> A | B \<subseteq> Union(C)"
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by blast
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text{*This is theorem @{text increasingD2} of ZF/Zorn.thy*}
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lemma Abrial_axiom1: "x \<subseteq> succ S x"
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apply (auto simp add: succ_def super_def maxchain_def)
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apply (rule contrapos_np, assumption)
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apply (rule someI2)
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apply blast+
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done
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lemmas TFin_UnionI = TFin.Pow_UnionI [OF PowI]
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lemma TFin_induct:
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assumes H: "n \<in> TFin S" and
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I: "!!x. x \<in> TFin S ==> P x ==> P (succ S x)"
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"!!Y. Y \<subseteq> TFin S ==> Ball Y P ==> P (Union Y)"
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shows "P n"
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using H by induct (blast intro: I)+
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lemma succ_trans: "x \<subseteq> y ==> x \<subseteq> succ S y"
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apply (erule subset_trans)
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apply (rule Abrial_axiom1)
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done
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text{*Lemma 1 of section 3.1*}
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lemma TFin_linear_lemma1:
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"[| n \<in> TFin S; m \<in> TFin S;
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\<forall>x \<in> TFin S. x \<subseteq> m --> x = m | succ S x \<subseteq> m
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|] ==> n \<subseteq> m | succ S m \<subseteq> n"
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apply (erule TFin_induct)
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apply (erule_tac [2] Union_lemma0)
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apply (blast del: subsetI intro: succ_trans)
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done
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text{* Lemma 2 of section 3.2 *}
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lemma TFin_linear_lemma2:
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"m \<in> TFin S ==> \<forall>n \<in> TFin S. n \<subseteq> m --> n=m | succ S n \<subseteq> m"
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apply (erule TFin_induct)
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apply (rule impI [THEN ballI])
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txt{*case split using @{text TFin_linear_lemma1}*}
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apply (rule_tac n1 = n and m1 = x in TFin_linear_lemma1 [THEN disjE],
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assumption+)
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apply (drule_tac x = n in bspec, assumption)
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apply (blast del: subsetI intro: succ_trans, blast)
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txt{*second induction step*}
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apply (rule impI [THEN ballI])
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apply (rule Union_lemma0 [THEN disjE])
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apply (rule_tac [3] disjI2)
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prefer 2 apply blast
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apply (rule ballI)
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apply (rule_tac n1 = n and m1 = x in TFin_linear_lemma1 [THEN disjE],
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assumption+, auto)
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apply (blast intro!: Abrial_axiom1 [THEN subsetD])
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done
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text{*Re-ordering the premises of Lemma 2*}
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lemma TFin_subsetD:
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"[| n \<subseteq> m; m \<in> TFin S; n \<in> TFin S |] ==> n=m | succ S n \<subseteq> m"
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by (rule TFin_linear_lemma2 [rule_format])
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text{*Consequences from section 3.3 -- Property 3.2, the ordering is total*}
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lemma TFin_subset_linear: "[| m \<in> TFin S; n \<in> TFin S|] ==> n \<subseteq> m | m \<subseteq> n"
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apply (rule disjE)
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apply (rule TFin_linear_lemma1 [OF _ _TFin_linear_lemma2])
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apply (assumption+, erule disjI2)
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apply (blast del: subsetI
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intro: subsetI Abrial_axiom1 [THEN subset_trans])
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done
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text{*Lemma 3 of section 3.3*}
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lemma eq_succ_upper: "[| n \<in> TFin S; m \<in> TFin S; m = succ S m |] ==> n \<subseteq> m"
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apply (erule TFin_induct)
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apply (drule TFin_subsetD)
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apply (assumption+, force, blast)
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done
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text{*Property 3.3 of section 3.3*}
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lemma equal_succ_Union: "m \<in> TFin S ==> (m = succ S m) = (m = Union(TFin S))"
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apply (rule iffI)
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apply (rule Union_upper [THEN equalityI])
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apply assumption
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apply (rule eq_succ_upper [THEN Union_least], assumption+)
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apply (erule ssubst)
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apply (rule Abrial_axiom1 [THEN equalityI])
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apply (blast del: subsetI intro: subsetI TFin_UnionI TFin.succI)
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done
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paulson@13551
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subsection{*Hausdorff's Theorem: Every Set Contains a Maximal Chain.*}
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text{*NB: We assume the partial ordering is @{text "\<subseteq>"},
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the subset relation!*}
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lemma empty_set_mem_chain: "({} :: 'a set set) \<in> chain S"
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by (unfold chain_def chain_subset_def) auto
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lemma super_subset_chain: "super S c \<subseteq> chain S"
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by (unfold super_def) blast
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lemma maxchain_subset_chain: "maxchain S \<subseteq> chain S"
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by (unfold maxchain_def) blast
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lemma mem_super_Ex: "c \<in> chain S - maxchain S ==> EX d. d \<in> super S c"
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by (unfold super_def maxchain_def) auto
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lemma select_super:
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"c \<in> chain S - maxchain S ==> (\<some>c'. c': super S c): super S c"
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apply (erule mem_super_Ex [THEN exE])
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apply (rule someI2)
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apply auto
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done
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lemma select_not_equals:
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"c \<in> chain S - maxchain S ==> (\<some>c'. c': super S c) \<noteq> c"
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apply (rule notI)
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apply (drule select_super)
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apply (simp add: super_def less_le)
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done
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lemma succI3: "c \<in> chain S - maxchain S ==> succ S c = (\<some>c'. c': super S c)"
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by (unfold succ_def) (blast intro!: if_not_P)
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lemma succ_not_equals: "c \<in> chain S - maxchain S ==> succ S c \<noteq> c"
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apply (frule succI3)
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apply (simp (no_asm_simp))
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apply (rule select_not_equals, assumption)
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done
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lemma TFin_chain_lemma4: "c \<in> TFin S ==> (c :: 'a set set): chain S"
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apply (erule TFin_induct)
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apply (simp add: succ_def select_super [THEN super_subset_chain[THEN subsetD]])
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apply (unfold chain_def chain_subset_def)
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wenzelm@17200
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apply (rule CollectI, safe)
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apply (drule bspec, assumption)
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apply (rule_tac [2] m1 = Xa and n1 = X in TFin_subset_linear [THEN disjE])
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apply blast+
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done
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theorem Hausdorff: "\<exists>c. (c :: 'a set set): maxchain S"
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paulson@18143
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apply (rule_tac x = "Union (TFin S)" in exI)
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wenzelm@17200
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apply (rule classical)
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apply (subgoal_tac "succ S (Union (TFin S)) = Union (TFin S) ")
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prefer 2
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apply (blast intro!: TFin_UnionI equal_succ_Union [THEN iffD2, symmetric])
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wenzelm@17200
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apply (cut_tac subset_refl [THEN TFin_UnionI, THEN TFin_chain_lemma4])
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apply (drule DiffI [THEN succ_not_equals], blast+)
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done
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paulson@13551
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paulson@13551
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wenzelm@14706
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subsection{*Zorn's Lemma: If All Chains Have Upper Bounds Then
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There Is a Maximal Element*}
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lemma chain_extend:
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"[| c \<in> chain S; z \<in> S; \<forall>x \<in> c. x \<subseteq> (z:: 'a set) |] ==> {z} Un c \<in> chain S"
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nipkow@26272
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by (unfold chain_def chain_subset_def) blast
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paulson@13551
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lemma chain_Union_upper: "[| c \<in> chain S; x \<in> c |] ==> x \<subseteq> Union(c)"
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by auto
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lemma chain_ball_Union_upper: "c \<in> chain S ==> \<forall>x \<in> c. x \<subseteq> Union(c)"
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nipkow@26272
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by auto
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paulson@13551
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paulson@13551
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lemma maxchain_Zorn:
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"[| c \<in> maxchain S; u \<in> S; Union(c) \<subseteq> u |] ==> Union(c) = u"
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nipkow@26272
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apply (rule ccontr)
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nipkow@26272
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apply (simp add: maxchain_def)
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apply (erule conjE)
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apply (subgoal_tac "({u} Un c) \<in> super S c")
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apply simp
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berghofe@26806
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apply (unfold super_def less_le)
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apply (blast intro: chain_extend dest: chain_Union_upper)
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done
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paulson@13551
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paulson@13551
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theorem Zorn_Lemma:
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nipkow@26272
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"\<forall>c \<in> chain S. Union(c): S ==> \<exists>y \<in> S. \<forall>z \<in> S. y \<subseteq> z --> y = z"
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nipkow@26272
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apply (cut_tac Hausdorff maxchain_subset_chain)
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nipkow@26272
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apply (erule exE)
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nipkow@26272
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apply (drule subsetD, assumption)
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nipkow@26272
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apply (drule bspec, assumption)
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nipkow@26272
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apply (rule_tac x = "Union(c)" in bexI)
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apply (rule ballI, rule impI)
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apply (blast dest!: maxchain_Zorn, assumption)
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nipkow@26272
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done
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paulson@13551
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paulson@13551
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subsection{*Alternative version of Zorn's Lemma*}
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paulson@13551
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paulson@13551
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lemma Zorn_Lemma2:
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wenzelm@17200
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"\<forall>c \<in> chain S. \<exists>y \<in> S. \<forall>x \<in> c. x \<subseteq> y
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wenzelm@17200
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==> \<exists>y \<in> S. \<forall>x \<in> S. (y :: 'a set) \<subseteq> x --> y = x"
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nipkow@26272
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apply (cut_tac Hausdorff maxchain_subset_chain)
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nipkow@26272
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apply (erule exE)
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nipkow@26272
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apply (drule subsetD, assumption)
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nipkow@26272
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apply (drule bspec, assumption, erule bexE)
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nipkow@26272
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apply (rule_tac x = y in bexI)
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nipkow@26272
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prefer 2 apply assumption
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nipkow@26272
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apply clarify
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nipkow@26272
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apply (rule ccontr)
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nipkow@26272
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apply (frule_tac z = x in chain_extend)
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nipkow@26272
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apply (assumption, blast)
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berghofe@26806
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apply (unfold maxchain_def super_def less_le)
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nipkow@26272
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apply (blast elim!: equalityCE)
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nipkow@26272
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done
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paulson@13551
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paulson@13551
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text{*Various other lemmas*}
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paulson@13551
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paulson@13551
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lemma chainD: "[| c \<in> chain S; x \<in> c; y \<in> c |] ==> x \<subseteq> y | y \<subseteq> x"
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nipkow@26272
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by (unfold chain_def chain_subset_def) blast
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paulson@13551
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paulson@13551
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lemma chainD2: "!!(c :: 'a set set). c \<in> chain S ==> c \<subseteq> S"
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nipkow@26272
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by (unfold chain_def) blast
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paulson@13551
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nipkow@26191
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nipkow@26191
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(* Define globally? In Relation.thy? *)
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nipkow@26191
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definition Chain :: "('a*'a)set \<Rightarrow> 'a set set" where
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nipkow@26191
|
266 |
"Chain r \<equiv> {A. \<forall>a\<in>A.\<forall>b\<in>A. (a,b) : r \<or> (b,a) \<in> r}"
|
nipkow@26191
|
267 |
|
nipkow@26191
|
268 |
lemma mono_Chain: "r \<subseteq> s \<Longrightarrow> Chain r \<subseteq> Chain s"
|
nipkow@26191
|
269 |
unfolding Chain_def by blast
|
nipkow@26191
|
270 |
|
nipkow@26191
|
271 |
text{* Zorn's lemma for partial orders: *}
|
nipkow@26191
|
272 |
|
nipkow@26191
|
273 |
lemma Zorns_po_lemma:
|
nipkow@26191
|
274 |
assumes po: "Partial_order r" and u: "\<forall>C\<in>Chain r. \<exists>u\<in>Field r. \<forall>a\<in>C. (a,u):r"
|
nipkow@26191
|
275 |
shows "\<exists>m\<in>Field r. \<forall>a\<in>Field r. (m,a):r \<longrightarrow> a=m"
|
nipkow@26191
|
276 |
proof-
|
nipkow@26295
|
277 |
have "Preorder r" using po by(simp add:partial_order_on_def)
|
nipkow@26191
|
278 |
--{* Mirror r in the set of subsets below (wrt r) elements of A*}
|
nipkow@26191
|
279 |
let ?B = "%x. r^-1 `` {x}" let ?S = "?B ` Field r"
|
nipkow@26191
|
280 |
have "\<forall>C \<in> chain ?S. EX U:?S. ALL A:C. A\<subseteq>U"
|
nipkow@26272
|
281 |
proof (auto simp:chain_def chain_subset_def)
|
nipkow@26191
|
282 |
fix C assume 1: "C \<subseteq> ?S" and 2: "\<forall>A\<in>C.\<forall>B\<in>C. A\<subseteq>B | B\<subseteq>A"
|
nipkow@26191
|
283 |
let ?A = "{x\<in>Field r. \<exists>M\<in>C. M = ?B x}"
|
nipkow@26191
|
284 |
have "C = ?B ` ?A" using 1 by(auto simp: image_def)
|
nipkow@26191
|
285 |
have "?A\<in>Chain r"
|
nipkow@26191
|
286 |
proof (simp add:Chain_def, intro allI impI, elim conjE)
|
nipkow@26191
|
287 |
fix a b
|
nipkow@26191
|
288 |
assume "a \<in> Field r" "?B a \<in> C" "b \<in> Field r" "?B b \<in> C"
|
nipkow@26191
|
289 |
hence "?B a \<subseteq> ?B b \<or> ?B b \<subseteq> ?B a" using 2 by auto
|
nipkow@26191
|
290 |
thus "(a, b) \<in> r \<or> (b, a) \<in> r" using `Preorder r` `a:Field r` `b:Field r`
|
wenzelm@32962
|
291 |
by (simp add:subset_Image1_Image1_iff)
|
nipkow@26191
|
292 |
qed
|
nipkow@26191
|
293 |
then obtain u where uA: "u:Field r" "\<forall>a\<in>?A. (a,u) : r" using u by auto
|
nipkow@26191
|
294 |
have "\<forall>A\<in>C. A \<subseteq> r^-1 `` {u}" (is "?P u")
|
nipkow@26191
|
295 |
proof auto
|
nipkow@26191
|
296 |
fix a B assume aB: "B:C" "a:B"
|
nipkow@26191
|
297 |
with 1 obtain x where "x:Field r" "B = r^-1 `` {x}" by auto
|
nipkow@26191
|
298 |
thus "(a,u) : r" using uA aB `Preorder r`
|
wenzelm@32962
|
299 |
by (auto simp add: preorder_on_def refl_on_def) (metis transD)
|
nipkow@26191
|
300 |
qed
|
nipkow@26191
|
301 |
thus "EX u:Field r. ?P u" using `u:Field r` by blast
|
nipkow@26191
|
302 |
qed
|
nipkow@26191
|
303 |
from Zorn_Lemma2[OF this]
|
nipkow@26191
|
304 |
obtain m B where "m:Field r" "B = r^-1 `` {m}"
|
nipkow@26191
|
305 |
"\<forall>x\<in>Field r. B \<subseteq> r^-1 `` {x} \<longrightarrow> B = r^-1 `` {x}"
|
ballarin@27064
|
306 |
by auto
|
nipkow@26191
|
307 |
hence "\<forall>a\<in>Field r. (m, a) \<in> r \<longrightarrow> a = m" using po `Preorder r` `m:Field r`
|
nipkow@26191
|
308 |
by(auto simp:subset_Image1_Image1_iff Partial_order_eq_Image1_Image1_iff)
|
nipkow@26191
|
309 |
thus ?thesis using `m:Field r` by blast
|
nipkow@26191
|
310 |
qed
|
nipkow@26191
|
311 |
|
nipkow@26191
|
312 |
(* The initial segment of a relation appears generally useful.
|
nipkow@26191
|
313 |
Move to Relation.thy?
|
nipkow@26191
|
314 |
Definition correct/most general?
|
nipkow@26191
|
315 |
Naming?
|
nipkow@26191
|
316 |
*)
|
nipkow@26191
|
317 |
definition init_seg_of :: "(('a*'a)set * ('a*'a)set)set" where
|
nipkow@26191
|
318 |
"init_seg_of == {(r,s). r \<subseteq> s \<and> (\<forall>a b c. (a,b):s \<and> (b,c):r \<longrightarrow> (a,b):r)}"
|
nipkow@26191
|
319 |
|
nipkow@26191
|
320 |
abbreviation initialSegmentOf :: "('a*'a)set \<Rightarrow> ('a*'a)set \<Rightarrow> bool"
|
nipkow@26191
|
321 |
(infix "initial'_segment'_of" 55) where
|
nipkow@26191
|
322 |
"r initial_segment_of s == (r,s):init_seg_of"
|
nipkow@26191
|
323 |
|
nipkow@30198
|
324 |
lemma refl_on_init_seg_of[simp]: "r initial_segment_of r"
|
nipkow@26191
|
325 |
by(simp add:init_seg_of_def)
|
nipkow@26191
|
326 |
|
nipkow@26191
|
327 |
lemma trans_init_seg_of:
|
nipkow@26191
|
328 |
"r initial_segment_of s \<Longrightarrow> s initial_segment_of t \<Longrightarrow> r initial_segment_of t"
|
nipkow@26191
|
329 |
by(simp (no_asm_use) add: init_seg_of_def)
|
nipkow@26191
|
330 |
(metis Domain_iff UnCI Un_absorb2 subset_trans)
|
nipkow@26191
|
331 |
|
nipkow@26191
|
332 |
lemma antisym_init_seg_of:
|
nipkow@26191
|
333 |
"r initial_segment_of s \<Longrightarrow> s initial_segment_of r \<Longrightarrow> r=s"
|
huffman@35175
|
334 |
unfolding init_seg_of_def by safe
|
nipkow@26191
|
335 |
|
nipkow@26191
|
336 |
lemma Chain_init_seg_of_Union:
|
nipkow@26191
|
337 |
"R \<in> Chain init_seg_of \<Longrightarrow> r\<in>R \<Longrightarrow> r initial_segment_of \<Union>R"
|
nipkow@26191
|
338 |
by(auto simp add:init_seg_of_def Chain_def Ball_def) blast
|
nipkow@26191
|
339 |
|
nipkow@26272
|
340 |
lemma chain_subset_trans_Union:
|
nipkow@26272
|
341 |
"chain\<^bsub>\<subseteq>\<^esub> R \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>r\<in>R. trans r \<Longrightarrow> trans(\<Union>R)"
|
nipkow@26272
|
342 |
apply(auto simp add:chain_subset_def)
|
nipkow@26191
|
343 |
apply(simp (no_asm_use) add:trans_def)
|
nipkow@26191
|
344 |
apply (metis subsetD)
|
nipkow@26191
|
345 |
done
|
nipkow@26191
|
346 |
|
nipkow@26272
|
347 |
lemma chain_subset_antisym_Union:
|
nipkow@26272
|
348 |
"chain\<^bsub>\<subseteq>\<^esub> R \<Longrightarrow> \<forall>r\<in>R. antisym r \<Longrightarrow> antisym(\<Union>R)"
|
nipkow@26272
|
349 |
apply(auto simp add:chain_subset_def antisym_def)
|
nipkow@26191
|
350 |
apply (metis subsetD)
|
nipkow@26191
|
351 |
done
|
nipkow@26191
|
352 |
|
nipkow@26272
|
353 |
lemma chain_subset_Total_Union:
|
nipkow@26272
|
354 |
assumes "chain\<^bsub>\<subseteq>\<^esub> R" "\<forall>r\<in>R. Total r"
|
nipkow@26191
|
355 |
shows "Total (\<Union>R)"
|
nipkow@26295
|
356 |
proof (simp add: total_on_def Ball_def, auto del:disjCI)
|
nipkow@26191
|
357 |
fix r s a b assume A: "r:R" "s:R" "a:Field r" "b:Field s" "a\<noteq>b"
|
nipkow@26272
|
358 |
from `chain\<^bsub>\<subseteq>\<^esub> R` `r:R` `s:R` have "r\<subseteq>s \<or> s\<subseteq>r"
|
nipkow@26272
|
359 |
by(simp add:chain_subset_def)
|
nipkow@26191
|
360 |
thus "(\<exists>r\<in>R. (a,b) \<in> r) \<or> (\<exists>r\<in>R. (b,a) \<in> r)"
|
nipkow@26191
|
361 |
proof
|
nipkow@26191
|
362 |
assume "r\<subseteq>s" hence "(a,b):s \<or> (b,a):s" using assms(2) A
|
nipkow@26295
|
363 |
by(simp add:total_on_def)(metis mono_Field subsetD)
|
nipkow@26191
|
364 |
thus ?thesis using `s:R` by blast
|
nipkow@26191
|
365 |
next
|
nipkow@26191
|
366 |
assume "s\<subseteq>r" hence "(a,b):r \<or> (b,a):r" using assms(2) A
|
nipkow@26295
|
367 |
by(simp add:total_on_def)(metis mono_Field subsetD)
|
nipkow@26191
|
368 |
thus ?thesis using `r:R` by blast
|
nipkow@26191
|
369 |
qed
|
nipkow@26191
|
370 |
qed
|
nipkow@26191
|
371 |
|
nipkow@26191
|
372 |
lemma wf_Union_wf_init_segs:
|
nipkow@26191
|
373 |
assumes "R \<in> Chain init_seg_of" and "\<forall>r\<in>R. wf r" shows "wf(\<Union>R)"
|
nipkow@26191
|
374 |
proof(simp add:wf_iff_no_infinite_down_chain, rule ccontr, auto)
|
nipkow@26191
|
375 |
fix f assume 1: "\<forall>i. \<exists>r\<in>R. (f(Suc i), f i) \<in> r"
|
nipkow@26191
|
376 |
then obtain r where "r:R" and "(f(Suc 0), f 0) : r" by auto
|
nipkow@26191
|
377 |
{ fix i have "(f(Suc i), f i) \<in> r"
|
nipkow@26191
|
378 |
proof(induct i)
|
nipkow@26191
|
379 |
case 0 show ?case by fact
|
nipkow@26191
|
380 |
next
|
nipkow@26191
|
381 |
case (Suc i)
|
nipkow@26191
|
382 |
moreover obtain s where "s\<in>R" and "(f(Suc(Suc i)), f(Suc i)) \<in> s"
|
wenzelm@32962
|
383 |
using 1 by auto
|
nipkow@26191
|
384 |
moreover hence "s initial_segment_of r \<or> r initial_segment_of s"
|
wenzelm@32962
|
385 |
using assms(1) `r:R` by(simp add: Chain_def)
|
nipkow@26191
|
386 |
ultimately show ?case by(simp add:init_seg_of_def) blast
|
nipkow@26191
|
387 |
qed
|
nipkow@26191
|
388 |
}
|
nipkow@26191
|
389 |
thus False using assms(2) `r:R`
|
nipkow@26191
|
390 |
by(simp add:wf_iff_no_infinite_down_chain) blast
|
nipkow@26191
|
391 |
qed
|
nipkow@26191
|
392 |
|
huffman@27476
|
393 |
lemma initial_segment_of_Diff:
|
huffman@27476
|
394 |
"p initial_segment_of q \<Longrightarrow> p - s initial_segment_of q - s"
|
huffman@27476
|
395 |
unfolding init_seg_of_def by blast
|
huffman@27476
|
396 |
|
nipkow@26191
|
397 |
lemma Chain_inits_DiffI:
|
nipkow@26191
|
398 |
"R \<in> Chain init_seg_of \<Longrightarrow> {r - s |r. r \<in> R} \<in> Chain init_seg_of"
|
huffman@27476
|
399 |
unfolding Chain_def by (blast intro: initial_segment_of_Diff)
|
nipkow@26191
|
400 |
|
nipkow@26272
|
401 |
theorem well_ordering: "\<exists>r::('a*'a)set. Well_order r \<and> Field r = UNIV"
|
nipkow@26191
|
402 |
proof-
|
nipkow@26191
|
403 |
-- {*The initial segment relation on well-orders: *}
|
nipkow@26191
|
404 |
let ?WO = "{r::('a*'a)set. Well_order r}"
|
nipkow@26191
|
405 |
def I \<equiv> "init_seg_of \<inter> ?WO \<times> ?WO"
|
nipkow@26191
|
406 |
have I_init: "I \<subseteq> init_seg_of" by(auto simp:I_def)
|
nipkow@26272
|
407 |
hence subch: "!!R. R : Chain I \<Longrightarrow> chain\<^bsub>\<subseteq>\<^esub> R"
|
nipkow@26272
|
408 |
by(auto simp:init_seg_of_def chain_subset_def Chain_def)
|
nipkow@26191
|
409 |
have Chain_wo: "!!R r. R \<in> Chain I \<Longrightarrow> r \<in> R \<Longrightarrow> Well_order r"
|
nipkow@26191
|
410 |
by(simp add:Chain_def I_def) blast
|
nipkow@26191
|
411 |
have FI: "Field I = ?WO" by(auto simp add:I_def init_seg_of_def Field_def)
|
nipkow@26191
|
412 |
hence 0: "Partial_order I"
|
nipkow@30198
|
413 |
by(auto simp: partial_order_on_def preorder_on_def antisym_def antisym_init_seg_of refl_on_def trans_def I_def elim!: trans_init_seg_of)
|
nipkow@26191
|
414 |
-- {*I-chains have upper bounds in ?WO wrt I: their Union*}
|
nipkow@26191
|
415 |
{ fix R assume "R \<in> Chain I"
|
nipkow@26191
|
416 |
hence Ris: "R \<in> Chain init_seg_of" using mono_Chain[OF I_init] by blast
|
nipkow@26272
|
417 |
have subch: "chain\<^bsub>\<subseteq>\<^esub> R" using `R : Chain I` I_init
|
nipkow@26272
|
418 |
by(auto simp:init_seg_of_def chain_subset_def Chain_def)
|
nipkow@26191
|
419 |
have "\<forall>r\<in>R. Refl r" "\<forall>r\<in>R. trans r" "\<forall>r\<in>R. antisym r" "\<forall>r\<in>R. Total r"
|
nipkow@26191
|
420 |
"\<forall>r\<in>R. wf(r-Id)"
|
nipkow@26295
|
421 |
using Chain_wo[OF `R \<in> Chain I`] by(simp_all add:order_on_defs)
|
nipkow@30198
|
422 |
have "Refl (\<Union>R)" using `\<forall>r\<in>R. Refl r` by(auto simp:refl_on_def)
|
nipkow@26191
|
423 |
moreover have "trans (\<Union>R)"
|
nipkow@26272
|
424 |
by(rule chain_subset_trans_Union[OF subch `\<forall>r\<in>R. trans r`])
|
nipkow@26191
|
425 |
moreover have "antisym(\<Union>R)"
|
nipkow@26272
|
426 |
by(rule chain_subset_antisym_Union[OF subch `\<forall>r\<in>R. antisym r`])
|
nipkow@26191
|
427 |
moreover have "Total (\<Union>R)"
|
nipkow@26272
|
428 |
by(rule chain_subset_Total_Union[OF subch `\<forall>r\<in>R. Total r`])
|
nipkow@26191
|
429 |
moreover have "wf((\<Union>R)-Id)"
|
nipkow@26191
|
430 |
proof-
|
nipkow@26191
|
431 |
have "(\<Union>R)-Id = \<Union>{r-Id|r. r \<in> R}" by blast
|
nipkow@26191
|
432 |
with `\<forall>r\<in>R. wf(r-Id)` wf_Union_wf_init_segs[OF Chain_inits_DiffI[OF Ris]]
|
nipkow@26191
|
433 |
show ?thesis by (simp (no_asm_simp)) blast
|
nipkow@26191
|
434 |
qed
|
nipkow@26295
|
435 |
ultimately have "Well_order (\<Union>R)" by(simp add:order_on_defs)
|
nipkow@26191
|
436 |
moreover have "\<forall>r \<in> R. r initial_segment_of \<Union>R" using Ris
|
nipkow@26191
|
437 |
by(simp add: Chain_init_seg_of_Union)
|
nipkow@26191
|
438 |
ultimately have "\<Union>R : ?WO \<and> (\<forall>r\<in>R. (r,\<Union>R) : I)"
|
nipkow@26191
|
439 |
using mono_Chain[OF I_init] `R \<in> Chain I`
|
nipkow@26191
|
440 |
by(simp (no_asm) add:I_def del:Field_Union)(metis Chain_wo subsetD)
|
nipkow@26191
|
441 |
}
|
nipkow@26191
|
442 |
hence 1: "\<forall>R \<in> Chain I. \<exists>u\<in>Field I. \<forall>r\<in>R. (r,u) : I" by (subst FI) blast
|
nipkow@26191
|
443 |
--{*Zorn's Lemma yields a maximal well-order m:*}
|
nipkow@26191
|
444 |
then obtain m::"('a*'a)set" where "Well_order m" and
|
nipkow@26191
|
445 |
max: "\<forall>r. Well_order r \<and> (m,r):I \<longrightarrow> r=m"
|
nipkow@26191
|
446 |
using Zorns_po_lemma[OF 0 1] by (auto simp:FI)
|
nipkow@26191
|
447 |
--{*Now show by contradiction that m covers the whole type:*}
|
nipkow@26191
|
448 |
{ fix x::'a assume "x \<notin> Field m"
|
nipkow@26191
|
449 |
--{*We assume that x is not covered and extend m at the top with x*}
|
nipkow@26191
|
450 |
have "m \<noteq> {}"
|
nipkow@26191
|
451 |
proof
|
nipkow@26191
|
452 |
assume "m={}"
|
nipkow@26191
|
453 |
moreover have "Well_order {(x,x)}"
|
haftmann@47620
|
454 |
by(simp add:order_on_defs refl_on_def trans_def antisym_def total_on_def Field_def Domain_unfold Domain_converse [symmetric])
|
nipkow@26191
|
455 |
ultimately show False using max
|
wenzelm@32962
|
456 |
by (auto simp:I_def init_seg_of_def simp del:Field_insert)
|
nipkow@26191
|
457 |
qed
|
nipkow@26191
|
458 |
hence "Field m \<noteq> {}" by(auto simp:Field_def)
|
nipkow@26295
|
459 |
moreover have "wf(m-Id)" using `Well_order m`
|
nipkow@26295
|
460 |
by(simp add:well_order_on_def)
|
nipkow@26191
|
461 |
--{*The extension of m by x:*}
|
nipkow@26191
|
462 |
let ?s = "{(a,x)|a. a : Field m}" let ?m = "insert (x,x) m Un ?s"
|
nipkow@26191
|
463 |
have Fm: "Field ?m = insert x (Field m)"
|
nipkow@26191
|
464 |
apply(simp add:Field_insert Field_Un)
|
nipkow@26191
|
465 |
unfolding Field_def by auto
|
nipkow@26191
|
466 |
have "Refl m" "trans m" "antisym m" "Total m" "wf(m-Id)"
|
nipkow@26295
|
467 |
using `Well_order m` by(simp_all add:order_on_defs)
|
nipkow@26191
|
468 |
--{*We show that the extension is a well-order*}
|
nipkow@30198
|
469 |
have "Refl ?m" using `Refl m` Fm by(auto simp:refl_on_def)
|
nipkow@26191
|
470 |
moreover have "trans ?m" using `trans m` `x \<notin> Field m`
|
haftmann@47620
|
471 |
unfolding trans_def Field_def Domain_unfold Domain_converse [symmetric] by blast
|
nipkow@26191
|
472 |
moreover have "antisym ?m" using `antisym m` `x \<notin> Field m`
|
haftmann@47620
|
473 |
unfolding antisym_def Field_def Domain_unfold Domain_converse [symmetric] by blast
|
nipkow@26295
|
474 |
moreover have "Total ?m" using `Total m` Fm by(auto simp: total_on_def)
|
nipkow@26191
|
475 |
moreover have "wf(?m-Id)"
|
nipkow@26191
|
476 |
proof-
|
nipkow@26191
|
477 |
have "wf ?s" using `x \<notin> Field m`
|
haftmann@47620
|
478 |
by(auto simp add:wf_eq_minimal Field_def Domain_unfold Domain_converse [symmetric]) metis
|
nipkow@26191
|
479 |
thus ?thesis using `wf(m-Id)` `x \<notin> Field m`
|
wenzelm@32962
|
480 |
wf_subset[OF `wf ?s` Diff_subset]
|
nipkow@45761
|
481 |
by (fastforce intro!: wf_Un simp add: Un_Diff Field_def)
|
nipkow@26191
|
482 |
qed
|
nipkow@26295
|
483 |
ultimately have "Well_order ?m" by(simp add:order_on_defs)
|
nipkow@26191
|
484 |
--{*We show that the extension is above m*}
|
nipkow@26191
|
485 |
moreover hence "(m,?m) : I" using `Well_order m` `x \<notin> Field m`
|
haftmann@47620
|
486 |
by(fastforce simp:I_def init_seg_of_def Field_def Domain_unfold Domain_converse [symmetric])
|
nipkow@26191
|
487 |
ultimately
|
nipkow@26191
|
488 |
--{*This contradicts maximality of m:*}
|
nipkow@26191
|
489 |
have False using max `x \<notin> Field m` unfolding Field_def by blast
|
nipkow@26191
|
490 |
}
|
nipkow@26191
|
491 |
hence "Field m = UNIV" by auto
|
nipkow@26272
|
492 |
moreover with `Well_order m` have "Well_order m" by simp
|
nipkow@26272
|
493 |
ultimately show ?thesis by blast
|
nipkow@26272
|
494 |
qed
|
nipkow@26272
|
495 |
|
nipkow@26295
|
496 |
corollary well_order_on: "\<exists>r::('a*'a)set. well_order_on A r"
|
nipkow@26272
|
497 |
proof -
|
nipkow@26272
|
498 |
obtain r::"('a*'a)set" where wo: "Well_order r" and univ: "Field r = UNIV"
|
nipkow@26272
|
499 |
using well_ordering[where 'a = "'a"] by blast
|
nipkow@26272
|
500 |
let ?r = "{(x,y). x:A & y:A & (x,y):r}"
|
nipkow@26272
|
501 |
have 1: "Field ?r = A" using wo univ
|
haftmann@47620
|
502 |
by(fastforce simp: Field_def Domain_unfold Domain_converse [symmetric] order_on_defs refl_on_def)
|
nipkow@26272
|
503 |
have "Refl r" "trans r" "antisym r" "Total r" "wf(r-Id)"
|
nipkow@26295
|
504 |
using `Well_order r` by(simp_all add:order_on_defs)
|
nipkow@30198
|
505 |
have "Refl ?r" using `Refl r` by(auto simp:refl_on_def 1 univ)
|
nipkow@26272
|
506 |
moreover have "trans ?r" using `trans r`
|
nipkow@26272
|
507 |
unfolding trans_def by blast
|
nipkow@26272
|
508 |
moreover have "antisym ?r" using `antisym r`
|
nipkow@26272
|
509 |
unfolding antisym_def by blast
|
nipkow@26295
|
510 |
moreover have "Total ?r" using `Total r` by(simp add:total_on_def 1 univ)
|
nipkow@26272
|
511 |
moreover have "wf(?r - Id)" by(rule wf_subset[OF `wf(r-Id)`]) blast
|
nipkow@26295
|
512 |
ultimately have "Well_order ?r" by(simp add:order_on_defs)
|
nipkow@26295
|
513 |
with 1 show ?thesis by metis
|
nipkow@26191
|
514 |
qed
|
nipkow@26191
|
515 |
|
paulson@13551
|
516 |
end
|